Military PTSD Models & Ethical Sport Research

This assignment focuses on two key areas: the models of military post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from a European journal of psychotraumatology, and ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. It also includes a review of a book on nursing care of children, an article on evolving service-dominant logic for healthcare, and other related works on mental health care, disability law, physiological development, and health policy.

Physiological Principles for
Health and Social Care

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 (1.1 & 1.2).........................................................................................................................1
Coordination between human body parts...............................................................................1
Functions of these three body parts........................................................................................2
Interaction and working of skeletal system with Muscle and Circulatory system.................3
TASK 2 (2.1, 2.2 & 2.3)..................................................................................................................4
The way body responds to physical activities........................................................................4
Role of voluntary muscles, joints and gaseous exchange in context of aerobic activity........4
Consideration of information of environment........................................................................5
TASK 3 (3.1, 3.2 & 3.3)..................................................................................................................6
Way routime measures are recorded and their uses in HSC..................................................6
The way routine measures provide information about the body functioning.........................7
Way in which information about the body functioning may inform the care planning.........7
TASK 4 (4.1, 4.2 & 4.3)..................................................................................................................8
Way in which Mary’s age is affecting her body structure and functioning...........................8
Impacts of the above-mentioned conditions on Mary’s body structure and functions...........9
Evaluating how routine care provided to Mary should consider her overall physical condition
................................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
"Health is Wealth" this is actually true because the health is very important nowadays.
The present assignment shows interrelation between different parts of human body. Healthy
environment will affect the physical health and social care. Assignment involves various
scenarios which are helpful to know the importance of regular measurement of vital signs like
regular check-ups of blood pressure, body temperature, ECG monitoring, etc. The purpose of this
assignment is to assess the knowledge of various body functions and includes anatomy and
physiological from a biological perspective. It shows the aspects which create an impact on care
delivered in health and social care. Assignment also addresses the knowledge of main structures
of body and terminologies used by various health professionals. It shows the functions of
skeletal, muscular and cardiovascular systems which are essential for the survival of human
body.
TASK 1 (1.1 & 1.2)
Coordination between human body parts
The value of circulatory system is based on bloods, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients
and all internal body parts. It considers the essential internal body system like blood, blood
vessels, veins, arteries etc. There are some essential parts in our human body. In human body,
there are many gross anatomy systems which are interconnected and coordinated with each
other. The important gross anatomy parts in human body in medical science is Skeletal,
Muscular and Cardiovascular Systems.
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal- The system is based on bones of human body. It allows the
essential features like soft tissues, tendons, ligaments, nerves and other blood vessels. This is an
essential element of human body which is poorly stuffed as a rag roll. This system involves
cartilage, bones, tendons, ligaments, nerves, muscles and blood tissues. There are essential
relationships between bones and soft tissues like periosteum (Aveyard, 2014). The axial Skeleton
(head and trunk) are the flat bones which have various like bumps, grooves, holes and have
specific functions.
Gross Anatomy of Muscular System: - This based on that essential part of human body
which is very much important in our body. Our body comprises with various important muscles
and each muscle has its own essential functions. The gluteus maximums is located as a a muscle
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of human body which relates to bones or region of body. Adductor magus is that muscle which is
action of muscle and which is based on relative size of muscle. Transversus abdominal are
muscle which are located as bone or region of body and which direction is muscle fibres and
which relates in different imaginary lines. There are many other muscular which are is very
important to for human survival.
Gross Anatomy of Cardiovascular System - This system of human body is very much
necessary for human life. Cardiovascular system consists of heart which is also called the
anatomical pump and includes arteries, veins and capillaries in entire human body carrying blood
and blood tissues. This blood contains oxygen, nutrients various wastes and immune system of
different functional cells which initially help to provide the homoeostasis and basic functions of
human cells and human body organs (Keleher and MacDougall, 2015). It refers to an event that
usually occurs during one heart beat and split into ventricular systole (the phase which is based
on contraction and ejection stage).
Functions of these three body parts
Human Skeletal System- The healthy adult body includes 206 bones in their body and
even this based on the strong network coordination with tendons, cartilage and ligaments. There
having vital functions like protection, movement, production of blood cells, storage of calcium
and regulation of endocrine without this system our body is unable to survive. These key
functions are very important for the survival of human body.
