Understanding Research Methodology

The provided content includes 25 references to academic articles and books on various topics related to research methodology, education, and psychology. The sources cover a range of disciplines, including business instruction, language and cognitive function, primary education, nutrition, and community-based prevention approaches. The references also touch on themes such as parental monitoring, teacher-student relationships, educational attainment, and poverty and privilege. Overall, the content appears to be a collection of diverse research studies and methods used in various fields.

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LOW
PERFORMANCE IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
CHILDREN UK

ABSTRACT
Primary education system of UK is facing a problem of lack of performance of children
and which affect the growth and development of the country. So, I have decided to conduct study
on determining different factors which can decline the performance of primary education
Children UK. Major objective of this research is to determine reason of the poor performance
and impact of parental involvement in primary education children. Further focus will also be
given on effectiveness of teachers and learning methods in performance of students. I have
applied a systematic process for whole investigation and comprises of a literature review,
research methodology and data analysis. Including this, I have collected facts and figures using
secondary data collection sources such as journals, websites, books and publications. These
collected data has analyzed by thematic analysis. Findings of the analysis have reflected that
major factors which affect performance of primary education of children include higher number
of students in a single section, Single parent students, Use of traditional methods of learning,
Incompetent teachers and Lack of parental involvement. Along with this, research has also
concluded that effective involvement of parents in education helps in improving performance of
children and vice versa. In addition, study has disclosed that teach and learning methods of UK is
not capable enough to improve overall performance. So, education system of UK needs to focus
on improving qualities of teachers as well as have to use the following methods of learning such
as Learning centered approach, Digital classrooms and learning methods, Play and learn,
Involvement of students, Observation method and EPPSE (Effective Pre-School, Primary and
Secondary Education Method).

Table of Contents
introduction......................................................................................................................................4
Aim and objectives......................................................................................................................4
Research questions.......................................................................................................................4
Rationale......................................................................................................................................5
Literature review..............................................................................................................................5
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................10
Literature search strategy:..........................................................................................................10
Data based used:........................................................................................................................10
Search terms:.............................................................................................................................12
Inclusion & exclusion criteria:...................................................................................................12
Sources.......................................................................................................................................13
Quality assessment strategy.......................................................................................................13
Critical appraisal tools –CASP..................................................................................................13
Data extraction strategy.............................................................................................................14
Ethical Considerations...............................................................................................................14
Limitation of Research..............................................................................................................14
Results and Findings......................................................................................................................15
Thematic analysis......................................................................................................................15
Discussion......................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion and Recommendations................................................................................................18
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................18
Recommendations......................................................................................................................19
references.......................................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Improving the learning outcomes of primary school students is one of the biggest
challenges for education system. It is very difficult to improve the performance of every student
due to the different associated negative factors. The current research project is based on the
similar subject and wants to determine the different factors which contribute in the low
performance of the primary education performance of students (Adolphus, Lawton and Dye,
2013). This problem in highly increasing in the UK so, researcher has chosen he primary
education students of UK. For conducting investigation author will follow a very systematic
process which will comprise different stages such as analysis of the research problem, review of
literature, research methodology and examination of collected data. The whole process will help
in completing the investigation in effective manner as well as also plays very important role in
making a final conclusion for the research report.
Aim and objectives
Aim:
“To determine the different factors that can decline the performance of primary education
Children UK”.
Objectives:
 To identify the major reasons behind the poor academic performance of children in
primary school in UK.
 To critically analyze the impact of parental involvements in the primary education
children.
 To determine the effectiveness of teachers and learning methods in primary school
education in the UK.
 To suggest appropriate ways for improving performance of primary school children of
UK.
Research questions
1. Why children in primary school education perform poorly in their academic in UK?
2. What are the impact parental involvements in the primary education children?
1 | P a g e

