This assignment requires you to analyze a set of provided financial statements for a company. The analysis should focus on identifying key financial ratios and trends related to profitability, liquidity, and solvency. You'll need to interpret these results to draw conclusions about the company's financial health and performance.
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Running Head: International Management 1 Project Report: International Management
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International Management 2 Contents Introduction.......................................................................................................................3 Company and industry overview......................................................................................3 Financial Analysis............................................................................................................4 Evaluation of financial performance................................................................................9 Strategies.........................................................................................................................11 Recommendation and Conclusion..................................................................................15 References.......................................................................................................................16 Appendix.........................................................................................................................18
International Management 3 Introduction: Analysing over the financial terminology and techniques are required for every organization. It assists the company to analyze various aspects and the position of the comapny in terms of finance. Financial analysis could be done by the chief financial officer of an organization through using the various methods and the techniques. According to the Higgins (2012), financial analysis could be done through trend analysis, horizontal analysis, ratio analysis, capital budgeting analysis, capital structure analysis, cost of company analysis, WACC analysis etc. Further, it has also been found that analyzing the market and making a better decision according to the economy position is also required for a business. In this report, it has been analyzed that how the financial terminology and techniques assist an organization to make various better decisions. Further, it has also been analyzed that how the audited financial statements affects the decisions and the choices of the investors and financial analysts about the investment in the company. More, for preparing this report, Unilever Limited has been taken into consideration. The study of management and financial accounting has been done over the company to make better decision about the performance and the position of the company (Fulin, 2011). Firstly, the audited financial statement of the company has been analyzed and further, the study has been conducted over the various strategies and policies to analyze the performance of the company. This report would depict about the various problems which has been faced by the company and the way through which, these problems could be overcome by the company. Further, it has also been found that the management and financial accounting evaluation assist a company to make various better choices. Company and industry overview: Unilever N.V. is a consumer goods company. Headquarter of the company is in Britain. This company has various subsidiaries companies which are performing their operations into various other countries. The main products of the Unilever are beverages, food products, personal care products, cleaning agents etc. According to the current report, it has been found that this company is the largest company in segment of consumer goods. This company is one of the oldest global companies (Morningstar, 2017).Currently, this company is performing in 190 countries and the diversification of the company is still ongoing. Further, it has also been analyzed that the 400 brands are owned by this company and the
International Management 4 turnover of the company was Euro 50 billion in 2016 (Engle and Hunton, 2015). Further, the study has been done over consumer goods industry of company and it has been found that this industry is continuously enhancing its business. Growth rate of consumer goods industry is quite attractive. Future trends of the industry explain that position of the industry would be superior in near future. Financial Analysis: Further, the study has been done over financial statement of the company to analyze the performance and stability and profitability position of the company. This study has been done to analyze the position and the strategy of the company. In this report, various managerial accounting and financial accounting methods have been conducted over the company to analyze the performance and the position of the company (Elmuti and Kathawala, 2001). Following are the audited financial statement of the company: UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data.2014-122015-122016-12 Revenue484360005327200052713000 Cost of revenue30229000 Gross profit484360005327200022484000 Operating expenses Sales, General and administrative14683000 Total operating expenses14683000 Operating income48436000532720007801000 Interest Expense568000 Other income (expense) - 40790000 - 46052000236000 Income before taxes764600072200007469000 Provision for income taxes213100019610001922000 Net income from continuing operations551500052590005547000 Other-344000-350000-363000 Net income517100049090005184000 Net income available to common shareholders517100049090005184000 Earnings per share Basic1.821.731.83 Diluted1.791.721.82 Weighted average shares outstanding Basic284120928375722840200