Human Muscular System- the essential function of muscular system in human body is
movement. The muscles are particularly those tissues which has the capabilities to contract and
movement of entire body parts. There are essential five functions which muscular system
perform in human’s body. The primary function is that it creates motion in entire body as
interaction between tissues that helps in large movements like walking, running, weight lifting,
etc. The second essential function is to protect human body organs. The abdominal and back
muscle is performed to protect organs of upper body of humans. It helps to control the cardiac
muscle pumps blood. The smooth muscle is very much helpful for digestion and ensures proper
flow of blood in body (James, Nelson and Ashwill, 2014).
Function of Cardiovascular System- The cardiovascular system based on the proper
system which consist heart. It is circulated on base of interaction between heart, blood and the
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blood vessels. The major three functions of cardiovascular system is to transport of oxygen,
nutrients and the cells of human body hormones. It helps to remove the metabolic wastages like
carbon dioxide and nitrogenous gas. It helps to protect from diseases and supply orogen and
release carbon dioxide in human body. This system also includes the disease fighting cells and
various proteins that help to messengers of immune system. It helps to protect and regulate the
overall body temperature.
Interaction and working of skeletal system with Muscle and Circulatory system
All the systems of human body work together to create and maintain the homoeostasis
and balanced between conditions of internal body, this is system is used to help constantly work
of body. The muscles which are active in human body are required high amount of organ to work
constantly and this is provided by heart. The blood carries the oxygen to the muscles. When the
human body is on rest mode it carries nutrients from muscles and repair to rebuild. If in a case
the cardiovascular system got fail to supply proper and adequate blood to muscles as result they
will cramp and not working (Daskalakis and Yehuda, 2014).
When the human body moves the pump of our muscles will promptly return through
heart and veins. As a result the regular exercise of human body will increase the strength of heart
and boost to produce the enzymes and remove blood clots. It also clears the fatty deposits as the
blood vessels. This will help to allow the human heart to the best a hundred and a thousand of
times. Thus, the regular exercise of a human body will save heart allot from diseases. As the
skeletal includes the 206 bones in human body this will protect the organs and muscles. The
muscular system includes so many layers of muscles which help to cover bones and organs like
kidney, brain, lungs heart.
The basic two systems of human body are in interrelation- the skeletal and the circulatory
system. They perform major functions to keep the human body alive. Even the muscular system
and circulatory system are correlated with each other because it allows muscle to receive the
oxygen and need to perform the function properly. The facts of a human body is the circulatory
system is interrelated with skeletal system because bone marrow creates and produce the new
forms of blood cells which circulate to entire body (Tilley and Cameron, 2014). The circulatory
system is interrelated with the muscular system which pump blood and oxygen to the active
muscles.
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TASK 2 (2.1, 2.2 & 2.3)
The way body responds to physical activities
Present scenario is based on the situation where a 30 year individual take 90 minutes of
running in 29 degree temperature. Person has eaten rice- based meal that will directly affect the
physical performance of him. There are several ways to increase the flow of oxygen in human
body. But the exercise that includes running is best way increase to increase the flow of blood in
heart and increase the power rate of breathing (Oliver, 2017). The regular running of a human
body will increase the blood vessels and help to produce new blood cells. This will expand the
capability to human heart to beat a hundred or thousands of time.
Everyday Activities of normal human body is to keepthe body healthy need to active in
different ways which is very essential for the good blood circulation in body. The regular
running of the person which is mention in above scenario will help to make healthier at the age
of 30.
In order to achieve an immediate good response to body, one can regularly run about 30
minutes. But the 30 years old person already have eaten a rice based meal and then running about
90 minutes will create a negative impact on the sunny day (Wildavsky, 2017). The good diet and
obtain a healthy nutritious meal will help to produce the new blood cells and remove the
diseases. The regular exercise of the human body will increase the oxygen level of body. It is
more and very helpful to fighting infection which protect the body from harmful diseases. The
cellular and tissue structure are those organisms which work independently in human body
which includes cells, tissues and organs working.
Role of voluntary muscles, joints and gaseous exchange in context of aerobic activity
The voluntary muscles are very essential for the survival of human body. The types of
muscles in a human body and there are 600 muscles in a human body and each muscle falls in
the heart and help to control the brain and perform the entire activities in a body (Schmidt and
et.al., 2014). The present scenario shows the person who run about 90 minutes before eating rice
meal at sunny day. This will create a negative impact on the body.
There are major groups of muscles which includes the muscles of chest, shoulders. Arms,
legs back and abdominals. The muscle of chest of a human being is also called the pecs and short
pectorals. The two essential significant of chest muscle is pectorals which are major and minor.
