Advanced Power Quality: Internet Energy for Renewable Energy Sources Integration

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ADVANCED POWER QUALITY
By (Student’s Name)
Tutor’s Name
University
City
Date

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Executive Summary/Abstract
This paper looks into the recent technologies that are developing with regards to
Internet Energy which is becoming popular within the energy industry since it monitors
and possesses the switching ability for relating Renewable Energy Sources to installed
grid connections. This big invention for the implementation of Renewable Energy
Sources integration has been showing an increased number of benefits not just to the
connected distribution network but also to the grid used for transmission as well as
other generators. The impact of this penetration within the renewably generated energy
exists as increased power stability as well as increased power system security. Other
than the need to be careful to read the response of the generators driven by renewable
sources for disturbances, to avoid aggravation poor power stability incidents, the
technique is very beneficial. The technology can be simulated in Simulink. Internet
Energy use is the case study investigated in this paper, looking at the technology's
switching and monitoring properties when Renewable Energy Sources are to be
connected to power grids.

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Acknowledgement
This report’s successful completion brings happiness and enlightenment within the topic
of study given that the tutor was welcoming and helpful in its completion. Their advice
and support both in notes provision and giving direction helped me carry out this
research.

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary/Abstract.........................................................................................2
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................3
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................5
1.1. BRIEF BACKGROUND.......................................................................................5
1.2. OUTLINE OF THE REPORT...............................................................................6
1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES......................................................................................6
2. Literature Review......................................................................................................6
2.1. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES RELATED TO RENEWABLE SOURCES OF
ENERGY- GRID INTEGRATION...................................................................................6
2.2. INCORPORATION OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN SMART
GRID 7
2.3. LATEST INVENTED GRID PARADIGMS...........................................................8
3. Project’s Theoretical Background...........................................................................11
4. Method........................................................................................................................12
5. Case Study...............................................................................................................13
5.1. THE ENERGY ROUTER’S ARCHITECTURE...................................................13
5.2. STUDY PROCEDURE.......................................................................................15
5.3. RESULTS...........................................................................................................22
5.3.1. The instruction values for the battery-energy, PV and EV systems’
reaction power at 0 Var..............................................................................................23
5.3.2. The Battery-Energy Storage, PV and EV Instruction Values for the
Reactive Power Set to be 20,000 Var, 10,000 Var and 0 Var Respectively...........27
5.3.3. EV Charging......................................................................................................31
6. Conclusion and Further work................................................................................32
7. References...............................................................................................................34

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1. Introduction
1.1. BRIEF BACKGROUND
Renewable sources of energy are now the most important energy sources due to the
increase in global warming issues. Wind, hydel energy and photovoltaic are the kind of
renewable sources of energy that have been greatly exploited. These sources are less
harmful thus, beneficial to human health and the environment. However, operators are
forced to broadly exploit distributed renewable sources of energy and rapidly deploy
them in the grid due to various concerns such as power system security, reliability and
efficiency (Jones, 2014). The benefits of renewable sources of energy can be greatly
improved when they are incorporated into the electric utility system although, they can
be applied for generation of power as an isolated or standalone system. Substantial
penetration rates and degrees are accommodated with the greater application of smart
grid enhancing technologies (Lamont & Sayigh, 2018).
Generally, a smart grid can be defined as the aggregation of software, new
technologies, hardware and activities that enable the existing power grid infrastructure
more resilient, accommodating, reliable, secure and lastly more beneficial to the users
(Zobaa & Vaccaro, 2014). Equally, there are intermitting and fluctuating properties of
these sources that greatly hinder the incorporation into smart grids. They can be
addressed by deploying the techniques of control and effectively applying them. This
causes lead to an increase in the hours of operation as well as enhance the
performance of these sources (Guo et al., 2015).
Renewable sources of energy are the most suitable distributed generation and their
level of penetration to the grid is high. Even though the distributed generation has
various benefits such as better reliability, voltage support, transmission reduction,
diversification of sources of power and distribution losses the major issues is power
quality challenges (Moreno-Munoz, 2017). The concept of power park custom in the
connection of the grid into distributed generation systems in the future is mentioned.
With the availability of numerous renewable sources of energy integrated to the power
systems and power markets in place, modern advance such as fuel cells and electric
vehicles have been designed (Moseley & Garche, 2014).