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International Management 5 Diluted288882728540702853900 EBITDA798000075150009501000 UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag BALANCE SHEET Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data.2014-122015-122016-12 Assets Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents3382000 Short-term investments599000 Total cash3981000 Receivables531000050340003329000 Inventories4278000 Deferred income taxes Other current assets703700076520002296000 Total current assets123470001268600013884000 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Gross property, plant and equipment21207000 Accumulated Depreciation-9534000 Net property, plant and equipment11673000 Equity and other investments760000 Goodwill17624000 Intangible assets22174000250590009809000 Deferred income taxes128600011850001354000 Prepaid pension benefit694000 Other long-term assets1222000013368000631000 Total non-current assets356800003961200042545000 Total assets480270005229800056429000 Liabilities and stockholders' equity Liabilities Current liabilities Short-term debt5266000 Capital leases9000 Accounts payable137880008591000 Taxes payable108100011270001312000 Accrued liabilities3655000 Other current liabilities1856100051040001723000 Total current liabilities196420002001900020556000 Non-current liabilities Long-term debt10933000
International Management 6 Capital leases134000 Deferred taxes liabilities2061000 Accrued liabilities159000 Pensions and other benefits394700032540003867000 Minority interest612000643000626000 Other long-term liabilities10175000129430001739000 Total non-current liabilities147340001684000019519000 Total liabilities343760003685900040075000 Stockholders' equity Common stock484000 Additional paid-in capital134000 Retained earnings23179000 Accumulated other comprehensive income1365100015439000-7443000 Total stockholders' equity136510001543900016354000 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity480270005229800056429000 UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) Statement of CASH FLOW Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data.2014-122015-122016-12 Cash Flows From Operating Activities Net income5547000 Depreciation & amortization1464000 Stock based compensation198000 Inventory190000 Accounts payable-281000 Other working capital142000 Other non-cash items55430007330000-213000 Net cash provided by operating activities554300073300007047000 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Investments in property, plant, and equipment - 1804000 Property, plant, and equipment reductions158000 Acquisitions, net - 1701000 Purchases of investments-208000 Sales/Maturities of investments173000 Purchases of intangibles-232000 Other investing activities-341000 - 3539000426000 Net cash used for investing activities-341000 - 3539000 - 3188000 Cash Flows From Financing Activities Debt issued6761000
International Management 7 Debt repayment - 5248000 Common stock repurchased Dividend paid - 4081000 Other financing activities - 5190000 - 3032000-505000 Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities - 5190000 - 3032000 - 3073000 Effect of exchange rate changes-146000-541000284000 Net change in cash-1340002180001070000 Cash at beginning of period204400019100002128000 Cash at end of period191000021280003198000 Free Cash Flow Operating cash flow554300073300007047000 Capital expenditure - 2036000 Free cash flow554300073300005011000 Through analyzing the above statement of the company, it has been found that the position of the company has been enhanced in last 3 years. Through the analysis over the statement of the company, it has been found that various changes have taken position into the performance of the company. Through the income statement of the company, it has been found that the revenues of the company have been highest in 2015. Further, it has also been found that the net income of the company is highest in 2016 (Dyckman and Zeff, 2014). More, through this study, it has also been found that the earnings of the company are highest in 2016. Through the entire evaluation over the income statement of the company, it has also been found that the performance and the profitability position of the company have been enhanced in last 3 years. For analyzing the performance of the company in a decent way, trend analysis and vertical analysis study has also been done over company. (Calculations have been given in appendix). Through the vertical analysis calculations, it has been found that income statement of the company expresses that the level of expenses of the company has been lower from 2015 and 2014 in 2016 in context of total revenues of the company. Further, the analysis explains that net income of the company has also been enhanced in 2016. The current net profit margin of the company is 9.83% which used to be 9.21% in 2015 (Deegan, 2017).