3. How effective are teachers and the learning methods in the primary school education in
the UK?
Rationale
Low performance of children in Primary education in UK is one of the major issues. This
problem affects the entire nations in negative manner because it reduces the skills, knowledge
and capabilities on students which is the future generation of UK. It can affect the future growth
of nation (Vernon, Adamson and Vernon, 2013).
It is a problem because patents of children are very busy in their own career and personal
life and they do not pay appropriate attention and do not get involved in the education
performance of child. It declines the overall performance of primary students. Including this,
ineffective teachers and different methods of learning also affect the performance of students.
Therefore, these are the major reasons behind the low performance in Primary education children
in UK.
It is an issue now because education system of UK is trying to improve the overall
academic performance of children and invest huge amount of money but still performance of
students is declining. So, for resolving this issue researcher has decided to conduct investigation
on this subject (Ing and et.al, 2012).
For getting appropriate solution author needs to shed lights on the different the major
reasons behind the poor academic performance of children in primary school in UK. In addition
author should focus on involvement of parents on education of student and effectiveness of
teachers and learning methods, etc.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is an assessment of academic papers which contain current information
with essential findings. It includes theoretical and methodological contribution of that specific
study for better understanding and meaningful discovery. The information for literature review is
gathered from the secondary sources on the basis of past researches and surveys. The literature
review is on the low performing children in primary schools and the factors behind it. The reason
for applying it is to find the loopholes behind the improper performance and to implement right
strategies for improvement of students, teachers and schools. It consists of proper critical
analysis on the primary education, impact of parents on students, effectiveness of appropriate
2 | P a g e

learning methods and teachers for improving performance of primary students. In the end of
literature review, there is research gap which explains crack between the researches with the
reason behinds this review including effective key findings and measures.
According to the viewpoints of Hollowell, 2016, the emphasis of primary education is on
giving child a strong foundation with more emphasis towards reading and mathematics
(Hollowell, 2016). Primary education is introduced for eight years and the age of children for
joining primary schools is from 6 to 13 years.
Similarly, Moyles, Georgeson and Payler, 2011, have said that Primary schools are changing the
pattern of primary education continuously from 1960 to till yet (Moyles, Georgeson and Payler,
2011).
It has further been found by Alexandar and et.al., 2012 that Age of children for taking
admission in primary schools plays essential role for their overall development (Alexandar and
et.al., 2012). As per this, government decides the age by evaluating all the factors which helps in
improvement and development of skills and knowledge. But it is still a known fact that Schools
are taking admission of those children who are less than the decided age limit which is the main
reason behind the low performance of students. On the other hand Moyles, Georgeson and
Payler, 2011, have argued that “Primary schools aof the Finland are working and performing
well due to their dedication and innovative approaches. Primary teachers give extra attention to
their weak students and some times give them private classes also for resolving their issues.
Along with this 30% of the children receive extra attention and special help at the time of their
first 9 years” (Moyles, Georgeson and Payler, 2011). From this statement, it is clear that different
students have different habits and interest. For their development primary schools needs to use
different learning methods as per their habits and area of interest.
Teacher related factors and found that Lack of experience, improper knowledge of
required field, classroom management problem, lack of communication skills and lack of
creativeness and innovativeness leads to low results in the end. School related factors affects
more the performance of students as compare to the other factors as it includes improper
equipments, use of old techniques, ineffective management and maintenance, less umber of
teachers (Huntley, Luna and Kaiser, 2012)
As per the above statement, if schools do not have sufficient equipment and techniques
than it affects the working and performance of skilled teachers as they are not able to give their
3 | P a g e

best for developing children. In this regard it is further true that it is the prime responsibility of
schools to provide all facilities which are essential for both teachers and students which results to
better outcomes (Spaull, 2013). In UK approximate 1000 primary schools are failed to achieve
their targets and these schools later face take over, closure or converted into an academy. Schools
are focusing on earning profit rather than developing children as the results they are playing with
the future of students and country as well (Luo and et.al., 2012). Government needs to change
their educational policies and procedures which look after both the issues i.e. profit earning and
development of pupils. Martorell, 2012 has asserted that UK Government is planning and
applying development plans and also upped its educational spending from 8% of total budget to
23% (Martorell, 2012). As per the above statements, government is trying very hard for
improving the condition of students and schools. They are building schools in rural areas with all
facilities, hiring skilled teachers, providing training to them and maintaining roads in rural areas.
Involvement of parents in any sought of work gives measurable gains in student's life.
Parental involvement is essential in student's life and their schools as it results to produce great
rewards which somewhere increase the record of primary schools also (Yi and et.al., 2012).
Parental involvements includes two major factors which are level of commitment (encouraging,
motivating and understanding students, ) and active participation (activities, parent meetings,
parents day, etc. As per this statement, the combination of both the factors results to effective
parent involvement which improves performance and skills of students. According to this,
primary shools need to enhance the parents' participation which will also increase the reputation
and image of the school (Bridges, 2013).
Too much involvement of parents makes children dependent which somewhere affects
their thought process, decision making power, lifestyle etc and this results to affect the records of
school (Goose and et.al., 2012).. As per these statements, parent’s involvement is necessary but
they should not be over protective and cared as it results to affect their performance and makes
them dependent.
Now days, parents are more aware of the school policies which results to affect the
education of their children. Due to this, schools need to create effective policies so that they can
fulfil the expectations of the parents and satisfy them. (Gentile and et.al., 2014). By conducting
research among English students of age limit from 5 to 16 years. 71% parents involve themselves
in the activities of their children in primary schools which later declines as children move
4 | P a g e