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The back muscle include erector spine which help to run the spine and neck. The chest, back and
arms are joint in a human body. Abs are for the muscle of stomach which includes the internal
and external obliques.
Maintenance of Homoeostasis through Cell Membrane: - The Homoeostasis is based on
the group of those internal conditions of human body which helps to protect the organism
functions in the best way. The homoeostasis is maintained as constant fighting of organism in
human body. The role of cell membrane is to protect the homoeostasis. The cell membrane most
often work on a specific bases which is prepared by concentration of water and various kinds of
ions (Scott-Samuel and et.al., 2014).
Consideration of information of environment
The human health is based on environment which is regularly improved on a regular
basis. The systemic environment is that branch of public health which relates with aspects of
nature. The health is based on that science which study human’s well-being and safety. The
present scenario shows sunny day where a person of about 30 year old is running. The running of
90 minutes in a sunny day will create a negative impact on his health.
The endocrine system is made by glands which produce hormones, and chemical
substances which helps to regulat organs and cells in body. This increase the growth of human
body and their metabolism which means development of physical and chemical processes. It also
includes the sexual development of a human being. In other words it is collection and group of
glands which produce and regulate metabolism and develop entire human body. The anatomic
nervous system is based on the control system which acts at a large level and regulatesentire
human body (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2014).
There functions are based on improvement in digestion, heart rate, sexual arousal,
response, urination, etc. On the other hand, central nervous system is help to control brain and
entire human body. It involves two parts- brain and spinal cord. The brain contains centre of
thoughts and that control over origin of human body. The role of kidney are divided in four
categories which is- Regulation of extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, ion concentrations that
includes production of hormones and erection of wastes and toxins. The skin is the part of human
body which interface the environment. The skin is particularly been of two layers- dermis and
epidermis. The main function of skin is protection, sensation and regulation of human organisms.
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TASK 3 (3.1, 3.2 & 3.3)Way routine measures are recorded and their uses in
HSC
The vital signs are Body temperature, Pulse rate, Respiration system, Blood pressure,
ECG monitoring and so on.
Body Temperature- The normal body temperature is based on the gender of and the
human regular activities. The habit of food and consumption of fluid and the level of
mensuration cycle of women will create a positive and negative impact in body. The normal
body temperature of a human being in is range 97.8 degree F (36.5 degree C) to 99 degree F
(37.2 degree C) for a healthy person. The body temperature of a person will abnormal due to
fever and hypothermia where fever include high temperature of body and hypothermia includes
low temperature (McGorry and et.al., 2014).
Pulse Rate- The pulse is also called the measurement of heart rate. The heart pushes the
blood through the arteries and this will help to flow of blood. The normal pulse of a healthy
person is beats on the ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Due to illness, injury the pulse
rate fluctuated and behave abnormal. The pulse rate initially measures the heart rhythm and
strength of pulse. In the present scenario the 55 year old businessman is suffering from chest
pain this will be dangerous. Thus, the measurement of pulse rate will help know the actual
situation of his body.
Respiration Rate- The respiration rate includes the number of breaths of person takes per
minute. It is mainly measured when a person having chest pain and breathing problem arises. In
the present scenario the person having pain in his chest and this test will helpful the measurement
of his health.
Blood pressure: This is measured by the cuff and the stethoscope by service provider or a
nurse. The high blood pressure and hypotension will directly affect the coronary of heart and this
will increase the chances of heart disease and brain stroke (Joiner and Lusch, 2016). Thus, the
businessman suffering from chest pain and headache will require to regularly measure the blood
pressure.
ECG Monitoring- The regular measurement of ECG will allow the beating frequency of
heart. This particular test is initially for heart patients which measures the ischaemic episodes
and cardiac rhythm. The businessman having a pain in chest this is a sign of a heart attack thus,
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this test is very essential to measure the heart issue.The way routine measures provide
information about the body functioning
The present scenario show the person who is 55 years old suffering from headache and
chest pain. The situation is critical and there is requirement to measure the blood pressure, body
temperature, ECG and pulse check-up. The measurement of vital these vital signs are very
essential which will helpful to know the actual body condition of that businessman. The blood
pressure is help to measure the force which is exerted on the walls of blood vessels. It is very
essential to know the force of blood circulation in body.