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International Management 8 Further, the horizontal analysis of the company explains that the changes are quite higher in the income statement of the company. The gross profit of the company has been lower in 2016 by 57.79%. Though, the expenses of the company has also been lower and lastly, the analysis over net profit of the company explains that the total profit of the company has been enhanced by 5.90% in 2016. And it expresses that the position of the company has been superior from last 2 years. Further, the balance sheet of the company has been evaluated and it has been found that the total assets of the company have been highest in 2016. Further, it has also been found that the total liabilities of the company are highest in 2016 (Du and Girma, 2009). More, through this study, it has also been found that the total stockholder’s equity of the company is highest in 2016. Through the entire evaluation over the balance sheet of the company, it has also been found that the performance and the profitability position of the company have been enhanced in last 3 years (Deegan, 2013). In addition,for analyzing the performance and worth of the company, trend analysis and vertical analysis study has also been done over company. (Calculations have been given in appendix). Through the vertical analysis calculations, it has been found that balance sheet of the company expresses that the level of current assets of the company has been enhanced from 2015 and 2014 in 2016 in context of total assets of the company. Further, the analysis explains that shareholder equity of the company has been lowered a bit in 2016. On the other hand, total liabilities of the company have also been enhanced and depict about a better position of the company. Further, the horizontal analysis of the company explains that the changes are quite higher in the balance sheet of the company. The total assets of the company have been enhanced in 2016 by 7.9% (Appendix). Though, the total liabilities of the company have also been enhanced by 8.73% and lastly, the analysis over total shareholder equity of the company explains that the enhancement rate of equity of the company is 7.90% in 2016. And it expresses that the position of the company has been superior from last 2 years (Deegan, 2013). Lastly, the cash flow statement of the company has been evaluated and it has been found that the total operating cash flow of the company have been highest in 2016. Further, it has also been found that the investing cash flow of the company is lowest in 2016. More, through this study, it has also been found that the total financing activities of the company is
International Management 9 lowest in 2016 (De Haan and Amtenbrink, 2011). Through the entire evaluation over the cash flow statement of the company, it has also been found that the performance and the profitability position of the company have been enhanced in last 3 years. Evaluation of financial performance: Further, the evaluation study has been done over the financial data of the company to evaluate the performance of the company and it has been analyzed that the following changes have taken place into the position of the company in last 3 years: Financial Data DescriptionUnilever Limited (Euro) 201420152016 Revenue4,84,36,0005,32,72,0005,27,13,000 Cost of goods sold--3,02,29,000 Gross profit4,84,36,0005,32,72,0002,24,84,000 Operating profit4,84,36,0005,32,72,00078,01,000 Net profit51,71,00049,09,00051,84,000 Inventory--42,78,000 Current assets1,23,47,0001,26,86,0001,38,84,000 Receivables53,10,00050,34,00033,29,000 Current liabilities1,96,42,0002,00,19,0002,05,56,000 Payables-1,37,88,00085,91,000 Equity1,36,51,0001,54,39,0001,63,54,000 Total liabilities3,43,76,0003,68,59,0004,00,75,000 Total assets4,80,27,0005,22,98,0005,64,29,000 DescriptionFormulaUnilever Limited
International Management 10 201420152016 Profitability Net margin Net profit/revenues10.68%9.21%9.83% Return on equity Net profit/Equity (Arnold, 2013)37.88%31.80%31.70% Liquidity Current ratio Current assets/current liabilities0.630.630.68 Quick Ratio Current assets- Inventory/curren t liabilities0.630.630.47 Efficiency Receivables collection period Receivables/ Total sales*36540.0134.4923.05 Payables collection period Payables/ Cost of sales*365103.73 Asset turnover ratio Total sales/ Total assets1.011.020.93 Solvency Debt to Equity RatioDebt/ Equity2.522.392.45
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International Management 11 Debt to assets Debt/ Total assets0.720.700.71 (De Haan and Amtenbrink, 2011) Through, the above analysis of the company, it has been found that the liquidity position of the company has been changed from 2014 in 2016. This analysis depict that the current position of the liquidity of the company has been changed and it has been better in 2016 (Deegan, 2013). Further, it has also been found that the profitability position of the company has been changed from 2014 in 2016. This analysis depict that the current position of the profitability of the company has been changed and the current position of the company has been lowered in 2016 than 2014 and 2015 (Bertomeu, Darrough and Xue, 2017). More, the efficiency position and solvency position of the company has also been analyzed and it has been found that the efficiency position of the company has been better than last years (Davies and Crawford, 2011). The cash conversion cycle of the company has also been better. More, it has been found that the working capital of the company has also been better in 2016. Lastly, the solvency position of the company has also been analyzed and it has been found that the debt position, equity positive, total assets position etc of the company has been improved in 2016 than last 3 years (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007). Through the above analysis, it has been found that the performance and the position of the company on various levels have been better (Borio, 2014). Still, the company is suggested to make few changes into the performance of the company. Strategies: Further, the strategic position of the company has been analyzed and for analyzing the strategic position of the company, trend analysis has also been done over the company. Following are the calculations of the strategic position of the company: UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014- 12 2015- 12 2016- 12 Revenue 48436 000 9.98 % 53272 000 - 1.05% 52713 000 Cost of revenue 30229 000 Gross profit48436 000 9.98 % 53272 000 - 57.79 22484 000
