Diabetes Prevention and Management

This assignment provides an in-depth analysis of diabetes prevention and management. It includes a literature review of various studies and articles related to diabetes prevention, management, and complications. The assignment also covers different approaches to tackling type 2 diabetes, including lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments. Additionally, it discusses the importance of early detection and diagnosis of diabetes, as well as the role of public health initiatives in preventing and managing the disease.

Practice Based Public Health
and Health Promotion Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Study background........................................................................................................................1
Rationale......................................................................................................................................1
Aim..............................................................................................................................................2
Objectives ...................................................................................................................................2
Project scope and public health area:...........................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFIED NEEDS .............................................................................................3
Epidemiology of diabetes............................................................................................................3
Social determinants and health inequalities influencing public health .......................................4
CHAPTER 3: EVIDENCE .............................................................................................................6
Service provisions and health strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetes...............6
Diabetes prevention program (DPP)............................................................................................7
Effectiveness of diabetes health interventions.............................................................................9
CHAPTER 4: INTERVENTION ..................................................................................................11
Public health ethics....................................................................................................................11
Settings for delivery of health intervention...............................................................................12
Data collection...........................................................................................................................13
Resources...................................................................................................................................14
Stakeholder analysis...................................................................................................................14
Time frame.................................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

Title:
Health inequalities in type 2 diabetes and to develop an intervention plan for improving
and preventing diabetes among obese people in Harrow borough of UK.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Study background
Type 2 diabetes has been known as one of very common chronic disease and key public
health issue in UK. Its prevalence has not only been increasing in UK but all over world as well.
It has been estimated that currently there are more than 3.5 million people who are living with
the diabetes (Diabetes Prevalence, 2019). This includes both diagnosed and undiagnosed cases.
It has been also predicted that if effective public health interventions will not be implemented
then by 2025 number of people with diabetes will increase to 5 million. One of the most
significant cause of high prevalence of diabetes is limited physical activities and unhealthy food
habits which leads to obesity. Thus, obese people are at higher risk for both types of diabetes.
UK health services and organisations are formulating and adopting several interventions
so that awareness can be increased among people. It is very essential that people must know the
epidemiology and available health interventions for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. It
will help UK government to lower the number of deaths and socio economical challenges
observed in the diabetes management (Ting, Cheung and Wong, 2016). Though a variety of
treatment methods are available but still majority of people remains unaware that they are
suffering from diabetes. The late diagnosis enhances the complexity and risk of deaths to people.
Thus, it is very essential that health interventions are effectively applied to improve the public
health issues.
Rationale
Both types of diabetes have life long impact on the health achievements of an individual.
However, particularly obesity is the most common risk factor for the type 2 diabetes. It has been
analysed that in UK only 10% diabetic cases are of type 1 while the remaining 90% are of type 2
(Marckmann and et.al., 2015). The obesity is not limited to any specific age group or gender.
Instead, both adults and children are vulnerable to it. Apart from the unawareness, the lack of
access to health care services is also one of the reason which enhances the diabetes prevalence in
UK. The key purpose for choosing diabetes as the public health issue for this research is that
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increasing obesity among people at very young age or even at children is the primary cause of
diabetes.
Thus, it is vital to identify the current social inequalities and how health care
interventions can address those inequalities (Shrivastava and et.al., 2017). The selection and
evaluation of this public health inequality will help to understand the improvement needs of
health interventions. This type of research studies are very helpful to draw the focus of various
stakeholders towards the issue. Apart from rising the knowledge and awareness among
communities the study can also help health professionals to review the current policies and
framework. Another reason for choosing this topic is that diabetes prevention is vital and its
prevention interventions must be applied from childhood only (Kayyali and et.al., 2019). The
study will prove to be an effective tool for evaluating the existing practices and quality of
services.
Aim
To determine the health inequalities in type 2 diabetes and to develop an intervention
plan for improving and preventing diabetes among obese people in Harrow borough of UK.
