Weekly Workbook Questions for PSY 30013 Assignment 1

Get weekly workbook questions for PSY 30013 Assignment 1 on Desklib. Answer short questions and reflect on personal views on psychology, mental illness, empiricism, and compare Freud and Rogers' approach to treatment.

Weekly workbook questions for PSY 30013 Assignment 1
Workbook.
This is a practise-run of what you will be doing in the unit each week. In Week 1 you will see
prompts in red that will guide you to complete Assignment 1: Workbook and Assignment 2:
Peer evaluation. Remember, this workbook houses your drafts, so each answer and
reflection can be amended until you are ready to submit through the submission template
document in Week 13.
Step 1: Answer short answer 1 OR 2 by typing your draft answers in the text
boxes. Compulsory 1 Reflexion per week.
Short answer 1
According to the Stanovich reading, what is psychology? (~100 words)
Reflection 1
In your personal view, or from what you have been taught in other units: What is
psychology? What does or should psychology as a discipline aim to do?(~100
words)
According to Stanovich described psychology as the quest to understand behaviour by
using the methods of science (p.3). For him, psychology is a scientific discipline which,
despite numerous image problems has not just a bright future but has already
meaningfully added to the sum of human betterment. According to Stanovich, the
public understanding regarding the context of psychology is quite different from that of
the subject as a modern science which clearly explains the factors and the functions that
shapes the behaviour and the human attitudes. In his reading, Stanovich explained the
misconceptions of many people regarding the modern and the scientific psychology.
Psychology is the study of the mind and behaviour. Is the scientific study of how people
think, feels and behave? As a science, psychology applies the scientific methods to study
psychological phenomena, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion (affect),
intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, and personality.
The major goal of psychology is to predict behaviour by understanding its causes.
Furthermore, is not only to understand the processes that underlay human thinking and
behaviour, but apply that understanding to solve practical problems, help people,
communities, and society in general so solve day to day problems and improve quality of
life, improving mental health and wellbeing.
Psychology is a broad and diverse field in where some different sub-fields and specialty
areas have emerged, including abnormal, Biological, clinical, cognitive, comparative,
developmental, forensic, industrial, personality and social psychology.

Reflection 2
What is your personal view of the mind-body problem? Are the mind and body
separate? Can the mind be studied? Do philosophical questions like this have any
place in modern psychology?(~100 words)
REFERENCES
Frances, A. (2013). What’s normal and what’s not. In Saving normal (pp.
3-34). New York, NY: William Morris.
Stanovich, K. E. (2004). How to think straight about psychology. Boston,
Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
WK 2
Short answer 1
Based on the Szasz reading:
Does Szasz believe that mental illness exists? If yes, how can mental illness be
defined? If not, why not? (~100 words)
I believe that mind and body are separated because human beings are
dual in nature, owning both a physical body and psychic body. The
mind is a nonphysical element and body /brain is a physical substance
which is known as dualism. Most of us experience the reality of mental
processes, and we also experience the reality of physical world”. The
mind is real that exists outside physical reality which enables us to
have a subjective awareness, and intentionality towards the
environment to perceive and responds to stimuli. There is two different
ways connection among mental and physical substances, in this way
the mind interacts with the body and control the body, in any case, the
body can likewise impact the generally normal personality.
Szasz defined mental illness as a metaphor for human problem in living expressed as
“symptoms” via somatic protolanguage. Szasz 91998)
According to Szasz Mental illness do not exists because the mind, (mental component)
does not exist except as a construct, thus, cannot be legitimately be categorised as a
disease. Szasz did not deny that humans have difficulties, but he preferred to
conceptualise them not as mental illnesses or as diseases, but as ‘problems in living’.
Szasz (1962). Nor did he negate psychiatrists a role in assisting individuals with
problems.Szasz expressed his views with characteristic iconoclasm, contending that only
physical illnesses are real and that mental diseases are ‘counterfeit and metaphorical
illnesses’ expressed as symptoms via somatic protolanguage. (p. 34).