International Management 12 % Operating expenses Sales, General and administrative 14683 000 Total operating expenses 14683 000 Operating income 48436 000 9.98 % 53272 000 - 85.36 % 78010 00 Interest Expense 56800 0 Other income (expense) - 40790 000 12.9 0% - 46052 000 - 100.5 1% 23600 0 Income before taxes 76460 00 - 5.57 % 72200 003.45% 74690 00 Provision for income taxes 21310 00 - 7.98 % 19610 00 - 1.99% 19220 00 Net income from continuing operations 55150 00 - 4.64 % 52590 005.48% 55470 00 Other - 34400 0 1.74 % - 35000 03.71% - 36300 0 Net income 51710 00 - 5.07 % 49090 005.60% 51840 00 Net income available to common shareholders 51710 00 - 5.07 % 49090 005.60% 51840 00 Earnings per share Basic1.82 - 4.95 %1.735.78%1.83 Diluted1.79 - 3.91 %1.725.81%1.82 Weighted average shares outstanding Basic 28412 09 - 0.13 % 28375 720.09% 28402 00 Diluted 28888 27 - 1.20 % 28540 70 - 0.01% 28539 00 EBITDA79800 00 - 5.83 75150 00 26.43 % 95010 00
International Management 13 % UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag BALANCE SHEET Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014- 12 2015- 12 2016- 12 Assets Current assets Cash Cash and cash equivalents 33820 00 Short-term investments 59900 0 Total cash 39810 00 Receivables 53100 00 - 5.20 % 50340 00 - 33.87 % 33290 00 Inventories 42780 00 Deferred income taxes Other current assets 70370 00 8.74 % 76520 00 - 69.99 % 22960 00 Total current assets 12347 000 2.75 % 12686 0009.44% 13884 000 Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment Gross property, plant and equipment 21207 000 Accumulated Depreciation - 95340 00 Net property, plant and equipment 11673 000 Equity and other investments 76000 0 Goodwill 17624 000 Intangible assets 22174 000 13.01 % 25059 000 - 60.86 % 98090 00 Deferred income taxes 12860 00 - 7.85 % 11850 00 14.26 % 13540 00 Prepaid pension benefit 69400 0
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International Management 15 Additional paid-in capital 13400 0 Retained earnings 23179 000 Accumulated other comprehensive income 13651 000 13.10 % 15439 000 - 148.2 1% - 74430 00 Total stockholders' equity 13651 000 13.10 % 15439 0005.93% 16354 000 Total liabilities and stockholders' equity 48027 000 8.89 % 52298 0007.90% 56429 000 (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013) Through the above analysis, it has been found that this company is required to enhance the total current assets to manage the liquid position of the company (Brigham and Michael, 2013). Further, the chief financial officer of the company is required to evaluate the internal and external aspect and the market situation to make a better position of the company in the market. The costing of the product must be enhanced by the company to manage the revenues of the company (Brigham and Houston, 2012). Further, it has also been analyzed that the cash flow of the company is negative and thus the financial officer of the company must make the new strategies and policies to manage the cash conversion cycle of the company (Bromwich and Bhimani, 2005). This would help the comapny to enhance the cash flow of the comapny as well. More, through the above analysis, it has also been found that the various positions of the company have been changed in last 2 years (Brown, Preiato and Tarca, 2014). More, it has been found that the new policies and strategise are required to be done by the chief financial officer to manage the position of the company and this new policies would also help the company to make the performance of the company better (Bui, Petersen, Poulsen and Gazerani, 2016). Recommendation and Conclusion: Further, through this study, it has also been found that this company is required to enhance the total current assets to manage the liquid position of the company. Further, the chief financial officer of the company is required to evaluate the internal and external aspect and the market situation to make a better position of the company in the market. The costing of the product must be enhanced by the company to manage the revenues of the company. Further, it has also been analyzed that the cash flow of the company is negative and thus the
International Management 16 financial officer of the company must make the new strategies and policies to manage the cash conversion cycle of the company. This would also help the comapny to enhance the cash flow. More, through the above analysis, it has also been found that the various positions of the company have been changed in last 2 years. More, it has been found that the new policies and strategise are required to be done by the chief financial officer to manage the position of the company and this new policies would also help the company to make the performance of the company better. Uniliver NV is managing its business and the performance in improved manner and few changes into position of the company would help the company more t increase the position of the company in the market.