Objectives
To identify the factors causing health inequalities among obese people in Harrow borough.
To prepare an intervention plan for preventing diabetes. Further study will be implementing the
new strategies and intervention process of determining the objectives and accomplishing task.
This will help to continue the work or goals.
Project scope and public health area:
In order to address the public health issues, it is required that the health care service
providers must review the epidemiology and the other socio-economic factors which influences
the disease prevalence. The Harrow borough of UK has the highest prevalence rate of diabetes in
UK. The obesity is the main factor in the region which is responsible for such higher prevalence
of diabetes in the region (Diabetes care report London Borough of Harrow, 2018). The
behavioural aspects and life style of the communities is also one of the critical element which
affects the diabetes events. The report will help community members to understand the severity
of diabetes. It will also encourage people to become more concerned about weight management
and healthy living so that diabetes can be prevented. The project will be a critical milestone in
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assessing the behavioural and economic factors which prohibits people in living a healthy and
sustainable life.
Further the scope of project is also not limited to communities or the healthcare
organisations. It is also beneficial for the researchers who desired to execute more detailed
research on improving community health (Ntuk and et.al., 2017). The study will also explore the
various healthcare interventions, available service resources, knowledge resources which lowers
the prevalence of the diabetes.
CHAPTER 2: IDENTIFIED NEEDS
Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes
It is not possible to prevent type 1 diabetes; however adoption of healthy life styles can
help in delaying or preventing type 2 diabetes. In UK 68 % of men and around 59% of women
are obese. The obesity is also common among young children and 22% of the children in UK are
overweight or obese. Thus, there is high need to take actions for preventing obesity by imposing
restrictions on unhealthy or junk food.
Diabetes is known as the chronic physiological changes in metabolic process due to
which blood glucose level is increased due to inability of the body in production or resistance
towards the action of insulin. On the other hand in type 2 diabetes there is an increase in the
insulin resistance in the body which prevents the body to produce insulin.
There are several risk factors which increases the disease identification and occurrence.
Contrary to this type 2 diabetes is influenced by the body mass index, lifestyle, hypertension,
smoking, drinking habits, nutrition and low physical activities. It has been estimated that by
2030, in Harrow type 2 diabetes will increase by nearly 45% (Diabetes care report London
Borough of Harrow, 2018). Several studies have supported that in the modern life style people
are not actively engaged in the physical activities. It affects body fat distribution and imbalanced
waist to hip ratio (Misra, 2015).
The moderate or the minimum intensity of physical level along with the uncontrolled
calorie intake leads to the poor health outcomes among people (Shah and et.al., 2015). Apart
from these attributes it has been also analysed that diabetes is also associated with the
psychological factors. Stress, poor psychological health and minimum social support has adverse
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impact on the overall health of individuals. However, the new business objectives and makes the
system more influencing.
However, most of the diabetes associated deaths are the result of complications caused by
the diabetes which ultimately result in untimely deaths. The duration of the diabetes has been
critical element influencing the mortality rates (Mitchell and et.al., 2017). The younger people
who are diagnosed with the diabetes are more vulnerable to the deaths. Thus, for the premature
deaths among young people type 2 diabetes is significant factor. It has been also evaluated that
the people suffering from the diabetes are often at maximum risk of cardiovascular diseases and
the stroke. The stroke or heart attacks ultimately leads to the death. The most complicated aspect
of the diabetes is that if influences the various organs of the body and with the passage of time its
severity increases.
The microvascular complications such as damage to nervous and renal system, blindness
as well as macro-vascular complications like peripheral vascular diseases and stoke are also
matter of concern for the diabetes management plan (Lin and Wessel, 2019). The organ failure,
chronic kidney diseases and other foot ulcers or infections need proper care and attention for
assuring the comfort of the patient.
