This assignment delves into Michel Foucault's groundbreaking theory of punishment as outlined in his seminal work, 'Discipline and Punish'. It examines Foucault's concept of the transition from physical punishments to a more subtle form of control centered on the 'soul' through institutions like prisons. The analysis explores how this shift impacts the criminal justice system, highlighting its influence on contemporary practices in Australia and other Western nations. While acknowledging the theory's significant contributions, the assignment also considers critiques leveled against Foucault by scholars such as Richard Rorty and Nancy Fraser.