This article discusses the importance of team work in project management and its advantages and challenges. It also explores different approaches and techniques for successful team work.
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Running head: PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project management Name of the Student Name of the University Author’s Note
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1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Table of Contents 1. Team work...................................................................................................................................2 2. User Stories..................................................................................................................................4 3. Stakeholders.................................................................................................................................6 References........................................................................................................................................8
2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1. Team work The paper mainly reflects on the development of an app “Friends for dogs”. The app is for those people who care about findings a new walking buddy for their dog and also helps in providing the facility of registering on the app for the people who are finding a job as a walking buddy of a dog. The development of the app is possible with the proper support from the project team. It is identified that the project utilizes brainstorming approach in order to find out the key stakeholdersforthenewappdevelopment.Teamworkismainlydefinedasoneofthe collaborative effort of the team for achieving a common goal or for completing a project task in the most efficient as well as effective way [6]. Working within a team in order to carry out a specific work will generally prove to be an incredible learning experience for the team members who generally shares information with one another and generally trusts as well as support each other with the willingness of supporting one another in the time of crisis. It is found that that there are number of advantages that the project generally gets while executing it with the help of the team. Team work helps in fostering creativity as well as proper learning experience. Creativity generally thrives when people generally works within a team as during team work, unique perspectives of the project team members are collected for using it as an effective solution. Project collaboration generally helps in creating enthusiasm in order to learn the solitary work [8]. On the other hand, it is found that relying on other another helps in building trust and further it is identified that teamwork helps in creating strong relationship with the co-workers. Trust the project team helps in providing proper feeling of safety that further helps in allowing the idea to emerge [7]. In addition to this, it is found that, the approach of team work that is used by the project team in order to develop the mobile app helps in teaching
3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT conflict resolution skills. The team members have the capability of resolving the conflicts and generally encourages the ream members to take risk during the execution of the project. On the other hand, it found that there are number of challenges that occur while working in a team. As the project team mainly aims to develop the mobile based app named “Friends for dogs” therefore they need proper collaboration within other members of the project however conflict or difference within the opinions of the project team members is generally creating a lot of issues for the project team [10]. The members of the team are not committed to the mission of the project and therefore the low engagement of the team members can create number of challenges within the project. Furthermore, difficulty in making decisions may be rigidly adhering to the positions during the decision making procedure for the repeated arguments rather introducing to the new information. It is found that the project team with the aim of developing the mobile based app named “Friends for dogs” utilizes different approaches as well as techniques for making the team and for executing the teamwork successfully. The project manager utilizes collaborative leadership style within the project and as a result they are able to manage the relationship with the project team skilfully by enabling the project team members to succeed individually in order to accomplish the objectives of the project. However, is quite necessary to promote team meetings for increasing the growth of the project team [9]. This approach must be followed by the project team as with the help of this approach, the project team members can be able to share information related with the project and can be able to focus on the risks that occurs during the development of the mobile app. Furthermore, the team must focus on the approach of team decisions so that they can be able to handle the internal issues that that occur within the project [8]. Moreover, focussing on communication skills is also needed within the project team as
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4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT communication is considered as one of the important building block for developing collaboration as well as trust among the project team. With the help of proper communication approach, the project team can be able to openly share information by finishing each of the work of the project quite effectively. 2. User Stories User stories are considered as one of the primary development artefacts for Extreme programming or Scrum project teams. It is found that it is mainly referred as high level definition of the project requirement that generally contains enough information for the developers that helps in producing proper reasonable estimation of the effort that is generally required in order to implement it [2]. It is found that there are number of advantages as well as disadvantages of the agile technique in order to write the user stories and for properly exploring them in proper depth during the sprint in which they are generally developed. With the help of the agile methodology, the needs of the project are generally broken down into small features or tasks which can be further implemented as well as delivered in a very short period of time. The user stories are generally prioritized in context to user value, business value for significantly enhancing the value that is delivered to the project team within the first few sprints [5]. In addition to this, it is found that good user stories due to the minimalist characteristic generally assists in providing a proper way of collaboration with the project development team. Minimal writing of the various users need generally helps in encouraging the team members to successfully implementing the user story that further helps in allowing discussions about the diverse business as well as technical perspectives for providing proper creative as well as innovative ways in order to resolve the needs of the customers [3].