towards higher classes (Pancer, Nelson, Hasford and Loomis, 2013).
Those students who have support of their parents are more talented in maths as compare to other.
Guidance ad monitoring of parents leads to improve the skills, abilities and knowledge of
students not only in maths but in other fields also (Wang, 2014).
Sometimes, school do not welcome parents that later results in developing the feeling of
unimportant and unappreciated. The issues of all these statements lead to lack of parental
involvement. Some other issues are embarrassment, illiteracy, unable to speak English, memories
of parent's failure in their school times and many more which prevents parents to take participate
in their children's activities and studies (Kriz, Gummesson and Quazi, 2013).
Learning-centred teaching is well known teaching method in which students plays
essential role in enhancing their knowledge and teachers only guide them so that students can
handle the tasks independently. As per this statement, for effective implementation of learner
centred method, it is important to provide effective training to the teachers.
On the other hand Moyles, Georgeson and Payler, 2011, have found that Primary schools
of some countries such as Kenya are still using old traditional methods for developing their
students” (Moyles, Georgeson and Payler, 2011). Schools resist changing and due to this they
feel themselves comfortable in following old traditional methods. In contrast of these statements,
schools are needed to use effective learning methods which can help students in fast and easy
learning.
By obtaining observation learning approach teachers are able to monitor the performance
of each and every student and this makes them to give more emphasis to low performers (Spaull,
2013). Observation leads to student curiosity, questioning, innovation and feedbacks which
results to better development and learning. These statements are explaining the effectiveness of
learning methods for improving the performance of students.
Use of information technology (IT) in learning methods gives more effective and better
result. As per these statements, IT plays important role in betterment of teaching techniques and
learning methods and results to effective development of students and teachers both.
Primary schools are providing effective training to teachers for improving their
management skills, communication skills, knowledge, creativeness and problem handling skills.
Pre-service training and In-service training helps in improving the skills and capabilities of
teachers. Teachers are classified into three categories which are highly effective, effective and
5 | P a g e

moderately effective which helps in understanding the efforts and performance of teachers.
These statements show the effectiveness of teachers in development of student's skills, abilities
and knowledge with the better performance.
Experienced teachers are more helpful in providing appropriate and effective knowledge
to the students. Experience makes teachers to use effective strategies as per the habits and
interest of primary students which makes them enjoy their studies. In favour of these statements,
experience leads to enhance the knowledge, skills and management capabilities which results in
proper handling of primary students and their problems.
Fuchs and Fuchs, 2007, have researched that For hiring talented and skilled teachers
primary schools are taking three phase of interviews which are background interview, concept
mapping interview and personal construct interview (Fuchs and Fuchs, 2007). Concept interview
is for exploring the knowledge and their concepts related to their specific field. Personal
construct interviews are for exploring the extra skills, creativeness, beliefs and behaviour of
teachers. As per these statements, hiring of appropriate teacher also helps in effective learning
and development of primary students (Spaull, 2013).
It is found that there are various factors which are affecting the performance of primary
students. Primary schools need to adopt latest techniques for improving their learning methods
also those students take studies as fun rather than burden. Hiring of skilled, experienced and
talented teachers also helps in handling the problems of students and helps them in improving
performance of students by applying best strategies. Parental involvement in school and studies
of students results to great achievements and rewards. But too much involvement makes children
dependent which is not good for their development. Some countries are still using old and
traditional methods as they resist changing whereas some are applying new techniques to their
schedule for meeting the targets. Numbers of researches are available on the topic of primary
students and their performance but no research is conducted on the students of UK which is a big
research gap. Due to unavailability of appropriate surveys and researches on the performance of
primary students of UK, researcher has selected this subject for further investigation.
METHODOLOGY
It is a process to collect information and data to conduct a research based on a particular
theme. In order to conduct research on the factors that are contributing to low performance in
6 | P a g e