Social determinants and health inequalities for type 2 diabetes in Harrow
The health inequalities are result of not only individual factors but also of social
determinants. For improving the health outcomes these social determinants affecting diabetes
must be taken into account. Being a chronic disease diabetes involves high management and care
cost. The availability of healthcare resources, funding and cultural attributes can change the
diabetes prevention and management plan. The self-management is one of the most effective
approach for controlling the disease and to reduce the cardiovascular risks factors caused by the
diabetes (Brooksbank and et.al., 2019). The individuals living with the diabetes or which are at
risk of the disease are affected by the cultural, social and economic attributes.
For instance, the people who have easy access to health care services, routine glucose
level check-up facility, effective education and health care support services tends to have better
health. The community support and the social encouragement affect the perspective of an
individual towards diabetes management. Social business groups are enable to measure the
weight management or in order to consider the best social practice. For such groups physical
activities or the weight management are mere obstacles in happy and care free life (Zimmet and
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Alberti, 2016). Thus, there are high vulnerabilities that in such societies from childhood obesity
is very common. Contrary to this when families lives healthy living and encourage the quality
life then risk factors are also reduced and people are able to access the health services easily.
The employment and economic conditions, availability of the healthy food choices and
access to healthcare services affects the healthcare infrastructure. It has been observed that in UK
many people desire to adopt the healthy life style (Mitchell and et.al., 2017). However, they have
very limited choices or options to include in their healthy and good food habits. Most of the
citizens are also unaware about the services provided by the government to the patients of
diabetes. Thus, the education level among social groups can be effective strategy in controlling
and managing the diabetes prevalence. The education gap is key element which makes the public
health issue severe.
In UK there are various social groups which belongs to different cultures. The cultural
variation and diversities not only influence the prevalence rate but also influences the
interventions and prevention approaches (Harris, Mulnier and Amiel, 2017). The higher level of
education helps people to understand the actual risk factors which makes them more vulnerable
to the disease.
It has been also identified that the gaps in the quality of diabetic care service providers
can also increase the social inequalities in the health care. There are several health professionals
who may not deliver the quality services which can improves the health outcomes as well as
quality of life of the sufferers (Kayyali and et.al., 2019). For instance many people may need
palliative care services and home care assistance for the quality care. However, health
professionals does not guide their patients regarding this and thus suffers remain unaware of the
available health care interventions. It demands for need to formulate and implement better health
care strategies so that health care professionals can support their patients in accessing quality
services (Hutchesson and et.al., 2015).
Along with the medications it is also recommended by the health professionals to
perform and guide communities regarding exercise, medications and other lifestyle changes
which can improve the health outcomes of the people (Mitchell and et.al., 2017). Due to lack of
awareness and proper guidance from the service providers many people find it impossible to
manage their health outcomes and blood glucose level. For this purpose the health care
organisations are also providing multidisciplinary services which concerns for the overall well
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being of the diabetic patients. The education, social status and income of the individual groups
can prevent many communities to access the available health care interventions (Ting, Cheung
and Wong, 2016). Thus, there is need to analyse the current interventions and to improve their
drawbacks so that diabetes numbers can be controlled and health quality goals can be achieved.
CHAPTER 3: EVIDENCE
Service provisions and health strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetes in Harrow
borough
National strategy and the policies for prevention of diabetes emphasis on various major
aspects. The first one is to establish and educate communities about the interrelation between
onset of diabetes and diet, obesity and physical activities. For achieving these people are
encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle approaches. As the second key approach the health policy
makers are working in collaboration with the food retailers and manufacturers so that the
dominance of unhealthy food options can be eliminated from the market.
It will allow people to have healthy eating choices through presence of vast range of
retailers and manufacturers with healthy food options. Another evidence based principle strategy
is that when people have resources and knowledge that how they can integrate physical activities
in their engaged and sedentary life style then weight can be easily reduced. According to Barry
and et.al., (2017) for achieving the desired health outcomes national public health service
providers must work in partnership or collaboration with the local commissioners and voluntary
healthcare organisations. When communities of Harrow will adopt health and active life style
choices along with good food habits then overweight and obesity issues can be overcome. It will
helps to lower the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (Emdin and et.al., 2015)..
