Policy And Ethical Practice In Health And Social Care

This report explores the importance of policy and ethical practice in health and social care. It discusses the role of human anatomy and physiology, the structure and functions of different body systems, and how they work together to ensure homeostasis. It also covers the interpretation of physiological measurements for individuals with ill health and the development of person-centered care plans.

Policy And Ethical Practice In Health
And Social Care
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Information Booklet.........................................................................................................................3
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................10
Interpret normal and abnormal physiological measurements for an individual with ill heath in own workplace setting 10
Prepare a risk assessment which minimizes harm to the health of an individual with ill health in own workplace setting 11
Produce a person centered care plan which includes interventions that improve an individual’s ill health and associated outcomes
..............................................................................................................................................12
Critical evaluation of the care plan and associated records of physiological measurements for an individual with ill health to
identify areas of good practice and areas for improvement.................................................15
A reflective report, of how you identified the physiological measurements, what’s the care plan is about and etc. 15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17
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INTRODUCTION
In health and social care, ethical policies and guidelines for the care professionals to do right thing and provide standard quality
care to the patients. Good ethical policies develop good culture on the basis of transparency and trust. In order to get success in
healthcare area, human anatomy and physiology is very significant. Anatomy is associated with the study of body's physical structure
and physiology is the study related to functions and relationship of different parts of the body (Chandrangsu, Rensing, and Helmann,
2017). In this report, the chosen organisation is National Health Services which is a publicly funded healthcare system in United
Kingdom founded in 1948. The organisation render residential and non-residential care services to people with different health and
care needs. This project covers the function of human body cell along with its role during osmosis and diffusion and the structure and
functions of different body systems. It also covers the way body systems corporate to maintain life and health of person. Apart from
this, it interprets normal and abnormal physiological measurements for a person with ill health and the risk assessment which
minimise harm to health of person with ill health. In addition to this, a person centred care plan is developed which includes
interventions which help in improving the ill health of individual.
TASK 1
Information Booklet
Role of human body systems in homeostasis by
comparing healthy and ill healthy human bodies
Homeostasis plays significant role in functioning of the
body in proper way. It is regulated through distinct mechanisms
like osmoregulation, chemical regulation and thermoregulation
This means that a healthy human body is physically,
mentally, emotionally and psychological fit whereas, an ill healthy
human body is not fit emotionally, physically, mentally and
psychologically. The another difference is that a healthy body will
be disease free or free from any kind of diseases whereas, an ill
healthy body will not be healthy. Apart from this, a healthy body
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through different systems in body such as digestive system,
urinary system, respiratory system and nervous system. These
maintain stability of body through releasing stimulus when the
levels of hormone decrease or increase. Hemostasis is referred as
balance, equilibrium or stability within a cell or body. It is a
significant characteristic of living beings and maintain a stable
internal environment that requires adjustments as the conditions
change outside and inside the cell. Maintenance of system in the
cell is called homeostatic regulation. The hormones regulate the
activity of body cells and hormones release is controlled by
stimulus. The stimulus response changes intrinsic conditions as
well as itself may become new stimulus which is self-adjusting
mechanism through internal system cold feedback regulation.
Osmosis is a crucial process which is performed in the body for its
proper functioning. The movement of water in body is performed
by osmosis and is carried out through balancing both sides of
membrane of cell, for appropriate functioning of biochemical
process which is most required. The biochemical process is
altered in two conditions and results in cells death. These two
conditions are:
1. When the solute concentration is rises above normal in
extracellular fluid that cause in intracellular fluid
is energetic as well as able to perform according to the needs
whereas, an ill healthy body is not energetic and cannot be able to
perform well as per the situation and needs (Danziger, and Zeidel,
2015).