primary education in UK, different kind of tools and techniques have been applied. It is
necessary to determine the reasons to degrading the quality of education of primary students
(Kriz, Gummesson and Quazi, 2013). It is necessary for a country to embark better reforms in
education so as to improve the efficiency of education and learning among the students. Thus the
following methodology aims to study the techniques and tools required to conduct research on
the Factors that contribute to low performance in primary education children UK.
Literature search strategy:
Literature search strategy can be defined as a methodical search for all of the literature
published on primary education of children in UK. An effective strategy helps in selecting best
articles for getting answers of each research question in effective manner (Moyles, Georgeson
and Payler, 2011). This strategy has been helped in conducting a systematic and ordered process
of search to establishment of the credible literature for the whole investigation. Explicit as well
as focused search are the major objectives of this strategy. In this task researcher has decided
different topics for literature search and types of articles which are required for attaining research
objectives in effective manner. Researcher has identified number of sources for selecting
research articles such as CINAHL, Google scholars, Science direct and The Cochrane Library,
etc. Along with this, advance search option has also helped researcher in getting most
appropriate articles relevant to the research subject. Including this, literature search strategy has
included some tactics for getting most effective literature, such as search terms, inclusion and
exclusion criteria, quality assessment strategy and data extraction strategy, etc (Robson and
McCartan, 2016). All these strategies are described in the following section of methodology.
Data based used:
For selecting articles researcher has used the number of database such as PubMed,
CINHAL, Science Direct, Google scholar, Emerald insight, Cochrane library, British Nursing
Index and BioMed Central, etc (Vernon, Adamson and Vernon, 2013). These data bases have
helped in collecting appropriate information about the research subject.
Table 1: Database used for literature search
Databases selected Description
PubMed PubMed is most appropriate data base for
searching full text as well as abstract on
7 | P a g e

particular research subject of health and social
care because it has presence of more than 25
million literatures (Taylor, Bogdan and
DeVault, 2015).
CINHAL For getting broad content researcher has used
CINHAL database. Major articles of this data
base are relevant to the field of nursing,
general health and medicine etc.
Science Direct This database is majorly base on scientific
topics and included full text review. It
includes more than 11000 journals on the
online database. This data base has also
included 20000 books (Yi and et.al, 2012).
Google scholar It is one of the best data base which can be
used by anyone on freely basis. It helps in
getting articles of research scholars on each
and every subject. It is one of the broad online
library for getting literature.
Emerald insight Emerald insight is also known as a global
publisher which includes 300 journals, books
as well as cases on varied topics. Therefore, it
has strong portfolio for collecting research
articles for the current investigation (Wentzel,
2016).
BioMed Central BMC is a UK based library which comprises
256 articles and journals which can be openly
access by each and every one. This library
helps researcher in getting articles relevant to
the medicine and other scientific subjects.
Cochrane library The given database has been established by
Cochrane Collaboration and major artilcles
8 | P a g e