For controlling the diabetes prevalence there must be risk factor monitoring and
assessment at both national and local level. Since the age factors can also act as risk of type 2
diabetes, age based monitoring must also be encouraged to reduce the incidence rate of the
disease. Daly and et.al., (2018) stated that ineffective health care services can significantly affect
the disease prevention goals. The local authorities and service providers must seek statistics from
the health data collection agencies such as national health check programs and other national and
regional public health reports. The statistics from the national health check can help borough
authorities to identify the individuals who are at higher risk or who need access to diabetes
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management programs. It will help to asses the education, behavioural and attitude of the
communities towards disease so that service provision gaps can be fulfilled.
As per the view of Fogelholm and et.al., (2017) body mass index, blood pressure and
blood tests are used to assess the diabetes. Individuals with high risk factors are refereed to
medical intervention and lifestyle programme. The diabetes charities encourages health checks
and assessment. The routine data collected for patients such as blood glucose levels, self
assessments, family background and ethnicity and risk profiles can be used to make assessment.
These assessment approaches can be performed in range of settings such as general practitioners
surgeries, community centres and pharmacy. The screening helps to assure that the health
inequalities does not increase and can be controlled. Such types of screening are vital for the pre
assessment of the vulnerable or the groups which are high risk of type 2 diabetes. Timely
assessment also leads to improve treatment and management of the disease.
Gray and et.al., (2017) stated that obesity reduction and other diabetes controlled
strategies are developed for entire population instead of individuals. In the year 2011 “Healthy
lives, healthy people: a call to action on obesity in England” which aims to lower the trends of
obesity in UK by the year 2020. The key strategy set out in this policy is to formulate strategies
and interventions so that per day calorie consumption can be lowered. A social marketing
program known as the Change 4life motivate people to eat healthy and to increase their
participation in physical activities (Emdin and et.al., 2015)..
Similarly, the public health responsibility sets out pledges between charities, healthcare
industry and government. For instance the food corporations are required to provide the calorie
and nutritional details on their product. However, it has given rise to the conflict among various
stakeholders as many organisations assumes that such content providing to people will not have
any impact until people will themselves not encourage any preventive action (Hostalek, Gwilt
and Hildemann, 2015). According to Song, (2015) the education campaigns which explain the
necessity of vegetable and healthy food consumption are very effective and essential strategy.
Contrary to this Hutchesson and et.al., (2015) argued that simply motivating healthy life
style among communities may not given desired health outcomes. Instead, the eating habits of
individuals is also influenced by the behavioural factors like emotions, habitats, economic
conditions and psychology. Thus, along with the education and awareness these aspects are also
required to be considered.
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Diabetes prevention program (DPP)
In order to identify the behavioural interventions of the communities who have higher
probability of prevalence and development of type 2 diabetes NHS DPP is applicable all over
UK. This program is a joint program and intervention of Diabetes UK, Public Health England
and NHS England. According to Cefalu and et.al., (2016) type 2 diabetes can be prevented and
there are evidences that diabetes risk can be significantly reduced through behavioural
interventions. These interventions include practices such as enhanced physical activities, weight
reduction and management and management of balanced diet. The NHS has approximately 10
percent of its budget for the diabetes treatment. The DPP aims at reducing type 2 diabetes and
the associated complications related to diabetes such as kidney, skin and heart issues.
Further it also aims at lowering the health inequalities related to diabetes incidence. The
communities which are going through diabetes prevention program can manage the obesity,
sedentary lifestyles and poor nutritional issues. As per the view of Hostalek, Gwilt and
Hildemann, (2015) the primary goals of behavioural interventions are to achieve healthy weight
and dietary recommendations as well as to achieve physical activities. This type of prevention
programs helps individuals to establish goals and bring life style changes so that diabetes risks
can be reduced.
