Human Physiology Assignment

This assignment delves into various aspects of human physiology. It examines the energy balance of heart muscle, explores the intricacies of the respiratory system including valve assembly designs, and discusses the roles of the endocrine system in chemical coordination. The assignment incorporates both theoretical concepts and practical applications, drawing upon a range of scholarly sources.

Physiological Principles

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................4
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Anatomical features in each body system with identifying main functions..............................4
1.2 Homeostasis, negative and positive feedback, provide an example for each............................5
TASK 2 ................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Different body responses to physical activities.........................................................................6
2.2 Body responses due to physical activities at cellular and tissue level.......................................7
2.3 Coordination of body's internal activities..................................................................................7
TASK 3 ................................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Routine measures and their uses in health and social care.......................................................8
3.2 Assess how these routine measures provide information about the body functioning of this
person...............................................................................................................................................9
3.3 Examining information about the body functioning to inform care planning in the case......10
TASK 4...............................................................................................................................................10
4.1 Effect of age on body structure and functioning....................................................................10
4.2 Impacts of the above mentioned conditions on body structure and functions.......................11
4.3 Effects of her medical conditions including infection to the routine care..............................11
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................12
References..........................................................................................................................................13

Index of Tables
Table 1: Anatomical features of body systems.....................................................................................4
Table 2: Homeostatis positive and negative feedback..........................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Human body is composed of millions of cells that are functional and structural unit of life.
Numerous cells constitute to form tissues which further leads to formation of different organs and
organ system (Sherwood, 2015). All the functions carried out by human body are executed through
different types of cells present in the body. Cells play an important role in building blocks of body
as they regulate both physiological and anatomical characteristics. Different types of cells are
responsible for overall cellular metabolism in body as they perform different functions at the same
time.
TASK 11.1 ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN EACH BODY SYSTEM WITH
IDENTIFYING MAIN FUNCTIONS
Table 1: Anatomical features of body systems
Different body systems Organs involved Functions
Respiratory system The main organs involved in
respiratory system are as
follows:
 Nostrils
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs
 Alveolus
 Diaphragm
 The primary purpose of
Respiratory system is to enhance
the supply of oxygen in various
tissues thereby expelling out
carbon dioxide from them.
 The exchange of different gases
between lungs and blood cells
also takes place through
Respiratory system (Nunn, 2013).
Circulatory system Circulatory system of human
body consist of:
 Heart
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
 The most important function of
Circulatory system is to supply
oxygenated blood in different
body parts which is basically
carried out by heart (Waugh and
Grant, 2014). Metabolic waste is
also removed and disposed off
with the help of circulatory
system.
 Nutrients transportation is also
one of the critical functions of
Circulatory system.

Digestive system  Digestive system
includes various parts
such as:
 Oral cavity
 Pharynx (Throat)
 Oesophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestine
 Accessory Organs
 Large Intestine
(Colon)
 Rectum and Anus
 The most specialized function of
Digestive system is to convert
food particles in form of energy
which is required by various body
organs to function properly.
 The secretion of various gastric
juices enhances the process of
digestion in an individual (Greger
and Windhorst, 2013).
Endocrine system The Endocrine system is made
up of different glands that are
as follows:
 Pituitary glands
 Adrenal glands
 Thyroid glands
 Parathyroid glands
 Pancreas
 Ovaries
 Testicles
 Production of various hormones,
regulating metabolism, tissue
development and other secondary
functions are controlled by
Endocrine system.
 Basic metabolism is performed by
thyroid glands which secretes
different hormones.
1.2 Homeostasis, negative and positive feedback, provide an example for each
Homoeostasis can be broadly defined as 'Homeo' meaning ' same' and ' Stasis' means ' stable'
as the body system which regulates external and internal environmental conditions and maintains a
constant and relatively stable body temperature (Ganz and Nemeth, 2015).The homoeostatic control
systems works on basic principles regulated by input and output receptors which are responsible for
generating stimulus and responses. Given below are the examples of negative and positive
feedbacks of homoeostasis:

Table 2: Homeostatis positive and negative feedback
Positive feedback with example Negative feedback with example.
 It works by increasing different body
parameters from a normal range to a
higher level (Bianconi, Piovesan and
Perez-Amodio, 2013).
 A positive feedback mechanism is
entirely opposite to negative feedback
role as the result decreases the original
effect of stimulus on human body.
 Example: A very good example of
positive feedback mechanism can be
seen in the process of blood clotting
during injuries. When the tissue gets
ruptured, platelets starts adhering to the
injured site which releases a chemical
known as thromboplastin. This chemical
is helpful in blood clot formation. The
release of fibrin and plastin is suppressed
as soon as the clot is formed.
 Negative feedback mechanism functions
by adjusting the body parameters from a
deviated level to the normal point.
 Example: The best example of negative
feedback mechanism is maintaining
accurate glucose level by insulin. As the
elevation in blood sugar level is detected;
the pancreatic glands releases insulin in
blood that is responsible for decreasing
the sugar level. As soon as average level
of sugar is attained; the exocrine gland
inhibits the secretion of insulin in body
fluids.
TASK 2
2.1 Different body responses to physical activities.
Response of physical activities on Musco-skeletal system:
Movement of muscles through workout and various physical activities will increase energy
production in the 25 years old person by muscoskeletal systems of body. Due to liberation of
energy, his inactive muscles will contract and expand in length. As a result, muscoskeletal system
will have heterogeneous tissues in the forms of fibres which are diverse in their physiological,
anatomical and biochemical functions (Abduljalil and et.al., 2012). Muscle mass will gradually
increase which will have a positive effect of physical activities on preventing adverse drug reactions
and diseases in him.
Response of physical activities on cardiovascular system:
Cardiovascular system is responsible for distribution of blood in various parts of human
body. Daily physical exertion and workout will help the person in retaining mass and fibres of both
left and right ventricles which otherwise becomes inactive if the mobility of muscles is stopped.

Cardiac arrest and congestive heart failure can be prevented in the case of individual through
regular exercise as it helps in contraction and relaxation of blood capillaries effectively.
Response of physical activities on Respiratory system:
Lungs will have increased ventilation power due to work out that he is likely to perform for
the upcoming marathon event. This in turn responds faster to pH level and lactic acid levels. If an
individual is practising inflexible exercise on daily basis, his/her exhaustion level will reach to
minimum which results in decreased level of carbon dioxide and pH concentrations (VanPutte, C.,
Regan and Seeley, 2013). With regular exercise sessions, his/her respiratory system will work
effectively without having the feeling of fatigue and restlessness.2.2 Body responses due to physical
activities at cellular and tissue level
At cellular level: Certain changes in body takes place at cellular level due to regular exercise
and workouts. Individuals with no physical exertions and one with physical activities show variant
rate of metabolism taking place in body every day. Due to exercise, active cells help in breakdown
of fatty acids more easily without expenditure of more ATP molecules. It further aids in secreting
reduced levels of pepsin which is responsible for breaking down proteins and amino acids into
simpler products (Bianconi, Piovesan and Perez-Amodio, 2013). Individuals who practise physical
and sports activities on daily grounds are supposed to possess more potential to eliminate different
hormonal and vitamin deficiencies.
At tissue level: Various tissue level changes in heart, lungs, brains and muscles are noticed
due to regular exercising and sports activities. Exercise helps in increasing the rate of breathing
which in turns leads to production of more energy in the body. Increased energy levels are required
to perform various biological and metabolic tasks in body. Heart rate of pumping blood gradually
increases with the contraction and expansion of skeletal muscles and tissues. More the quantity of
oxygenated blood more will be the capacity of heart to carry out different activities. After an intense
workout the brain induced transmitter gets active which helps in increasing focus towards a
particular task and promotes growth of neural cells and tissues. Daily exercise has a positive effect
on joints and bones of the body. It also proves to be helpful in loosing fat deposition and weight.
2.3 Coordination of body's internal activities
Both Nervous and Endocrine system are responsible for control and coordination of human
body. The nervous system generally consists of two main divisions which are Central Nervous
System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Endocrine system functions by controlling
and regulating various body functions such as sleep, behavioural aspects, reproduction, growth and
metabolism. Nervous system is the primary coordinating system which controls all the voluntary
and involuntary activities taking place in body.