Reflection 2
In your personal view, is mental illness “real”? If so, how can it be defined?
(~100 words)
References:
Spitzer, R. (1975). On pseduoscience in science, logic in remission, and
psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of Rosenhan's "On being sane in insane
places." Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84(5), 442-452.
doi:10.1037/h0077124
Szasz, T. S. (1960). The myth of mental illness. American Psychologist, 15(2),
113-118. doi:10.1037/h0046535
Wegrocki, H. J. &Allport, G. W. (1939). A critique of cultural and statistical
concepts of abnormality. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
34(2), 166-178. doi:10.1037/h0056841
Keyes, C. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to
Flourishing in Life. Journal of Health & Social Behaviour, 43(2), 207-222.
Retrieved
from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/ehost/detail/
detail?vid=0&sid=14e5df23-a184-41ad-a663-
0716d54baa44%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZz
Y29wZT1zaXRl
Rosenhan, D. L. (1981). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179(4070),
199-214. Retrieved
from https://commons.swinburne.edu.au/file/a501bcd8-7739-4299-abc4-
d3d3c4376d62/1/974033.pdf
WK 3
Short answer 1
Define empiricism and give an example of a psychological theory/framework with
a strong empiricist component. (~100 words)
I think that mental illness is real but have some limitations. Our brain is complex and
enigmatic; mental illness is no different. They are not external aggressors of the body
like virus or bacteria, and do not necessarily absolve people responsibilities for their
actions. However, they are useful metaphors of the very real suffering that people can
experience.Even given its limitations, the concept of mental illness has helped to
structure the mental health field for decades, helps connect people to the care they
need. In life, everyone has stress and difficult emotions, and this is normal, mental
illness, on the other hand, is any condition that makes it difficult to function in daily life.
The philosophy of knowledge by the means of mere observations is generally termed as
the empiricism. It is basically included in the school of the thoughts that explains the
knowledge and the outcomes for the sensory experiences and the requirement of the
experience for the factors of validation. It furthermore projects the role of the evidence
and the experiences for the formation and the development of the ideas which argues the
fact that only the knowledge of the human can have posteriori. One of the major examples
lies in the fact that Hush Puppies dogs have long ears.

Reflection 1
Since week 1 has your idea of what psychology is changed? If so, in what way?
(~100 words)
Psychology has helped me out to better understand others
References
Viney, W., King, D. B. & Woody, W. D. (2013). A history of
psychology: ideas and context (5th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson
Education.
Stanovich, K. (2010). How to think straight about psychology (9th ed.). Boston:
Pearson/Allyn Bacon.
American Psychological Association. (2013). Divisions. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.apa.org/about/division/index.aspx
Markie, Peter, "Rationalism vs. Empiricism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/rationalism-empiricism/>.
Adams, R., 1975, “Where Do Our Ideas Come From? Descartes vs Locke”, reprinted
in Stitch S. (ed.) Innate Ideas, Berkeley, CA: California University Press.
WK 4
Short answer 1
Referring to the readings and learning materials:
What methods would James consider
Furthermore in the scenario, where anytime you get yourself inside a car, you put your
According to my personal insight, the factors of psychology has changed dramatically
over the last few decades. From the very basic concepts of the behaviour of the human
and the animal for the improvement and the advancement of the contemporary
techniques that study the human mind together with the factors such as the numerous
interactions and the behavioural influences. 54 divisions or areas of interest has been
formally recognized by the American Psychological Association within its organizational
structure.
The important divisions include the counselling and the clinical psychology focusing
mainly on the behaviour of the human and the some of the other factors of
abnormalities like the mental illness, phobias and more (American Psychological
Association, 2013). There has been a lot variety of the field of the psychology and each
of the divisions tends to understand the basic assumptions of the factors of the doing.
According to Stanovich (2010), the general field of science tends to analyse the
psychology by the implementation of the theories that are applicable to all the
disciplines. Each of the division of psychology focuses on some of the specific aspects of
the animal and the human behavior.
Some of the methods that James could consider as per the readings
and the learning materials are as follows.
Comparing the findings from several observers of introspection which
was interdisciplinary with other sciences at the time. But James