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Illustration 1: Diabetes prevention

(Source: Preventing type 2 diabetes overview, 2019)
DPP are also supporting communities so that they can identify the risk factors and their
vulnerability towards disease can be reduced. General or health care practitioners can give
referrals to the individual who are diagnosed with the increased sugar level or the diabetes risk
factors. Stevens and et.al., (2015) stated that awareness is the first the intervention for changing
the behaviour of communities towards the prevalence of disease. Most of the UK citizens are not
aware with the actual causes of type 2 diabetes and thus it is only related with the appearance of
an individual. However, more than appearance obesity is the biggest risk element enhancing the
diabetes and several other health complications. Thus, it is required that people must be educated
about weight management so that they can follow the healthy and nutritional diet and their
engagement in physical activities can be increased.
The DPP program also provide the valuable support to the people who have higher
chances of developing diabetes. The NHS has been planning to implement DPP and similar
schemes all over UK. Emdin and et.al., (2015) elucidated that the disease has significant impact
on cardiovascular system and diabetes leaded heart attack and stroke are the major cause of
deaths among people. Thus, DPP has also collaboration with the British heart foundation. This
integration provide guidance and necessary resources to people so that they can understand
which type of food intake and lifestyles changes can support them to manage weight. According
to Rogozińska and et.al., (2015) the diabetes cannot be controlled or prevented until and unless
the relevant health supportive authorities and organisation unite with the communities to develop
a healthier environment. It has been observed that in UK a good number of communities seeks
for healthy choice but there are very limited options available for them.
DPP includes vast range of comprehensive plans so that obesity can be tackled across UK
at both national and regional level. The marketing and availability of junk food control, sugar tax
on sugary drink industry so that the saturated fat and sugar included in the food can be lowered
and healthy atmosphere can be developed for the society. Alouki and et.al., (2016) stated that the
government must regulate and monitor the sugar content and nutritional value of processed and
packed food so that access to such unhealthy food can be reduced.
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The DPP is also aiming at educating parents and educators so that they can manage the
eating habits of individuals from childhood. According to Dimova and et.al., (2017) obesity
prevention from the childhood can also serve as an effective prevention intervention. When from
the early years of life individuals pay attention to their eating habits then, they avoid
consumption of junk food or sugary drinks or the food which leads to fat deposition in the body
or obesity.
Effectiveness of diabetes health interventions
It has been one of the major concern that the minority and vulnerable communities which
are at increased diabetes risk are among the group which has the least access to the health
screening and check up programs. According to Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group,
(2015) health check up programs and the diabetes prevention medications are effective only
when lifestyle changes are followed. However, the intensive life style changes are expensive as
well. Thus, there is need to introduce more improvements in cost effectiveness and efficacy of
the lifestyle changes.
The government and health support services are emphasising on supporting behavioural
changes among communities so that people can take ownership of their health and well being.
Aroda and et.al., (2015) stated that lifestyle changes required for the diabetes may also require
tailoring according to the culture and trends of the communities. The promotion of the junk and
fat rich food has critical impact on the eating behaviour and psychology of the individuals. In
UK there is restriction on promoting junk food on television so that the children can be prevented
from the influence of such food content. There has been no such kind of advertisement restriction
for adults but it is required that adults must also be informed about the possible health risk from
such kind of food products.
As per the view of Armstrong, Boulton and Bus, (2017) nutritional labelling has been a
subject of controversy among food organisations and diabetes prevention charities. Thus, it is the
responsibility of the government to formulate and prepare suitable guidelines for the food
organisations so that the consumers are provided with all necessary information. It is also
recommended that for reducing the over eating portions size must be lowered. One of the best
approach to achieve this is to provide consumers with wide range of choices for portion size so
that people can choose the portion size which suits them from health perspective.
