Anatomy and Physiology of Human Skeleton - Desklib

Running head:ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SKELETON
Anatomy and physiology of human skeleton
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SKELETON
TAQ 1
1.1
Bones are living growing tissue that comprises important part of the skeleton. Bones
consist of three types of cells namely osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Bones are
composed of two types of tissues such as compact bone and cancellous bone. Concellous bones
are the network of trabeculae or rod-like structures. In addition, bones have osteoid which is a
mix of collagen and proteins, inorganic mineral salts, blood vessels, nerve, cartilage and
membranes. The endosteum is the membrane lining the cavity of the bones. The peristeum is the
tough and fibrous membrane surrounding the outer side of the bones at places where the
articulatory cartilage do not cover them.
The primary functions of the bones, making up the skeletal system are to store minerals,
assist in movement, provide protection and support to vital organs and aid in movement by
working with the ligament, tendons, skeletal muscles and joints . Bones act as the framework for
the body, and provide mechanical support for the internal organs of the body. Further, assistance
is provided by the bones in movement as the muscles attached to the bones take part in
movement. Bones further store important minerals such as phosphorous and calcium. Red bone
marrow present within the larger bones is known to produce red blood cells. Yellow bone
marrow within long bones act as chemical energy reserve(VanPutte, Regan, and Russo 2017).
1.2
The functions of the bones are primarily determined by their structures. Such can be
observed through the variety in the sizes and shapes of bones and joints, which allows only

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SKELETON
certain types of movements, which in turn allows it to perform specific tasks. For example, the
socket type joint of the femur bone allows greater angle of movement of the legs, but the joint at
the knee only allows movement in one direction, like a hinge, which allows the ability to walk.
Similarly, the structure of the vertebra and the ribs allows it to provide a protective covering for
the spinal cord and the thoracic organs and the hollow chamber of the cranium allows the
protection of the brain, while the perforations at the base of the cranium providing path for the
passage of the cranial nerves. The relation between structure and function of the bones also can
be found in the different types of ridges on the bones (such as the deltoid) which provides point
of attachments for the muscles, ligaments and tendons (VanPutte, Regan, and Russo 2017).
TAQ 2
2.1 and 2.2
Joint Joint type Movement range
Hinge joint- The convex surface of one bone
is found to fit on the concave surface of the
other bone for permitting movement.
Example- knee joint and interphalangeal
joints.
Synovial The movement is Uniaxial
Pivot joint- these joints are composed of a
bony pivot at the centre surrounding which a
collar is present that consists of bone and
ligament. Example- Atlantoaxial joint
Synovial Unaxial movement and
rotation is around a central
axis