Reflection 2
Thinking about your answers to the Reading and learning materials (workbook)
questions:
What are the obvious similarities and/or differences between James and Wundt’s
psychologies?(~100 words)
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology, New York: Holt. Classics in
the History of Psychology. Retrieved from
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/index.htm
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. Retrieved from
https://archive.org/details/theprinciplesofp01jameuoft
Titchener, E. B. (1904). Principles of Physiological Psychology. Classics in the
History of Psychology. Retrieved from
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Wundt/Physio/
Judd, C. H. (1897). Outlines of Psychology. Classics in the History of
Psychology. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Wundt/Outlines/
Langfeld, H. S. (1912). Elements of Psychophysics. Classics in the History of
Psychology. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fechner/
WK 5
Short answer 2
Compare Freud and Rogers:
What was their approach to treatment?(~100 words)
William James and Wilhelm Wundt are both the fathers of Psychology, both men were
empirical scientist, whose subject is the human mind consciousness, and founded
experimental psychology. Neither believes that reasoning is material which can
be studied as physical matter. What Wundt calls apperception James calls consciousness,
both relying on introspection, a word latent with multitudinous connotations that mucky
clearness's solvent. (Preston, 2012, P.2). Wundt was the founder of structuralism and
founded the first Psychology lab in Germany in 1875. However, it is argued that William
James, founder of functionalism opens the first lab in America the same year. Despite of
James approach is clearly less systematic and complete that Wundt’s, but takes
something akin to Wundt’s “Volkerspsychilogie” as its approach.
Rogerian therapy, additionally referred to as person-centered therapy is employed as a
tool for clients to assist themselves by maximizing their own potential. This type of
therapy uses a non-authoritative approach that allows clients to take more of a lead in
discussions within the method, they will discover their own solutions. Whereas, Freud's
theories of depth psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic therapy uses analytic techniques to assist
unleash repressed thoughts, experiences, and emotions, however it's a changed, usually
briefer, and fewer intense version of early neurologist analysis. This works with the
intension of releasing a person's hidden emotions and feelings and bringing them to the
surface, so they can observe, analyse and understand them. (Jarvis.2000).

Reflection 2
Freud and Rogers’ legacy:
The theories of Freud and Rogers are often called (or declare themselves) non-
scientific. Do you agree and do you think this matters?(~100 words)
References:
Stanovich, K. E. (2004). How to think straight about psychology. Boston,
Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
Leary, D. E. (1987). Telling likely stories: The rhetoric of the New Psychology,
1880-1920. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 23(4), 315-
331. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198710)23:4<315::AID-
JHBS2300230402>3.0.CO;2-V
O'Donohue, W., & Halsey, L. (1997). The substance of the scientist-
practitioner relation: Freud, Rogers, Skinner and Ellis. New Ideas in
Psychology, 15(1), 35-53.
Ziegler, D. J. (2002). Freud, rogers, and ellis: A comparative theoretical
analysis. Journal of Rational - Emotive & Cognitive - Behavior
Therapy, 20(2), 75.
WK 6
The clearest division between James and Wundt’s psychologies are the
underlying philosophies. James a functionalist, inspired by Darwin’s
evolution theories (Leary, 1987), focused on the role/purpose of human
consciousness and behaviour in terms of environmentally adaptive
purposes (i.e., testifying, “[our] innate propensity to get ourselves
noticed … by our kind [being] pure instinct is easily seen” [James,
1890, p.3&7]). Whereas Wundt, a ‘non-Darwinist’ later titled a
structuralist, focused on the configuration of the mind by breaking
conscious experience into elements, maintaining “psychology can
exhibit the interconnection of the contents of experience” (Wundt,
1897a, p.3).
Although both believed introspection effective for gaining insights (i.e.,
self-report); Wundt relied solely upon it, asserting “psychology can
never be a pure science of observation” (Wundt, 1897b, p.2), whereas
James included alternate measures like observation and anatomy
(Leary, 1987).

Short answer 2
History and theory of measurement in psychology:
Which of these theories (classical, representational and operational models of
measurement) “saved” or justified psychology and how did it do it? (~100
words)
Reference
S.S. Stevens “ On the theory of Scales of measurement”, Vol. 103, No. 2684
Reflection 2
Measurement in psychology now:
Based on what you have learned, do you believe psychological testing is
justified? (~100 words)
References
I believed that the classical notion of measurement may save
psychologybecause in this theory all measurable attributes are quantitative.
This concept of measurement derives from Book V of Euclid’s Elements (see
Heath, 1908). Euclid presents a theory about ratios of magnitudes of a quantity
and about relations of proportion between such ratios. As the understanding of
measurement unfolded, especially during and after the scientific revolution, a
close conceptual link between the concepts of quantity and measurement was
forged via the concept of ratio. Hence the success of the scientific revolution in
which quantitative prevailed over qualitative physic, warranted that the
classical concept of measurements persisted well into the nineteenth century.
I don’t think so, because, the matter with psychological testing
distresses their ability to measure what they are supposed to measure.
(Campbell, 1960). Justification of the testing used by associate degree
attractiveness to empirical validity is not enough as a result of the
potential of social consequences of the testing ought to be even be
appraised not solely in terms of what it would entail directly as cost
and benefits however additionally in terms of what it makes more likely
as possible. Thus, a measure depends upon the character of the
construct assessed and the scope of its theoretical applicability.