Nervous system:
Neuron is regarded as the basic and functional unit of Nervous system in human beings. It is
organised of various cell bodies such as axons and dendrites which are responsible for carrying and
transmitting brain signals from one junction to another (Sieck, 2013). Brain receptors send various
signals through neurotransmitters which are coded through different chemicals present in nervous
system. Synapse is a junction between two nerve cells, axon and dendrite which carry signals across
brain.
Endocrine system:
Endocrine system is a collection of glands and hormones which plays a crucial role in
controlling and coordinating different body functions effectively. It consists of ductless, thyroid,
parathyroid, adrenal glands with ovaries and testicles included in it. Ductless or Pituitary glands
secrete hormones which is necessary for physical growth and development of body. Deficient
pituitary hormones lead to development of severe deformities in an individual. Thyroid glands also
contribute to growth and metabolism of body by releasing thyroid hormones (Human Endocrine
System. 2015). They are mainly responsible for mental growth and development. Retarded mental
growth and stunned body are the results of decreased level of thyroidism in body.
TASK 3
3.1 Routine measures and their uses in health and social care
In health and social care it is very crucial to record the routine measures for effective and
early diagnosis of diseases of service users. Early diagnosis is useful for developing effective care
plan for affected patients. In the given scenario, the businessman is 65 years old and is obese. He
complains for fever and flu. Thus it is very important to record the routine measures to treat the
symptoms of flue and other medical condition of the old businessman in the given case. There are
certain ethical issues which need to be addressed while recording the routine measures in the given
case. These issues are discussed in the following points:
 Respect and Dignity : In health and social care it is very important to treat patients with
respect and dignity. While recording the routine measures this aspect is need to be taken into
consideration to improve the quality of the care services. In the given scenario, the person is
old as well as obese therefore the routine measures need to recorded in a dignified and
caring manner.
 Privacy: One of the most important component in health and social care is maintenance of
privacy of service users. The healthcare workers need to keep the patient data safe and
secured from unauthorized access (Ansari and et.al., 2016). It is also important to maintain

the privacy while recording routine measures in the given scenario.
 Rights of service users: In health and social care setting it is very cardinal to respect and
safeguard the rights of service users. Health practitioners need to take patients preferences
and choices into consideration while providing them care support. In the given scenario the
old businessman complains to his GP about flu and fever symptoms. Therefore it the duty of
the GP to effectively record routine measures in order to detect disease in a timely manner
and provide necessary care support to the person.
Uses of routine measures:
 Routine measures are helpful in effective decision making processes in health and social
care setting.
 Healthcare professionals can design effective care plan for the patient based on the
observation of routine measures.
 Effective routine measures helps in monitoring the progress in patient's health condition.
3.2 Assess how these routine measures provide information about the body functioning of this
person.
The assessment of routine measures which are recorded in the case of old businessman is
done in the following manner:
 Temperature: Human body temperature is recorded by a device called Thermometer. It is a
useful tool that helps health practitioners in measuring the variation in body temperature of
the obese person in the given case (Sondergaard, Parkin and Aneman, 2015). Since the
person was suffering from fever it became very crucial to record his body temperature to
diagnose the correct health condition.
 BMI: BMI stands for Body Mass Index which is derived by measuring height as well as
weight of an individual. It can be defined as the body weight (Kg) divided by square of
height (m sq). It is very useful tool to quantify the tissue mass of the person in the given case
and categorise him as overweight or obese on the basis of obtained value. Since the old
businessman in the case is obese therefore faces health problems which need to be addressed
effectively.
 Blood Pressure: Blood pressure of the patient in the given scenario can be recorded through
an instrument called sphygmomanometer.
 Blood Test: Blood test provide important information about the physical health of a patient.
It is useful in detecting the microbial infection in p[patient's body (Sieck, 2013). In the given