Role of human body cell, structure and functions of
different body systems and how these systems
function together to ensure homeostasis in the body
A cell is defined as the building block of life. A human body
consists of trillions of cells which administer structure for the
body, extract nutrients from food, convert them into energy and
perform specialised functions. They also contain hereditary
material of body as well as can make copies of themselves
(Chandrangsu, Rensing, and Helmann, 2017). There are many
parts of cells and each one has different function. The major parts
of the cell include cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum,
cytoskeleton, lysosomes and peroxisomes, nucleus, mitochondria,
plasma membrane, ribosomes and Golgi apparatus. The common
functions of cell include reproduction, nutrient uptake, waste
removal, growth and reacting to external changes. Some of the
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movement to extracellular surface. This results in
shrinkage of cell.
2. When the solute concentration declines in extracellular
fluid that causes in the extracellular movement inside the
cells and results into swelling of cell as well as structure
the cell after certain degree.
It is much required to maintain a stable concentration of solute
for proper cell functioning and is maintained by osmosis and
diffusion. The tendency to maintain a relatively constant and
stable internal environment is homeostasis. Body maintains it for
many factors along with temperature. For example: the
concentration of different ions in blood should be kept steady,
with pH as well as concentration of glucose. If the values get too
low or high, a person can end up with getting sick. Homeostasis is
maintained at various levels (Danziger, and Zeidel, 2015). For
example: stomach maintains pH which is different from the pH of
surrounding organs and each cell maintain concentration of ions
different from those of surrounding fluid. The major function
significant in maintenance of homeostasis are electrolyte and fluid
balance, thermoregulation, metabolic control and acid base
regulation. The human body is collection of cells which are
grouped collectively into bathed in fluids and organ systems.
functions of cell are discussed below:
1. Provide support and structure: the cells like sclerenchyma
and collenchyma, structural support to human body. All
the cells provide structural basis and support to the body
(Boore, Cook, and Shepherd, 2016).
2. Energy generation: the living cells are existing in active
biological state and all the cells need energy to perform
activities need to stay alive. it makes generation of energy
the most fundamental and essential of all cellular function.
By using chemicals derived from food, human cells
generate energy. The mitochondria are known as
powerhouse of cells and serve as final site of production of
energy within human cells. By utilising molecules derived
from processing of sugars, fats and proteins from diet and
digestion, many complex chemical reactions in
mitochondria generate molecule called ATP (adrenaline
triphosphate) which capture chemical energy from food,
which then used by cells to power biological functions.
3. Reproduction: it is the vital function of cell which enables
human body to replace diseased, dying or damage cells.
The human cells reproduce by mitosis process. Utilising
this reproductive process, cell develops an exact copy
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In a healthy body, all the organ systems of the body work
properly. The endocrine system plays a significant role in
homeostasis as hormones regulate activity of the cells of body.
Each system of the body contributes to homeostasis of other
system. No system can work in isolation and a person's wellbeing
is rely on wellbeing of interacting body systems. Disruption in one
system has consequences for many other body systems (Gozzelino
and Arosio, 2016) For example: the regulation of minerals and
water in body is osmoregulation which primarily occurs in
kidneys; removal of metabolic waste is excretion which is done by
excretory system like lungs and kidneys; body temperature
regulation is done through skin; and the blood glucose level
regulation is done through liver as well as the glucagon and
genetic material before dividing into two identical cells.
Meiosis is a special process of cellular reproduction used
by sperm and eggs in organism which employ sexual
reproduction.
4. Molecular transport: each of the cell is surrounded
through a membrane which delineate its boundaries as
well as act as gatekeeper, control the molecules movement
in and out of cell. This transportation of molecular plays
vital role in maintaining healthy internal environment that
assist cell in its survival and conduct specialised functions.
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insulin secreted through pancreas in body. All these functions
work properly in homeostasis in a healthy human body. However,
in an ill healthy human body, these functions do not work
properly.
Compare healthy and Ill healthy human bodies
There are several differences between a healthy and an ill
healthy human body. The comparison between both the human
body is are as follows: Health is defined as the state of complete
mental, physical and social wellbeing. Whereas, ill health is
defined as the state of being ill. It is the condition of being sick.