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International Management 17 References: Arnold, G., 2013.Corporate financial management. Pearson Higher Ed. Bertomeu, J., Darrough, M. and Xue, W., 2017. Optimal conservatism with earnings manipulation. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(1), pp.252-284. Borio, C., 2014.The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?.Journal of Banking & Finance, 45, pp.182-198. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007.FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory & practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, F., and Houston.J. 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Brigham, F., and Michael C. 2013.Financial management: Theory & practice. Cengage Learning. Bromwich, M. and Bhimani, A., 2005.Management accounting: Pathways to progress. Cima publishing. Brown, P., Preiato, J. and Tarca, A., 2014. Measuring country differences in enforcement of accounting standards: An audit and enforcement proxy. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41(1-2), pp.1-52. Bui, S.B.D., Petersen, T., Poulsen, J.N. and Gazerani, P., 2016. Headaches attributed to airplane travel: a Danish survey.The journal of headache and pain,17(1), p.33. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. Davies, T. and Crawford, I., 2011.Business accounting and finance. Pearson. De Haan, J. and Amtenbrink, F., 2011. Credit rating agencies. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2017. Twenty five years of social and environmental accounting research within Critical Perspectives of Accounting: Hits, misses and ways forward. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 43, pp.65-87.
International Management 18 Du, J. and Girma, S., 2009.Source of finance, growth and firm size: evidence from China(No. 2009.03). Research paper/UNU-WIDER. Dyckman, T.R. and Zeff, S.A., 2014. Some methodological deficiencies in empirical research articles in accounting. Accounting Horizons, 28(3), pp.695-712. Elmuti, D. & Kathawala, Y. 2001. “An overview of strategic alliances”.Management Decision,vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 205-217. Engle, T.J. and Hunton, J.E., 2015. Retraction: The Effects of Small Monetary Incentives on Response Quality and Rates in the Positive Confirmation of Account Receivable Balances. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 34(3), pp.201-201. Fulin, S. 2011.Preface by SHANG Fulin.Corporate Governance of Listed Companies in China, 9-10. Gitman, L.J. and Zutter, C.J., 2012.Principles of managerial finance. Prentice Hall. Higgins, R. C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Morningstar. 2017. Unilever NV. Retrieved fromhttp://financials.morningstar.com/income- statement/is.html?t=UN®ion=usa&culture=en-USavailable as on 26thNov 2017.
International Management 19 Appendix: UNILEVER NV ADR (UN) CashFlowFlag INCOME STATEMENT Fiscal year ends in December. EUR in thousands except per share data. 2014- 12 2015- 12 2016- 12 Revenue 48436 000 9.98 % 53272 000 - 1.05% 52713 000 Cost of revenue 30229 000 Gross profit 48436 000 9.98 % 53272 000 - 57.79 % 22484 000 Operating expenses Sales, General and administrative 14683 000 Total operating expenses 14683 000 Operating income 48436 000 9.98 % 53272 000 - 85.36 % 78010 00 Interest Expense 56800 0 Other income (expense) - 40790 000 12.9 0% - 46052 000 - 100.5 1% 23600 0 Income before taxes 76460 00 - 5.57 % 72200 003.45% 74690 00 Provision for income taxes 21310 00 - 7.98 % 19610 00 - 1.99% 19220 00 Net income from continuing operations 55150 00 - 4.64 % 52590 005.48% 55470 00 Other - 34400 0 1.74 % - 35000 03.71% - 36300 0 Net income 51710 00 - 5.07 % 49090 005.60% 51840 00 Net income available to common shareholders 51710 00 - 5.07 % 49090 005.60% 51840 00 Earnings per share Basic1.82 - 4.95 %1.735.78%1.83 Diluted1.79-1.725.81%1.82
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