scenario the person suffers from flu thus it becomes very crucial to test the blood sample to
identify the extent of flu infection.
 Respiration Rate: Respiration rate of the patient in the given scenario is recorded by an
instrument called Electrocardiogram (ECG). In this the electrical activity of the heart is
recorded to measure cardiac rhythm to diagnose cardiovascular diseases.
3.3 Examining information about the body functioning to inform care planning in the case
In the given scenario the care planning of the old patient can be informed by obtaining
essential information from the routine measures. By measuring BMI of the businessman the person
can be categorized as obese on the basis of obtained value. This indicates that the person may be at
major risk of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, high blood
pressure, etc.This information is very important for developing the care plan for the obese person
that include healthy eating as well as daily exercise to control the excess weight (Choi, Ryter and
Levine, 2013). This will prove beneficial in reducing the excess weight and gaining a healthy BMI
value.
In addition to this, information from blood test will inform health professionals about the
presence of pathogen which is responsible for flu infection and fever in the given scenario. Besides
this, blood test will be helpful in detecting the blood cholesterol level in the obese person and
planning a effective care plan (Greger, and Windhorst, 2013). Besides this the care workers in the
given scenario will also include effective medication to treat the symptoms of flu in the given
scenario.
TASK 4
4.1 Effect of age on body structure and functioning
In the given case the old woman was 85 years old and suffers from type 2 diabetes and
hypertension. She also suffers from arthritis and her age has severely affected her physical health. In
order to examine the affect of women's age on her body structures and functions following points
can be discussed:
Nervous System
Age significantly affect the nervous system of older people. With advancing age there are
certain changes that occur in the brain and nervous system (Nervous System. 2015). Neurons lose
the ability to transmit signals from brain to other body parts which slows down the normal body
functioning the body of the old women in the given scenario. In addition to this her type 2 diabetes
also affects brain due to high blood glucose levels. She also faces difficulty in walking due to

reduced body coordination and her arthritic condition.
Respiratory System
It has been observed that old people find it very difficult to breathe properly. With the
advancing age the bones and muscles that make up the respiratory system in humans tend to
deform. This happens as the rib cage tend to change shape in the older people. This affects the
respiration in the old women in the given scenario as her rib cage loses the flexibility while carrying
out respiration.
Integumentary System
The Integumentary system of the body if referred to the organ system that protects the
human body from loss of water and damage from external environmental factors. The system
include skin, hair and nails (Climstein, Schram and Hing, 2015). The effect of age is clearly visible
on the Integumentary system as compared to other body mechanisms in older people. In the given
scenario the old lady was 85 years of age. She has grey hair, wrinkled and loose skin and brittle
nails. Due to her diabetes her skin is dull and wounds do not heal quickly.
4.2 Impacts of the above mentioned conditions on body structure and functions.
In the given case the above mentioned conditions greatly influence the old women's body
functions and structures. Age has significantly affected the bodily structures of the old women as
she was 85 years old. With the advancing age her respiratory system does not function properly. She
finds it very difficult to breathe due to deformed ribcage as it does not contract and expand properly.
This cause depleted oxygen supply to rest of the body parts (Tanner and Gore, 2013). Besides this,
the nervous system does not function effectively in the case of old women. It has been observed that
with advancing age neurons get damaged and thus affect the signal transmission in the body. This
leads to slower functioning of the body parts as brain and nervous system do not receive signals in a
timely manner. The Integumentary system of the old women is immensely affected due to her age
and her diabetes. The wounds on her body do not heal quickly which leads to further infection. Her
diabetes has severely affected her skin as due to increased blood glucose levels wounds tend to heal
at a very slower pace.
4.3 Effects of her medical conditions including infection to the routine care.
The old women in the given scenario suffers from type 2 diabetes, hypertension and arthritis.
There these chronic medical conditions will include the following routine care.
 Regular routine check-up: Since the old women suffers from chronic medical conditions
that include type 2 diabetes it is very important for recording regular routine measures to

check her blood glucose level as well blood cholesterol level.
 Effective medication: Medication should include insulin to control the blood sugar level of
the old women. In addition to this the medication should be prescribed to control the
cholesterol level to treat her hypertension.
 Diet and nutrition: The care plan of the old women should include well balanced diet that
can meet her nutritional needs as well control her blood and cholesterol levels in her body
(Farré and Tack, 2013).
 Care plan for arthritis: In the given scenario, the old women suffers from arthritis therefore
her care plan should include painkillers to give her relief from pain. In addition to this,
physiotherapy can also be included to make movement easy for the old women.
 Care plan for treating wounds: Diabetes tends to slow down the healing process in the old
women. The care plan should include medication as well as foot care to prevent the risk of
infections due to open wounds in the given case.
CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, the present report develops a clear understanding on the principles of human
physiology. The physiology include various body systems such as respiratory system, nervous
system, endocrine system, Integumentary system. These bodily systems respond to humans daily
activities such as eating, running, walking, etc. It has been learned that the body systems perform at
cellular level to perform life activities among humans. Besides this, the report also features the
significance of regular routine measures in health and social care setting in the given scenarios.

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