Human body is composed of cells and each cell is protected
from extrinsic environment through the cell membrane which
behaves as chemical value. For functioning, cells need different
chemicals like glucose, salts and oxygen which are able to enter in
self through diffusing across the membrane of cell. In the process
of diffusion, molecules move from higher position concentration
to lower concentration position. Diffusion is very necessary for
transporting the molecules across cell membrane and assist in
providing salts, oxygen and glucose. Cells play significant role
feed on glucose to develop energy. The movement of glucose in
and out of biological cell takes place by facilitated diffusion
process. For the movement of substances, diffusion is very
significant process in the body. For instance: movement of oxygen
from air to blood and movement of glucose from blood to cells.
Structure and function of different body systems in the healthy human body
Organ System and Structure Functions Organs
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Integumentary System: It is a system
which protect body from abrasion from
outside or loss of water and damage. It
includes nails, hairs and skin.
 Temperature control
 Barrier to invading chemicals and
organisms
 Subcutaneous tissue
 Skin
 Hair
Lymphatic System: It is made up of
consists of all lymphatic vessels and
lymphoid organs.
 Defends against foreign organisms
 Returns tissue fluid to blood
 Spleen
 Lymphatic vessels
 Lymph nodes
 Thymus
Cardiovascular System: It permits blood
to circulate as well as transport carbon
dioxide, oxygen, blood cells, nutrients and
hormones an assistant fighting diseases,
maintain homeostasis, stabilize pH and
temperature.
 Removes waste products
 Transports nutrients and oxygen
to tissues
 Blood vessels
 Heart
 Blood
Nervous System: It is a network of fibers
and nerve cells which transmit nerve
impulses in all over the body. It is made
up of spinal cord, nerves and brain.
 Responds to sensations
 Coordinates activities of
other organ systems
 Brain
 Ears
 Spinal cord
 Eyes
 Nerves
Muscular System: It is made up of three  Heat production  Tendons
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distinct types of muscles including cardiac
muscles, smooth muscles and skeletal
muscles and all have different functions.
 Locomotion
 Muscles
Reproductive System: It is the
combination of bodily organs as well as
tissues utilized in process of producing
offspring.
 Environment for growth
of fetus (female)
 Produces germ cells (eggs and
sperm)
 Ovaries
 External genitalia
 Uterus
 Prostate gland
 Testes
 Mammary glands
Endocrine System: It is the collection of
glands which secrete hormones in
circulatory system to be delivered to vital
organs of body. It regulates tissue
function, reproduction, metabolism, mood,
sleep, growth and development and sexual
function.
 Regulates the functions of body
by chemicals (hormones)
 Pituitary gland
 Gonads
 Parathyroid gland
 Pancreas
 Thyroid gland
 Thymus
 Adrenal gland
Respiratory System: It is made up of
lungs, airway and different muscles of
respiration and brings in oxygen and
expels out carbon dioxide.
 Oxygen/ carbon dioxide exchange  Trachea
 Nasal cavities
 Larynx
 Lungs
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 Pharynx
Urinary System: It includes bladder,
urethra, ureters, kidneys and sphincter
muscles and assist in eliminating waste
products from body.
 Regulates volume and pH of blood
 Elimination of wastes
 Kidneys
 Urethra
 Urinary bladder
Digestive System: It breaks down food,
nutrients into blood stream and excrete out
waste. It is made up of pancreas, liver,
digestive tract and gall bladder.
 Absorption of nutrients into body
 Processes foods
 Stomach
 Salivary glands
 Intestinal tract
 Esophagus
 Pancreas
 Liver
Skeletal System: It is the framework of
body which is held together by cartilage,
ligaments and tendons.
 Supports and moves body
 Blood formation
 Mineral storage
 Protects internal organs
 Bones
 Bone marrow
 Cartilage
 Ligaments
All the above mentioned systems are depending upon each other in order to function properly. The heart beats with the help of
nervous system and brain, the skeletal system depends on nutrients that it gains from digestive system to build healthy and strong
bones, the respiratory system introduce oxygen into body and the cardiovascular system works to circulate blood. All the systems of
the body are connected with each other and work together to maintain internals balance and stability, thus ensure homeostasis in body.