5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT By properly focussing on the highest value of the customers with each of the user story, the agile teams are generally compelled for regularly connecting with as well as collaborating with the end users. It is identified that minimum details generally help in encouraging the project team members to talk to the various users. In addition to this, it is found that the team members generallyconnectwiththe variousendusersinorder to properlyunderstand aboutthe perspective of the users [1]. In addition to this, it is found that the team members generally get early feedback from the users in order to demonstrate the implemented user stories. The agile approach is used for the development team members so that the team members can be able to properly collaborate as well as collectively helps in developing, refining as well as splitting the user stories quite effectively. It is found that working collaboratively generally assists in improving the shared understanding about the app that is mainly developed by the users [4]. Moreover, it is found that effective user stories help in creating transparency by improving collaboration as well as by creating proper understanding and orientation of the team in order to reflect on the needs of the customers and for eliminating the various types of potential risks including communication risk, financial risk as well as various types of business risk. On the other hand, it is found that there are number of disadvantages of agile technique while developing user stories and while successfully exploring them in depth during the sprint that is generally developed. It is found that during the development of the user stories by using agile methodology, the testers, customers as well as developers need to interact properly with the customers which mainly involves numerous face to face conversation which further helps in making the entire procedure very much time consuming that is considered as one of the major downside of using the agile technique [3]. As the agile method needs very much little tracking and as the needs of the consumers generally changes then it will be quite difficult to keep track
6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT while writing the user stories which further creates issues and challenges. Furthermore, it is found that the utilization of the agile methodology requires proper collaboration as well as extensive user involvement and thus it generally helps in demanding big commitment from the entirety in order to achieve success which is considered as one of the major problem for the project team [2]. 3. Stakeholders The stakeholders who are mainly involved with the development of the app are generally selected based on the brainstorming approach. It is found that this approach generally improves the critical thinking as well as helps in improving the problem solving skills within an individual or team [11]. This approach is mainly needed within the project team so that they creatively select the stakeholders and categorize them so that the work that is associated with the development of the mobile app can be completed within a very short period of time. The stakeholders who are associated in the project are categorized in different categories including primarystakeholders,secondarystakeholders,tertiarystakeholdersaswellasfacilitating stakeholders [13]. The main strength of the stakeholder list is that the stakeholders are categorized as per their level and their involvement within the project. Within the category of primary stakeholders, the users are mainly divided into dog owners and dog-walkers that further helps in providing proper idea as well as information about the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholder [12]. The secondary stakeholder category generally includes the administrators, the community of the dog walkers as well as the institute of dog training that provides proper idea about the functions that are performed by the secondary stakeholders in order to successfully execute the project.
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7 PROJECT MANAGEMENT On the other hand, it is found that the stakeholders are generally categorized as per their roles and responsibilities in the project however sometimes, the stakeholders mainly focus on their interest that can be considered as one of the significant weakness of the stakeholder list. Furthermore, it is identified that the external stakeholders can generally engage in blocking progress when they generally fear that the actions that is taken by the business will generally harm their interest and in such cases they block progress that can be considered as one of the major issue for the project [14]. It is found that the communication method that is used by the project stakeholders has both advantages as well as disadvantages. It is found that the primary stakeholders generally communicate with the dog owners before the commencement of developing the application for determining the needs as well as requirements while appointing people. This helps in providing proper overview to the team about the app that is generally required to be developed [15]. They also discuss with the speakers and gather proper information about the app development that is considered to be quite beneficial. In addition to this, the designers who are the secondary stakeholders also uses proper method of communication in order to communicate with the person who is behind the app for knowing about the design and content that is required. This is generally done with the method of requirement gathering. Moreover, it is found that in spite of the advantages of the communication method that is used for communicating it is found that there are a number of factors that helps in reflecting the downside of the communication method that is utilized by the project stakeholders [13]. One of the major issue is that one does not communicate with lot of people any groups but the generally needtofindoutrepresentativeineachofthegroupfordiscussingorcommunicating. Furthermore, it is found that sometimes the project team faces challenges due to rising conflict
8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT within the project team. Thus, in order to resolve the problems, it is quite necessary to adopt proper communication strategy within the project that deals with the development of a mobile based app.