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From many years the reformulation of the food is widely adopted strategy in UK to
reduce the sugar, fat and salt content in food. However, the outputs can be improved by seeking
support from the manufacturers so that they eliminate the use of calories and trans fats in the
processing of food. It will naturally make food healthier and type 2 diabetes risks can be avoided.
In the same context Brauer and et.al., (2015) stated that effective policies must be tailored
at local levels so that the behavioural and requirement barriers of each individual can be
overcome. The cultural considerations must also be integrated with the health prevention
programs so that people find it easy to adopt such programs. For instance the healthy food
choices must be appropriate for the cultural aspects otherwise people will rush towards unhealthy
food choices and increased obesity will therefore contribute to diabetes.
The diabetes intervention are also required to be implemented from the childhood so that
healthy behaviour and life style practices can be developed in the young age. The educators and
parents must encourage the children for participating in sports activities. The increased physical
activeness will help to make children more healthy and less vulnerable to the risk of diabetes.
According to NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme, (2019) diagnosis and treatment cost of
diabetes and related cardiovascular complications is increasing every year. Along with the
obesity and family history factors the effective diabetes prevention programs must also consider
the population segments based upon age, body mass index, ethnicity and gender.
The health check program supported by the NHS helps health professionals to assess the
eligible people. It also establishes a communication with the communities so that their
contribution and engagement can also be encouraged. Mitchell and et.al., (2017) argued that it is
not easy to ensure the equal collaboration and support from communities. The financial and
resource limitations may prevent people from adopting cost effective diet and weight
management system. Thus, it is required that cost effective interventions must be developed.
These interventions must also take religion, gender, age, literacy, socio-economic factors and
culture into consideration.
There are several misconceptions associated with the diabetes among people which must
be clarified so that the severity of diabetes can be managed. For instance it is assumed by the
people that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are non-preventable and weight or diet does not have
any relation in causing it. Similarly, communities also believes that diabetes patients cannot
consume sugar (A new approach to tackling Type 2 diabetes is a step forward for prevention,
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2016). Thus, it is needed that these misconceptions are addressed so that people can understand
that diabetes can be easily managed and prevented by changing behaviour and life style attitude.
According to Kayyali and et.al., (2019) diabetes prevention action can achieve the
improved results by providing training to healthcare service providers. The professionals must be
trained and expertise enough in assessing and formulating the behavioural and lifestyles
management strategy for the community. The health regulatory authorities must monitor the
knowledge and efficiency of the service providers regularly so that they are not only limited to
address only medications for dealing with the pathophysiology. Instead, the training programs
will help them to understand the weight and nutritional management as well.
CHAPTER 4: INTERVENTION
Public health ethics
This chapter is based on using one method to be developed to cure diabetes ad mitigate
its effects under the ethical frameworks. The public health ethics is the domain of systematic
analysis where an action plan is promoted to safeguard people health. This is applicable to
mitigate the effects of public health issue such as diabetes, which is rising concerns among all
categories of population. The focus is on designing, implementing and prioritizing the
interventions to generate awareness and justify the use of techniques or methods for proper
execution. Here stewardship model is implemented to minimise the ill effects that influence the
environmental conditions and protect the people by improving the patient centred care (Russo
and et.al., 2015). This model ensures people to lead a healthy life through access to medical
services and eliminating the health inequalities. Along with this, one method must be promoted
to promote advocacy about the diabetes to bring balance between professionals including clinical
teams of nurses, practitioners, etc. and patients.
In regard to this, interventions are essential in maintaining the care delivery systems for
overcoming challenges because of sudden increment in cases of diabetes. Moreover, it helps in
reducing the conflicts or barriers and improve the consultation process by encouraging people to
participate in a collaborative manner. The major part of implementing ethics is to establish
conditions and adopt values and principles to create a connection between the field of practise
and field of study. For instance, to develop a method for making people understand about the
triggered symptoms and signs, affordability factor, lifestyle changes for building positive
outcomes and more (Fairchild and et.al., 2017). Thus, the usage of intervention is definitely
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beneficial for people suffering from diabetes to gain knowledge and are based on overcoming the
ill effects of diabetes. Additionally, diabetes is becoming a menace for public and by using an
effective method would be helpful in maintaining the quality and delivery of health services.