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TASK 2
Case Study
Mr. A is a man who is 65-year-old and diagnosed with excessive alcohol intake and severe depression. He is admitted into
hospital. 12 months ago, he was admitted for attempting suicide by overdose of prescribed medication for insomnia and depression.
He is potentially active and manages his daily living activities and attending day care sessions. However, he had recently become
reluctant to attend personal hygiene. It became worse when he started going for days without bathing himself. At the previous review
meeting, the issues associated with his hygiene has been seen as hazardous for his health. Due to this, he was also get ulcers and
infection in his legs. As the age of Mr. A is also 65 years, so he faces problems in taking care of himself. He has complex needs of
care, thus, requires proper care.
Interpret normal and abnormal physiological measurements for an individual with ill heath in own workplace setting
In order to interpret the normal and abnormal physiological measurements for a person with ill health, National early warning
score is used. This is a simple scoring system where score is allocated to physiological measurements. There are 6 physiological
parameters which forms the basis of scoring system. These parameters include temperature, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure,
level of consciousness, respiratory rate and pulse rate along with 1 weighting score for the supplemental oxygen. A score is allocated
by each of the physiological parameter reflecting the magnitude of disturbance to each parameter. After that, the individual parameter
score is combined along with score for supplemental oxygen use in order to derive aggregate National early warning score. 1 - 4 is
considered as low score, the aggregate score of 5 or more is considered as medium score and the score of seven or more is considered
as high score. The triggers must ascertain the urgency of clinical response as well as clinical competency of responder.
The respiratory rate is sensitive indicator of deteriorating physiology. In context of Mr. A, the respiratory rate is recorded
normal. The heart rate is taken with each set of observation in order to assess the pulse properties. If the pulse rate is irregular, then the
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apex beat must be utilized to assess the heart rate of patient. The rate and regularity of pulse rate is recorded in case of Mr. A. The
normal resting pulse rate varies in distinct client groups. A pulse rate greater than 90 and less than 51 will create an alert within
national early warning score. When the heart rate is greater than 90 beat per minute, then it is considered as sepsis. If the patient has
irregular pulse, then 12 lead ECG must be performed. High temperature is as significant as low temperature. Having core temperature
of greater than 38.3 degree centigrade is treated as high risk. And if the core temperature is less than 35 degrees centigrade, then it is
hypothermia. These individuals must be warmed slowly as well as need transfer to acute care. In context of Mr. A, his temperature is
normal.
Blood pressure is important to monitor for each patient who is admitted in the hospital setting. Can be the sign of clinical
deterioration. The systolic blood pressure less than 100 mmHg initiate an alert. The systolic blood pressure must be greater than heart
rate. In case the pulse is irregular, the accuracy of electronic blood pressure monitoring device may not accurate. In relation to Mr A,
the blood pressure is slightly high. Oxygen saturation is the another vital sign which is very useful. It must be recorded for all the
patients who get admitted in the hospital. For most of the individuals, the target oxygen saturation rate must be 94% or more. The
oxygen saturation rate in case of Mr. A is normal.
Prepare a risk assessment which minimizes harm to the health of an individual with ill health in own workplace setting
Risk assessment is referred as the process in which the risks and the factors are identified which have the potential to cause
harm. Within the healthcare settings like National Health Services, it is very necessary for the healthcare professionals to properly
analyses and identify the risk and adopt appropriate measures to reduce the occurrence of risk. It is a powerful tool that defines
likelihood of negative health effects of injuries and diseases. It helps in ensuring health, safety and wellbeing of patients as well as
care professionals. the main purpose of performing risk assessment is to determine the health and safety hazards as well as evaluate
the risks presented. It assists in assessing the effectiveness and suitability of control measures and make sure that additional controls
are executed. In case of Mr. A, during the assessment, it become apparent that he became severely depressed. The main symptom of
depression includes loss of enjoyment, disturbed sleep, depressed mood, idea of self-harm and lack of concentration. Mr. A had made
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frequent attempts of ending his life, however could not elaborate on the way he intends to do this. It is recognized as a risk factor in
case of Mr. A.