Stevens, S. S. (1946). On the Theory of Scales of Measurement. Science,
103(2684), 677-680. doi:10.1126/science.103.2684.677
Cliff, N. (1992). Abstract measurement theory and the revolution that never
happened. Psychological Science, 3(3), 186. Retrieved
from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/
pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=edbec8b3-7b92-42b9-af3b-
5d4170aa2947%40sessionmgr120
Michell, J. (1990). An Introduction to the Logic of Psychological Measurement,
Taylor and Francis. ProQuest Ebook Central. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/lib/swin/
detail.action?docID=1619073
Rogers, T. (1989). Operationism in Psychology: A discussion of contextual
antedecents and an historical interpretation of its longevity. Journal of The
History of the Behavioral Sciences, 25(2), 139-153. Retrieved
from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/
pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=3dd79a99-b38c-49ef-aba6-3ed197e8bd32%40pdc-
v-sessmgr01
WK 7
Short answer 2
What sort of measurement did Watson and Skinner employ? (~100 words)
Reflection 2
Behaviour’s legacy:
Skinner employ an operant conditioning theory, based in the method of learning that
occurs through rewards and punishment behaviour. He believes that the best way to
understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences(skinner,
1983). Whilst, Watson employed a behaviourism approach, that refers to a
psychological approach which emphasizes scientific and objective method of
investigation. The approach is only concerned with observable stimulus-response
behaviours, and states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the
environment. Watson's thinking was significantly influenced by the earlier classical
conditioning experiments of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov and his now infamous
dogs.

Skinner and Watson both talk about controlling behaviour. Do you think this
differs from other psychologies and does this present ethical problem?(~100
words)
References:
McLeod, S. A. (2017). Behaviorist Approach. SimplyPsychology. Retrieved
from www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html
Watson, J.B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Retrieved from
http://psycnet.apa.org.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/record/1926-03227-001
Skinner, B. F. (1956). A case history in scientific method. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/
amp/11/5/221.pdf
Leary, D. E. (1987). Telling likely stories: The rhetoric of the New Psychology,
1880-1920. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 23(4), 315-
331. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198710)23:4<315::AID-
JHBS2300230402>3.0.CO;2-V
WK 8
Short answer 1
Cognitive revolution - The reading and seminar argues that the cognitive
revolution addressed dissatisfaction with behaviourism and was justified by
certain (mostly theoretical) advances in several areas of science.
What perceived shortcomings of the behaviourist approach did humanistic and
cognitive approaches seek to address?(~100 words)
Yes, I think this differs, as a result of traditionally, the application of
psychological theories to education was not consistent. There are so many
different perspectives in psychology to elucidate differing kinds of
behaviour and provides different angles (McLeod, 2013) and nobody
perspective has informative powers over the reminder. The role of ethics
is incredibly vital in Scientific disciplines, as was noted that ways of
psychological control seem additional dangerous to the general public
once they square measure refined in their influence and once their ways
rest on management by rewards or positive reinforcement, instead of on
coercion, or physical force.
According to the reading humanistic and cognitive approaches seek to address the
deficiencies of behavioursim, the dominant paradigm in that era, it was shown that
behaviorism was unable to explain how people understand and acquire language
(Chomsky, 1959). Then, the development of Communication Theory (Shannon &
Weaver, 1949) provided a method of measuring the amount of information flowing
through a given system (Griffiths, 2015). Subsequently, the advent of digital