The high or a low temperature will affect the organs of a human body. The pulse check-
up is essential because it is helpful the measure the heartbeat of human body per minute. The
respiratory rate is based on the number of breathes per minute taken by a patient (Radhakrishnan,
2017). This will also helpful know the condition of businessman. The body temperature will also
helpful to know the condition of that businessman because of headache. Monitoring of ECG is
very essential as the person is suffering from chest pain. This will helpful to know the cardiac
rhythm of heart. Thus, the regular measurements of these vital signs will very much helpful to
know the situation of that businessman which is very critical.
Way in which information about the body functioning may inform the care planning
The regular health check-ups are very much important to know the situation of body. It is
very much beneficiary if the businessman regularly measure his heath by the vital signs. The
doctor will also advice the patient to visit and do check up on regular basis. If the person
measure the vital tests on a regular basis it will very beneficial. Prevention- The regular check-ups and doctor visits will help to know the problems of
body. At the same time with the check-ups a doctor's advice to preparation of health plan
is also very helpful to stay healthy (Barr, 2014). Stress related problems- Nowadays in people are very much engaged in their life style.
They have so much workload which create the stress and depression. The increasing in
stress level of persons will become the reasons of dangerous diseases. Thus, the regular
measurements of blood pressure, pulse measurement, ECG monitoring will help to create
a health care plan.
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 Make people more aware about health- Depending of the measurement of various check-
ups will help to know the habits which is good or bad. Because the heath is based on
what we consume and food habit is very much affect the internal body system of humans
(Aldridge, 2014).
The various measurement of the vital signs are very much essential to cure the health
issues early. This regular check-ups will help to provide the good planning of health and care. In
the present scenario, the businessman require regular health check-ups like blood test, body
temperature and ECG as well as pulse tests.
TASK 4 (4.1, 4.2 & 4.3)Way in which Mary’s age is affecting her body
structure and functioning
This is on considering the case of a 78 years old woman named Mary who has been
admitted to accident and emergency (A&E) department by her son aged 40 years followed by a
severe fall. This is also referred to be a severe accident due to her misery of suffering from
osteoporosis from many years (Harriss and Atkinson, 2015). It is referred to be a very common
illness in aged people where it duly raises the chance of bone breakage due to a deteriorated
bone. It together exists with a risk of some common areas namely the vertebrae of the spine,
forearms and hip bone. Herein, age is specified to be an independent factor of risk for the
evolution of osteoporosis that in turn leads to low trauma factures, especially in women ageing
70 years and more. Considering the case of 78 years old Mary, osteoporosis being a severe
skeletal ailment can largely impact on the body structure and functioning of Mary in a negative
way. Below determined are the influence of osteoporosis affecting Mary’s body structure and
functioning- Unbalanced control and fall- Fall is defined as a state in which an individual like Mary is
known to experience an unforeseen loss of stability that in turn results in resting on the
ground or an article below the knee level. This is turn results in creating multifactorial
problems with some other sturdy factors of risks towards an impaired walk, disability in
mobility, deprived vision and a reduced strength of the muscles. Mary can thus face such
issues and experience weaken muscles with poor control of balance and postural
malformation, etc.
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 Mental trauma- This is referred to be yet another ailing factor that could together lead to
impact the mental state of Mary suffering from osteoporosis. It is basically due to a fear
existed in her because of such uncertain fall that has in turn prevented her from going
outside and lead her life in isolation (Bircher and Kuruvilla, 2014.). On continuance of
such circumstances, Mary could suffer from a severe state of depression at such an old
age by together getting affected from other psychological traumas.
 Muscle performance- This indicates yet another common disease in ageing people called
Sarcopenia that is turn referred to be a major contribution of osteoporosis. This could in
turn lead to cause musculoskeletal fragility in Mary with severe loss of muscle mass in
her body and could deteriorate the overall alignment of her posture. Impacts of the
above-mentioned conditions on Mary’s body structure and functions
This is on discoursing upon the above stated conditions of Mary’s deformed body
structure and functions where an unbalanced control with continual falls can lead to weaken her
bones with an ultimate rupture on often basis. Osteoporosis indicates a higher risk of spine and
hip fractures that could worsen the state of Mary’s physique and hinder in her functioning as
well. Both of these fractures indicate a very painful resultant at the end where Mary can also get
affected from emotional trauma where she is already feeling isolated and is worried about going
outside her house. Though there are no such obvious indications of osteoporosis, one is required
to remain cautious about the movements and daily physical activities. However, Mary is
frightened of falling and this is keeping her physical activities aside (Pringle, et.al 2016). She can
barely think of walking that is only known to worsen her state of osteoporosis to a great extent.