are relevant to the medicine and health care
specialties (Spaull, 2013).
British Nursing Index It is a UK nursing and midwifery database
which includes more than 400 UK journals
and other English language titles.
Search terms:
For carrying out a proper search researcher has selected proper search terms. Researcher
has identified number of keywords for searching relevant articles. Defining synonyms is one of
the major trick for deciding search terms for literature search (Pancer and et.al, 2013). For the
current study author has used the following search terms:
Table 2: Search terms
Term1 Factors
Term 2 low performance
Term 4 primary education children in UK
Term 4 Term 1 & Term 2 & Term 3 & Term 4
Inclusion & exclusion criteria:
In order to include most appropriate research articles researcher has decided inclusion
and exclusion criteria. It has helped in selecting fresh, new and reliable research articles for the
whole investigation. Inclusion criteria helps in determining that which articles is moat
appropriate for including literature review (Sunil and et.al, 2014). But on the other hand
exclusion criteria plays important role in identifying all those literatures which are not relevant to
the current investigation and needs to be excluded by researcher. As per the inclusion criteria
author has selected only those research papers which have published after 2010 and topics of
these research papers must include one or two key word. On the other hand, as per the exclusion
criteria author has excluded all those research articles which have published before 2010 and has
not used English language for publishing research paper. Including this, all these research papers
which have not included keywords in their research topics have also excluded by researcher for
the whole literature review (Ye and Lai, 2012). A brief discussion of the inclusion and exclusion
criteria is given below:
9 | P a g e

Inclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria:
Published in professional English language Not used English language for publishing
research paper
Publication after 2010 Published articles before 2010
Topic must include search terms No search terms in title
Sources
As per the above discussion, the current research study is based on literature, so, it has
used only secondary sources for completing whole investigation and collecting facts and figures.
Author has selected research articles from only those online journals which have their own copy
right. Along with this, researcher has checked authentication and reliability of the sources before
selecting research articles. Including this researcher has used only those sources which have
digital presence on internet by which researcher can access these data from anywhere in the
world. So, all the above discussed data based have satisfied all these requirements in effective
manner, so, author has included these sources for getting appropriate literature (Kumar, 2014).
Quality assessment strategy
Use of Boolean operators helps in maintaining quality assessment. These include AND,
OR, NOT and ANDNOT, etc. For combining and excluding search terms researcher has used
these Boolean operators. This strategy has also helped in getting more focused and productive
result for resolving research question. It plays important role in saving time and effort to search
appropriate evidence for primary education of children in UK. It is significant for reducing
results of unnecessary and irrelevant articles for the current investigation (McMillan and
Schumacher, 2014).
Critical appraisal tools –CASP
Before selecting research articles from available sources author needs to conduct critical
appraisal of the findings and results of that article. Regarding this researcher can use CASP tool.
It is one of the important tool for conducting critical appraisal of the different types of the articles
of health and social care. Using this researcher has assessed the research articles on the basis of
internal validity, reporting standards, conclusion and generalizability, etc. There are number of
checklist which includes different question regarding data collection, analysis and research
10 | P a g e

methodology. CASP tool can be applied for analyzing different articles such as SR, Cohort, and
Case control and qualitative, etc (Wang, 2014).
Data extraction strategy
It is a process of retrieving data about primary education of children in UK. Researcher has
used data extraction strategy for extracting number of research articles from the different
database of health and social care. It is important for data process and resolving issues in
effective manner. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have helped in extracting data as per the needs
and requirements of the research subject. Along with this, keyword search is also one of the
important tactic for extracting appropriate articles from number of data bases. Overall, data
extraction strategy plays important role in including valid and reliable articles band excluding
invalid and unreliable evidence for the whole investigation (Luo and et.al, 2012).
Ethical Considerations
It is recommended that every research complies with the ethics that are considered to be
important part of a research finding. It is important for the author to eliminate any factors or
reason that may affect the authenticity of the research (Sunil and et.al, 2014). While conducting
primary research it is advisable that the research must keep respondent information private. And
in case must not leak his/her information as this will be violation of ethical rights of the
respondents. Whereas, the researcher also has to ensure that there is no plagiarism in the
secondary sources of data. There must be no manipulation done with the data acquired for the
research. For this the researcher must use references and citation to ensure reliability of the
resources used by the same. This will reduce any probability of plagiarism or manipulation with
the data (Kriz, Gummesson and Quazi, 2013). Thus applying these strategies of research the
author will be able to complete an authentic investigation with ethical standards.
Limitation of Research
The major limitations that may arise during a research are the management of cost and
time factors. There may be instances when the budget of the research increase or the time might
be less as per the content of the theme (Li, Zhao and Chen, 2012). These factors contribute to
generate limitations for a researcher and may affect the quality of the research as well. Thus to
reduce these, the researcher will have to properly manage the research so as to not increase the
cost and time of the searches. Lack in experience of conducting a research may disrupt the
11 | P a g e