Produce a person centered care plan which includes interventions that improve an individual’s ill health and associated outcomes
Person centered care plan:
PATIENTS MEDICAL INFORMATION
Relevant conditions, diagnosis and latest
test results:
Ulcers and infections in legs, diagnosed with severe depression and excessive
alcohol intake
Significant past medical history: Suffering from insomnia and depression and admitted in hospital previously for
attempting suicide.
Current medication: 1. Mirtazapine
2. Zaleplon
3. Amoxicillin
4. Pantoprazole
Date of planned review of medications: 29/ 12/ 2020
Allergies Penicillin
KEY ACTION POINTS
For example: guidance on
intervention/deterioration, unmet need to
support patient (specify)
1. Adopt healthy lifestyle by healthy eating
2. Practicing good hygiene to prevent diseases
3. Bath daily
4. Avoid unhealthy binging between meals
5. Undergo CBT on continuous basis
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OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION (if appropriate)
Other support services e.g. local authority
support, housing
Consultation with psychologist and dietician
Identification of whether the person is
themselves a carer (formal or informal) for
another person
No
Anticipatory care plan agreed:
YES /NO/N/A
Anticipatory drugs supplied:
YES / NO/ N/A
Emergency care and treatment discussed:
YES / NO
If yes, please specify outcome:
e.g.: cardiopulmonary resuscitation – has the patient agreed a DNR or what
treatment should be given if seizures last longer than x or y, etc.
Date of assessment: Date of review(s): 29 Dec., 2020
Any special communication considerations
(e.g. patient is deaf or language
communication differences):
No
Any special physical or medical
considerations (e.g. specific postural or
support needs or information about
medical condition – patient needs at
least x mgs of drug before it works,
etc.):
Patient needs to take proper rest for 15 days
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SIGNATORIES (if appropriate and / or possible)
Patient signature:
Date:
Carer (if applicable) signature:
Date:
Named accountable GP signature:
Date:
Care Coordinator signature (if applicable):
Date:
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Critical evaluation of the care plan and associated records of physiological measurements for an individual with ill health to identify
areas of good practice and areas for improvement
A care plan is a plan which describes in an accessible and easy way the needs of an individual, their choices, preferences and
views, resources available as well as the actions by the members of care team to mitigate those needs. In relation to Mr. A, the above
provided care plan involves all the information which will help the care provider of National Health Services to provide him with
appropriate care. As per the physiological measurements records, 6 physiological parameters are considered by using National early
warning score. All the measurements were normal except blood pressure. The blood pressure of Mr. A was slightly high at the time of
admission in the hospital. But, by following the care plan, it will help in improving the health of Mr. A.
A reflective report, of how you identified the physiological measurements, what’s the care plan is about and etc.
In the above provided report, the physiological measurements identified by using national early warning score (NEWS)
framework which is a scoring system in which the scores are allocated to the physiological measurements. 6 physiological parameters
are considered in this framework including temperature, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, level of
consciousness and pulse rate. A proper care plan is developed in context of Mr. A which helps improving the health outcomes.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that Homeostasis is an ability to maintain a stable internal state which
persists despite changes in world outside. It is a self-regulating process through which stability is maintained within the body. It plays
significant role in proper functioning of body. In a healthy body, all the system performs their functions properly however in ill
healthy human body, the organ systems are not performed well. Human body consists of trillions of cells which extract nutrient from
food and convert them into energy in order to perform specialised functions. The cells provide support and structure to body, generates
energy and transport molecules for maintaining healthy internal environment. Taking physiological measurements of ill healthy
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patient is very necessary. Proper risk assessment and appropriate care plan will help in providing effective treatment to the patient
with complex care needs.
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