Settings for delivery of health intervention
Here one of the methods to be developed is to impart education about diabetes among
all the sections of people via implementing weekly sessions in all the health centres, hospitals
and non governmental organizations (NGOs) at Harrow. The description includes sending emails
and messages about diabetes to all the health institutions along with using digital platforms like
sending Whatsapp messages and promoting about these free seminars to the public on social
media platforms like Facebook, Instagram etc. The professionals can make videos with the help
of few cases and its related patients on these platforms to connect other people and generate
promotion for better turn out of the people. The outline of this method highlights the need to
make people realise about the sedentary lifestyle and negative consequence of physical
inactivity. Alongside, its impact in the form of microvascular complications, coronary disease,
obesity etc. has hampered the well being of people.
In context to this, the key features include organizing these sessions in interesting ways
and encouraging people to discuss the queries, doubts and questions. Such healthy atmosphere
would pave the path and help in improving their health. The diet plans and weight loss
management associated related concepts must be discussed and examined at length to design the
daily routine on healthy patterns. It has also been effective to interact with the practitioners' and
know the facts and ambiguous information in relation to the diabetes (Marckmann and et.al.,
2015). There are many myths and false details that make the patients little apprehensive and
doubtful. Thus, personal meeting with professionals would be useful in generating awareness and
address queries after completion of session would help in knowing about the perceptions. This
interventions helps to overcome from the issues in the context of communication between and
engage the people through conducting activities and group events.
This intervention is proved as useful in initiating the active support and help in knowing
the risks regarding this health issue. At individual levels, Diabetes has a good deal of
interconnected health issues like obesity, heart stroke, etc. which must be narrowed down by
using set of guidelines. Here people must be educated through these sessions to know about the
limitations and risks when adopted smoking, consumption of alcohol etc. (Baig and et.al., 2015)
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Such self management support in a professional context leads to using effectual care instructions
to give patient specific approaches by implementing the multidisciplinary strategies.
Data collection
Data collection is the process of analysing and examining the materials that gets collected
for standard researches to evaluate these relevant sources. This is done to know the solutions for
research problem and evaluate results. It is of two types such as primary and secondary data
collection sources. Secondary sources of data collection has been considered to understand about
the diabetes cases and is based on collecting it in the presence of third party. Here the collection
of data is done for a particular reason to know about the public health issue and its concerned
ethical standards. Primarily, the sources used are the books, journals, articles available through
online and other reports or books which get published annually.
Resources
For the execution of chosen method, there is need of equipments, human resources and
budgeting to successfully complete the interventions part. The number of volunteers from both
medical and non medical people are encouraged. Moreover, there is requirement of conference
or seminar rooms on weekly basis to conduct the sessions on time and without any delays.
Resources required Budget
Internet access for promotional activities 150
Volunteers through hiring process 150
Total 300
Stakeholder analysis
It is defined as the procedure to assess the entire processing system and examine its
changes and risks to give relevant information to the interested parties. The focus is on collecting
data, analysing it, justifying and analysing the details to take an account of mapping the decision
making for implementation of the chosen method for intervening diabetes. The involved
stakeholders are the hospitals employers, independent directors, trustees, staff, volunteers and the
public including patients.
Thus, their consent is also important before using the chosen method at local levels.
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Time frame
Activities (For 2 hours) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
Orientation session
General information about diabetes and its
related concepts
Adoption of chosen intervention for
diabetes on weekly basis
Using social media platforms for imparting
education about diabetes
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the diabetes prevalence and risk factors of diabetes can be
controlled only if effective prevention strategies are formulated and applied. The triple
prevention strategy used by the UK government can be considered as suitable and appropriate for
the diabetes prevention. Under this triple prevention strategy along with the diabetes prevention
programs the work place wellness activities are also encouraged by the healthcare service
providers. The third layer of triple preventive system focuses on creating positive health
environment for public so that the disease can be controlled.