quality and content of the research. Thus the author will make sure that he/she gains appropriate
experience before conducting a research. Thus the author will be able to generate in depth and
accurate to the standards of a research. Along with this the researcher must have supplement
knowledge about the methods and techniques used in a research to eliminate limitation that may
occur due to poor knowledge (Ye and Lai, 2012). By applying these above methods the
researcher will eliminate the risk of limitation that may hamper research findings.
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
As per the discussion of research methodology, researcher will apply appropriate
techniques for analyzing collected data. Thematic analysis will be used by the researcher for
examining subjective facts and figures (Adolphus, Lawton and Dye, 2013). In contrast,
researcher will use the statistical methods for examining statistical facts and figures of the
organization. Analysis of the collected data is as under:
Thematic analysis
Theme 1: There are some reasons behind the poor academic performance of primary
education children in UK.
Findings of the literature review has disclosed that there are different factors of the
education system and environment of students which affect the academic performance of
children. The literature review has showed that lack of parental involvement is the major
negative factor. On the other hand, some evidence of different researches has shown that large
number of students in single class, traditional and ineffective methods of learning are also
considered as the major factors of poor performance (Luo and et.al, 2012). In addition, the
researcher has concluded from various studies that single parents, incompetent teachers and low
performance in particular subjects are also the major factors which can affect the academic
performance of primary education students. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be
concluded that there are some major reasons of poor academic performance of primary education
children of UK such as large number of students in a single class, use of traditional method of
learning, lack of parent involvement, etc. (Bridges, 2013).
Theme 2: Major qualities are required for an effective teacher of primary education
children in UK.
12 | P a g e

Findings of the systematic review of literature has concluded that teachers of primary
education students of UK must have appropriate capabilities to improve the performance of
students. After collecting facts and analysis, researcher has found that skills and knowledge,
training and development and qualifications are the major qualities which are required in a
teacher. Lack of any skill in the educator has affected its knowledge power (Yi and et.al, 2012).
The result of this is that he has not effectively delivered the quality education to the primary
students. Along with this, the researcher has also found from the studies of different literature
reviews that patience, problem solving attitude and effective behavior are also required for an
effective teacher. Therefore, being an effective teacher in a primary school, the educator has
required some special and common qualities (Gentile and et.al, 2014).
Theme 3: Effective learning methods help in improving the performance of students of
children of UK.
Author wants to know about the effective learning methods for primary education
students so, author has included this question. Author has disclosed that major frequency of
response is belonged to Learning centered approach, Digital classrooms and learning methods
and Involvement of students. In addition, different literature studies have shown that play and
learn method is also very effective for improving performance (Luo and et.al, 2012). Further, the
researcher has found the information from different studies that Observation method and EPPSE
(Effective Pre-School, Primary and Secondary Education Method) are the most effective learning
method that can help the UK students to improve their performance. Therefore, from the above
discussion, it can be concluded that there are some effective methods such as observation, play
and learn that helps in improving the performance of students of UK (Huntley, Luna and Kaiser,
2012).
Theme 4: Involvement of parents is required for improving primary education of children.
According to the above theme most of the respondents believed that involvement of
parents is necessary for improving performance of primary education of children in UK. Lack of
involvement can decline performance of children in negative manner. From the literature review,
the researcher has found that the increase involvement of parents is most important in improving
primary education of UK children. With the help of this, the parents can effectively guide their
child's to learn the new things with the help of the various methods. It helps in increase the
13 | P a g e