Frequent falls and fractures is directly related to the state of despair and unhappiness where Mary
is therefore at a greater risk of getting depressed for the rest of her life. It is therefore
recommended to the A&E department to take proper care of Mary where they should attempt to
bring her out of this situation by offering a standard life to her. Evaluating how routine
care provided to Mary should consider her overall physical condition
After the accident Mary was suffering from common disorder like she could not control
herself which is because of the physical weaknesses from which Mary is suffering from. Mary is
now not able to stand as the accident has made her weak and she falls very easily while standing.
Mary is also suffering from osteoporosis which has made her bones weak and the bones has
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become less dense due to bone material. Osteoporosis is also causing mental trauma and making
Mary mentally ill as she now cannot do the daily routine work. Fractures are also very common
in osteoporosis if it is left untreated then there are more chances of bones to break (Munro, et.al
2016). They can be very common if Mary is doing her daily work like lifting anything, bending
or twisting and it can become severe in case of hip fracture. All the symptoms of osteoporosis
may not be very obvious as bones are loss on a gradual bases and which may be painless in
starting.
CONCLUSION
For the above report, it has been concluded that osteoporosis is a common disease in
women after the age of 35 years. It means the loss of bone’s density due to loss of bone materials
which make the bones weak, fragile and more likely to break. The structure and functioning of
human body is that it enables humans to move and bend in any direction as they want. The
routine data which is collected by the health and social care inform us the planning and care of
individual. Moreover, it can be articulated that regular health check-up is highly needed for each
and every individual. The reason is that it helps to make an effective care planning and live a
disease free life.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aldridge, J., 2014. Working with vulnerable groups in social research: dilemmas by default and
design. Qualitative Research. 14(1). pp. 112-130.
Aveyard, H., 2014. Doing a literature review in health and social care: A practical guide.
McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Barr, D. A., 2014. Health disparities in the United States: Social class, race, ethnicity, and
health. JHU Press.
Bircher, J. and Kuruvilla, S., 2014. Defining health by addressing individual, social, and
environmental determinants: New opportunities for health care and public health. Journal
of public health policy. 35(3). pp.363-386.
Cacioppo, J. T. and Cacioppo, S., 2014. Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of
perceived social isolation. Social and personality psychology compass. 8(2). pp. 58-72.
Daskalakis, N. P. and Yehuda, R., 2014. Principles for developing animal models of military
PTSD. European journal of psychotraumatology. 5(1). p. 23825.
Harriss, D. J. and Atkinson, G., 2015. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research:
2016 update. International journal of sports medicine. 36(14). pp.1121-1124.
James, S. R., Nelson, K. and Ashwill, J., 2014. Nursing Care of Children-E-Book: Principles
and Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Joiner, K. and Lusch, R., 2016. Evolving to a new service-dominant logic for health
care. Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Health.
Keleher, H. and MacDougall, C., 2015. Understanding health. 4th ed. Oxford University Press.
McGorry, P. D. and et.al., 2014. Cultures for mental health care of young people: an Australian
blueprint for reform. The Lancet Psychiatry. 1(7). pp. 559-568.
Munro, M., et.al., 2016. The Prince Edward Island conceptual model for nursing: a nursing
perspective of primary health care. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive.
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Oliver, M., 2017. Defining impairment and disability. Disability and Equality Law. p. 3.
Pringle, J., et.al 2016. A systematic review of adolescent physiological development and its
relationship with health-related behaviour: a protocol. Systematic reviews. 5(1). p.3.
Schmidt, P. E. and et.al., 2014. Impact of introducing an electronic physiological surveillance
system on hospital mortality. BMJ Qual Saf, pp.bmjqs-2014.
Scott-Samuel, A. and et.al., 2014. The impact of Thatcherism on health and well-being in
Britain. International Journal of Health Services. 44(1). pp. 53-71.
Tilley, L. and Cameron, T., 2014. Introducing the index of care: A web-based application
supporting archaeological research into health-related care. International Journal of
Paleopathology. 6. pp. 5-9.
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Wildavsky, A., 2018. Doing better and feeling worse: the political pathology of health policy.
In The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis. pp. 305-332.
Online
Radhakrishnan, M., 2017. 5 Benefits of Regular Medical Checkup. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.healthcheckup.com/general/regular-medical-check-up-benefits/>
[Accessed on 23rd October 2017].
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