9 PROJECT MANAGEMENT References [1]G. Lucassen., F. Dalpiaz., J.M.E. van der Werf, and S. Brinkkemper. March. The use and effectivenessofuserstoriesinpractice.InInternationalWorkingConferenceon Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality(pp. 205-222). Springer, Cham, 2016. [2]F. Dalpiaz., F. van der Schalk., S. Brinkkemper., F.B. Aydemir,and G. Lucassen. Detecting terminological ambiguity in user stories: tool and experimentation.Information and Software Technology, 2018. [3]Y. Wautelet., S. Heng., M. Kolp., and C. Scharff.. February. Towards an Agent-driven Software Architecture Aligned with User Stories. InICAART (2)(pp. 337-345) 2016. [4]S. Heng., Y. Wautelet., M. Kolp., and C. Scharff.," Towards an Agent-Driven Software Architecture Aligned with User Stories(No. UCL-Université Catholique de Louvain), 2016. [5]P.L. Costa., A.M. Passos, and A.B. Bakker., Direct and contextual influence of team conflict on team resources, team work engagement, and team performance.Negotiation and Conflict Management Research,8(4), pp.211-227, 2015. [6]E. Salas, C. Prince, D.P. Baker, and L. Shrestha., Situation awareness in team performance: Implications for measurement and training. InSituational Awareness(pp. 63-76). Routledge., 2017. [7]S. Abreu., A. Caldeira., A.R. Costa., T. Gomes., and L.A. Roque., October. Interdisciplinary teamworkapplyingworkingmethodstoamathproject.In20162ndInternational Conference of the Portuguese Society for Engineering Education (CISPEE)(pp. 1-6). IEEE, 2016.
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10 PROJECT MANAGEMENT [8]S. Polis., M. Higgs, V. Manning., G. Netto., and R. Fernandez., Factors contributing to nursing team work in an acute care tertiary hospital.Collegian,24(1), pp.19-25, 2017. [9]B. Angell., and G.B. Bolden., Team work in action: Building grounds for psychiatric medication decisions in assertive community treatment. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Adult Mental Health(pp. 371-393). Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016 [10]C. Tantalo, and R.L Priem., Value creation through stakeholder synergy.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), pp.314-329, 2016. [11]T.M. Jones., J.S. Harrison., and Felps, W., How applying instrumental stakeholder theory can provide sustainable competitive advantage.Academy of Management Review,43(3), pp.371-391, 2018. [12]S.L. Payne., and J.M. Calton., Towards a managerial practice of stakeholder engagement: Developing multi-stakeholder learning dialogues. InUnfolding stakeholder thinking(pp. 121-135). Routledge., 2018. [13]F.Gagnon., P. Poulin., J.M. Leclerc ., J.C. Dessau., A. Abab., P. Arsenault., F. El- Turaby., G. Lachance-Paquette., and F.A. Vézina., Implementation of a radon measurement protocol and its communication plan by child care centre managers in Québec.Canadian Journal of Public Health,107(3), pp.e319-e325, 2016. [14]L. Gorman.,Incorporating Situational Crisis Communication and Attribution Theories Into a Crisis Communication Plan for Xyz Organization. Gonzaga University, 2015. [15]Sedaghat.,Factors. Affecting the Team Formation and Work in Project Based Learning (PBL) for Multidisciplinary Engineering Subjects.Journal of Problem Based Learning in Higher Education,6(2), 2018.