continuous learning habits in the children which assist them gain primary education in most
appropriate way (Wentzel, 2016). If parents have not increased their involvement with their child
then they will not be interested in learning and in gaining new knowledge. Therefore, from the
above discussion, it can be concluded involvement of parents is necessary for improving
performance of primary education of children in UK.
DISCUSSION
Based on the findings of the research it was found that the academic performance in the
primary sector of education in UK is declining (Luo and et.al., 2012). There are varied factors
that are responsible for the decline in quality and performance of education (Spaull, 2013). There
is higher number of students in one single section which creates the problem for the teacher, as
she/he isn't able to concentrate on each one them. Due to lack of proper attentions students are
not able to acquire complete guidance for the same and thus they are not able to perform
perfectly. There are many single parents who juggle between two or more jobs. They are not able
to concentrate on helpline their kids with homework's and assignments. Along with this many
primary school are still using traditional methods of learning. They are old, outdated and do not
relate the new content of books provided to the students (Cohen, Manion and Morrison, 2013).
This is hampering the quality education that the children must be able to receive instead of the
traditional one.
The qualification and experience of the teachers are not up-to the standard of primary
schooling. This is the reason that children are not able to receive the quality education which
could have been if they were under guidance of supervised and qualified teacher. Also the
parents are not involved with the projects and assignments given to the students (Ing and et.al,
2012). In many cases it was found that kids suffer as their parents do not provide them with help
and do not mentor them regarding their homework. Die to this students lack in providing
sufficient performance to their studies. English and mathematics were found to be the subjects
which lacked in performance among the other subjects.
As per the statistical analysis done with the help of chi square test, teachers strongly
agreed that parents are required to involve with the academics of their children (Kriz,
Gummesson and Quazi, 2013). They believed that the parents must pay attention on the
homework and assignments and must help their kids with their coaching classes. The students
14 | P a g e

lack in providing ultimate performance which is depicted from their poor results. The parents are
required to motivate and insure their kids to study and help them in improving their grades.
Teachers also felt that effective teaching styles and learning method may improve the
performance of education in the primary field (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault, 2015).
It was found that if the better reforms are implemented in the primary section the
performance will surely improve. As per the analysis an effective teacher must possess good
qualification and must be equipped with proper training and development methods to guide the
students. The teacher must also have adequate knowledge and skill required by the primary class
teacher (Flick, 2011). The teacher must be able to solve problems faced by the students and must
conduct favourable behaviour with the students. This will be possible only when the teacher is
highly patients. As it is essential to be patient due to the fact that children are of primary age and
they require a soft spoken and polite teacher. It was found that primary school must levy
effective learning centred approach in order to improve the performance of the students. Digital
classrooms must be build with play and learn features to make the learning effective. This will
help to increase the involvement of students and they will be able to observe and learn about the
concepts of their course. Thus from the research on identifying the factors that were contributing
to the poor performance it was found that the education system must focus on adapting better and
improved learning methods to improve the condition (Daniel and Sam, 2011).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The research concludes that there are various factors that are contributing to low
performance of education in primary field in UK. This is because children are performing poorly
in their academics. This is due to the fact that there are traditional methods of teaching and
learning used in the classes. It was found that these methods are outdated and do not relate to the
advanced structure of the coursework pro-founded for primary classes. The research found that
low parental involvement with children has led to the poor performance as well. There is low
involvement of parents as there are high numbers of teenage and single parents who are not able
to provide eminent time for the kid’s education after school hours (Fiegen, 2010).
Parents do not pay attention to their wards and in many cases it was evident that this
affected the quality of homework and assignment carried out by the child. From the research was
15 | P a g e

relevant that non availability of effective methods of learning lead to poor academic performance
in primary education. This was due to the reason that teachers were not qualified up to the
standards of primary level. They did not possess skills that were necessary requires to teach
primary student. Thus it can be concluded that the above factors lead to poor performance.
Further recommendations are presented to improve the performance of primary classes (Bryman,
2015).
Recommendations
In order to improve the standards of education and the performance of students in
primary classes, following points are recommended.
The teachers must be given training to improve their skills and ability to impart better education
to the children (Ing and et.al, 2012). It is also recommended that the teacher must be qualified to
the primary level standard. The schools have to modern methods of teachings in the schools
(Adolphus, Lawton and Dye, 2013). Learning centered approach will enhance the children
involvement with the teachers which will build cordial relationship among the children and the
teacher. Digital classrooms will improve the learning skills of the children that will further
generate better results from them (Vernon, Adamson and Vernon, 2013). Counseling session
may be advised to the parents who seem to involve less with their wards.
16 | P a g e