It has been analysed from the research that diet and weight management, no smoking and
alcohol and other lifestyle based improvement approaches can help at-risk patients to manage the
long term impact and prevention of the diabetes (Shrivastava and et.al., 2017). However, such
type of intervention programs can be influenced by the socio-economic aspects. Most of the
societies are not aware with the implications of diabetes and thus they avoid the serious concern
of weight management. It has been evaluated that the educating people can proven to be a
milestone in meeting diabetes prevention targets.
The nursing and healthcare staff plays a key role in this consideration. In order to
continuously improve the quality of health services it is needed that staff performance and health
must also be prioritised. The people have direct interaction with the general practitioners thus if
these professionals experience the need for glucose test then they must refer the individuals to
diabetes prevention program (Brooksbank and et.al., 2019). In the treatment and prevention of
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diabetes along with the drug therapy dietary considerations and physical activities are also
crucial. Thus, the healthcare consultants must have knowledge and information regarding the
available care and guidance services for the vulnerable and affected communities.
It is also the responsibility of the health system to create and maintain a health
environment which protects and safeguard the public health (Mitchell and et.al., 2017). For
instance the health environment consisting of all necessary healthcare and medical services as
well as disease prevention knowledge. From the report it has been also observed that several
strategies of NHS and Public Health England are highly effective in terms of controlling the
barriers. For example the levy on high sugar drinks and foods, nutritional screening are examples
of few effective strategies. It is also evaluated that the aspects such as funding, policy alignment,
clinical prioritisation, care integration and scaling can also affect the quality and outcomes of
diabetes prevention program.
Diabetes prevention has been one of the top priority of NHS especially among young
children so that the new generation can be prevented from this life threatening disease (Ting,
Cheung and Wong, 2016). NHS, Public health England and UK government have been putting
joint efforts and funds to ensure the continuity of the diabetes prevention plans and treatment
programs of the diabetes. The effective policy implementation also requires the support and
participation form the various stakeholders. Since these policies are targeted at public health
along with the health care professionals the equal contribution of local and regional
communities, national healthcare agencies must also be incorporated into the practice.
One of the core strategy which can be used to enhance the clinical outcomes in diabetes
prevention is to minimise the gap between special and primary services and healthcare (Baig and
et.al., 2015). The diabetes management and prevention programs cannot achieve their efficacy
without employing the technique of clinical prioritisation. There must be continuous
improvement in the clinical infrastructure and atmosphere. Most of the people does not realise
the need of going for the diagnosis process of diabetes. Thus, the clinical infrastructure must
provide appropriate support so patients who need further referral for the diabetic analysis and
care.
The preventive initiatives can be effective only if the general practitioners and other
clinical stakeholders provides their cooperation and support to the patients (Brauer and et.al.,
2015). Thus, it is recommended that the clinicians must be provided with the training and
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appropriate guidelines. For this purpose the professional education must also be improved in
terms of communication, public health interventions and professional skills. It has been also
observed that the continuous improvement in the techniques and methods to identify the people
who are suitable for the diabetes prevention is also helpful. The blood tests can provide the initial
symptoms to go further for the diagnosis and confirmation of the sugar (Mitchell and et.al.,
2017). The mechanism to measure the glucose metabolism assist in timely diagnosis and
identification of the diabetes risk.
Thus, it is also required that the health care service providers must work in integration
with the professionals and communities so that the type 2 diabetes can be prevented before their
onset and the rate of diabetes prevalence can be reduced. The diabetes prevention programs and
strategies are very effective and can improve the health quality of people (Brauer and et.al.,
2015). However, there is need that people must encourage their participation and awareness in
these programs and their routine life style management.
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