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1.2. OUTLINE OF THE REPORT
The report has section 1 which introduces the paper’s background on smart grids,
energy routers and renewable energy sources. Section 2 reviews the relevant literature
within the topic before section 3 brings to focus on the topic of research that is on
Energy Internet. Section 4 involves the employed methodology for researching which is
mixed method research while section 5 brings the case study to view. Section 6 then
concludes and mentions future work on the research topic.
1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this article is research on the LAN-level energy control router by evaluating
the compositions and structure of the energy router. It also focuses on the technique of
transmission control of the energy router for various distributed generations which
includes EVs, storage of battery-energy and PV.
2. Literature Review
2.1. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES RELATED TO RENEWABLE SOURCES OF
ENERGY- GRID INTEGRATION
Renewable sources of energy are naturally intermittent and thus it is a very complex
task to incorporate renewable sources of energy into the power grid. Issues and
challenges in relation to the grid incorporation of a number of renewable sources of
energy specifically the wind energy conversion systems and photovoltaic solar (Hossain
& Mahmud, 2014). Moreover, these problems are widely classified in to non-technical
and technical as illustrated below.
A. Technical Issues
The technical issues are described as follows:
1. Power quality which includes:
 Voltage fluctuation and frequency
 Harmonics
2. Issues to do with protection
3. Storage
4. Islanding

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5. The fluctuation of power which includes:
 Seasonal or long duration fluctuations of power
 Small duration fluctuations of power
6. Optimal placement of renewable sources of energy
B. Non-technical issues
1. Scarcity of transmission lines for renewable sources of energy to be
accommodated.
2. Less availability of workers with technical skills.
3. Technologies related to renewable sources of energy are exempted from the
competition which does not encourage for power plants to be installed for reserve
function.
4. The test beds and case studies survey.
2.2. INCORPORATION OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN SMART
GRID
Farret and Simoes (2017) reviewed the use of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems to allow
the incorporation of renewable sources of energy into microgrids. This article outlines
various algorithm energy management, topologies that have been used in renewable
sources of energy and microgrid aspects are compared and analyzed. The most recent
paper review in relation to the application of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems to
accommodate the incorporation of renewable sources of energy into the smart grid. The
incorporation of renewable sources of energy in the context of the microgrid is also
performed. Various approaches to managing energy and connecting the two storage
devices applied in a number of literary studies have been presented by the researcher
(Du et al., 2017).
Integrating RES into power systems leads to the inclusion of the RES's variable
schedule for generating power into the respective power systems. This is a challenge
experienced during power grid designing. In the end, there is a need to adjust the
system within power transmission or distribution systems, looking into their operation
and planning (Nayeripour et al., 2018). However, the economy and reliability constraints
have to be observed. Additionally, the large-scale storage of power should be added for

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meeting the peak load demand sessions (Pick, 2017). The various factors in need of
addressing during the RES integration include reliability, quality, cost of energy
conversion as well as the efficiency of power systems. Development and research these
factors are being conducted in that there have been numerous algorithms and
technologies proposed for meeting the challenges identified above together with
creating a transition in the power grid systems headed for smart and effective phases
(Lund et al., 2019). Various probable difficulties, as well as their solutions observed in
numerous literature, are presented below:
Figure 1 above shows the classified probable difficulties experienced when integrating
RESs (Lund et al., 2019).
2.3. LATEST INVENTED GRID PARADIGMS
 Fuel Cells
There are numerous fuel cell technologies invented in the universe and all these types
can be added power grid systems with an emphasis on the segmented markets that
make use of their full potential. In the transportation of residential power, portable and
easy fuel cell applications for fuel cells such as polymer electrolyte and alkaline fuel
cells that have low temperature, fast start-up potential, are the most considered (Mihet-
Popa, 2016). In relation to stationary generation of power, high-temperature fuel cells
that include phosphoric acid, solid oxide and molten carbonate fuel cells, are mostly