REFERENCES
Adolphus, K., Lawton, C. L. and Dye, L., 2013. The effects of breakfast on behavior and
academic performance in children and adolescents. Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7.
Bridges, E. M., 2013. The incompetent teacher: Managerial responses. Routledge.
Bryman, A., 2015. Social research methods. Oxford university press.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013. Research methods in education. Routledge.
Daniel, S. P. and Sam, G. A., 2011. Research Methodology. Gyan Publishing House.
Fiegen, M. A., 2010. Systematic review of research methods: the case of business instruction.
Reference Services Review. 38(3). pp.385–397.
Flick, U., 2011. Introducing Research Methodology: A Beginner's Guide to Doing a Research
Project. SAGE.
Gentile, D.A., Reimer, R., Naehanson, A.I., Walsh, D.A., Eisenmann, J.C., 2014. Protective
effects of parental monitoring of children’s media use: a prospective study. JAMA
pediatrics. 168(5). pp.479-484.
Goos, M., Damme, J.V., Onghena, P., Petry, K., Bilde, J. and 2013. First-grade retention in the
Flemish educational context: Effects on children's academic growth, psychosocial
growth, and school career throughout primary education. Journal of school psychology.
51(3). pp.323-347.
Harrison, A., 2010. Nearly 1000 primary schools fail to meet the targets. [Online]. Available
through: <http://www.bbc.com/news/education-11974025>. [Accessed on 13th January
2016].
Hollowell, K., 2016. Definition of Primary Education. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.ehow.com/about_5076822_definition-primary-education.html>. [Accessed
on 13th January 2016].
Huntley, Luna and Kaiser, 2012. International Comparisons in Mathematics Education.
Routledge
Ing, C., 2012. Long-term differences in language and cognitive function after childhood
exposure to anesthesia. Pediatrics. 130(3). pp.e476-e485.
Kriz, A., Gummesson, E. and Quazi, A., 2013. Methodology meets culture: Relational and
Guanxi-oriented research in China. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management.
Kumar, R., 2014. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. SAGE.
Li, S., Zhao, Y. Y. and Chen, X. P., 2012. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of
Flavonoids from Propolis by Response Surface Methodology [J]. Food Science. 18.
pp.028.
Luo, R., 2012. Nutrition and educational performance in rural China’s elementary schools:
Results of a randomized control trial in Shaanxi Province. Economic development and
17 | P a g e

cultural change. 60(4). pp.735-772.
McMillan, J. H. and Schumacher, S., 2014. Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry.
Pearson Higher Ed.
Moyles, J., Georgeson, J. and Payler, J., 2011. Beginning Teaching, Beginning Learning: In
Early Years and Primary Education. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Pancer, S. M. Nelson, G., Hasford, L. and Loomis, C., 2013. The Better Beginnings, Better
Futures Project: Long‐term Parent, Family, and Community Outcomes of a Universal,
Comprehensive, Community‐Based Prevention Approach for Primary School Children
and their Families. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 23(3). pp.187-
205.
Pettinger, T., 2014. UK Government spending- real and as % of GDP. [Online]. Available
through: <http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/5326/economics/government-spending/>.
[Accessed on 13th January 2016].
Robson, C. and McCartan, K., 2016. Real world research. Wiley.
Spaull, N., 2013. Poverty & privilege: Primary school inequality in South Africa. International
Journal of Educational Development. 33(5). pp.436-447.
Sunil, N., Kumar Vinod, K., Thirupathi, R. M., Venkateshwaran, K. and et.al, 2014. Research
Article Phenotypic Diversity and Genetic Variation within a Collection of Onion (Allium
cepa L.) Germplasm from Peninsular India. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding. 5(4).
pp.743-751.
Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A
guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
Vernon, P. E., Adamson, G. and Vernon, D. F., 2013. The Psychology and Education of Gifted
Children (Psychology Revivals). Routledge.
Wang, S. X., 2014. The effect of parental migration on the educational attainment of their left-
behind children in rural China. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy. 14(3).
pp.1037-1080.
Wentzel, K. R., 2016. Teacher-student relationships. Handbook of Motivation at School, p.211.
Ye, C. L. and Lai, Y. F., 2012. Supercritical CO2 extraction optimization of onion oil using
response surface methodology. Chemical Engineering & Technology. 35(4). pp. 646-652.
Zhang, L., Luo, R., Shi, Y., Chen, X., Brinton, C. and Rozelle, S., 2012. Dropping out: Why are
students leaving junior high in China's poor rural areas?. International Journal of
Educational Development. 32(4). pp.555-563.
18 | P a g e

19 | P a g e