Reflection 2
Do you think that “disembodied” or “theoretical” cognition has anything useful to
contribute to contemporary psychology? If yes why
PEER FEEDBACK
Great effort for the structure of the answer. Citations should be used to
provide supporting information for the argument. Good effort in providing
an example. The citation provided seems incorrect.
Reference:
Solso, R. L. & Maclin, O. H. (ed.) 2000, Encyclopedia of Psychology, vol. 2,
American Psychological Association. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://psycnet.apa.org/books/
10517/057.pdf
Balota, D. A. & Watson, J. M. (ed.) 2000, Encyclopedia of Psychology, vol. 2,
American Psychological Association. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://psycnet.apa.org/books/
10517/059.pdf
Solso, R. L. & Maclin, O. H. (ed.) 2000, Encyclopedia of Psychology, vol. 2,
American Psychological Association. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://psycnet.apa.org/books/
10517/057.pdf
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some
limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review,
63(2), 81-97. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0043158
No, as a result of the first computational depiction of cognition in the
60”s treats society as general problem-solving devices. Similar tasks
(e.g. reaching with your left vs. your right hand) are achieved by
applying the same underlying general motor programme to the
different effectors (Gallagher, 2015). The body was simply the output
system connected to the cognitive processing system; then, society
has begun to realise that the types of bodies contribute non-trivially to
the form of our various behaviours, and the idea of 'embodied
cognition' began to emerge. Linguistic representations are “dis-
embodied” in the sense that they are dynamic and multimodal but, in
contrast to other forms of embodied cognition, do not inherit semantic
content from this embodiment (Dove, 2010)

Hoffmann, M., & Pfeifer, R. (2010). The implications of embodiment for
behaviour and cognition: animal and robotic case studies. CoRR,
abs/1202.0440.
Griffiths, T. L. (2015). Manifesto for a new (computational) cognitive
revolution. Cognition, 135, 21-23.
Gallagher, S. (2015). How embodied cognition is being disembodied. The
Philosophers' Magazine, (68), 96-102.
WK 9
Short answer 1
Phrenology and ablation:
What are the six basic theoretical assumptions of phrenology? [See the “Retzer”
letter on John van Whye’s website](~100 words)
Reflection 2
Contemporary research:
Can you cite a contemporary finding or theory which implies equipotentiality,
and why does equipotentiality seem to be important for this? If not, why do you
think equipotentiality unlikely to be found in the human brain?(~100 words)
The six basic theoretical assumptions of Phrenology and abalation are as follows:
1.The brain is the organ of the mind.
2. The mind is composed of multiple, distinct, innate faculties.
3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the
brain.
4. The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.
5. The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.
6. As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an
accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies.
The Theory of localization and field theory each hold specific functions
that are controlled by specific parts of the brain, and that components
of the brain have specific functions, during which the hemispheres act
as single purposeful units. Lashley (2006) Theory of mass action and
also the principle of equipotentiality refers to the speculation that all
the neurons that mediate a given sensory modality have a typical
competitive function added to their specific functions. I think
experimentation with humans was restricted, the analogy between
human beings and animals were entirely comparable; any suggestion
of a qualitative leap, of progress in development, was denied. It seems
unlikely that the brain would have equipotentiality retrieval
mechanism, that would be concerned only with a rat’s recall of a
memory.

Reference:
Carter, M. & Shieh, J. C. (2015). Guide to Research Techniques in
Neuroscience, Academic Press. Science Direct. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/science/book/
9780123748492
Pearce, J. (2009). Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794-1867) and Cortical
Localization. European Neurology, 61(5), 311-314. Retrieved
from https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/206858
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind, MIT Press. MITCogNet. Retrieved
from http://cognet.mit.edu.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/book/modularity-of-
mind
van Wyhe, J. (2001). The History of Phrenology on the Web. Retrieved from
http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/texts/retzer.htm
Lashley's theory. (2006). In J. E. Roeckelein (Ed.), Elsevier's dictionary of
psychological theories. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science & Technology.
Retrieved from https://search-credoreference-
com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/content/entry/estpsyctheory/
lashley_s_theory/0
WK 10
Short answer 2
This question refers to the reading: (1 – 2 sentences)
‘The measurement of psychological androgyny’ (Bem, 1974).
According to Bem, how are masculinity and femininity defined? Are masculinity and
femininity opposite ends of a continuum or something else? If something
According to Ben sex role inventory (BSRI) (1974), was founded on a conception of
thesex-typed person as someone who has internalized society's sex-typed standards
ofdesirable behaviour for men and women,these personality characteristics were
selectedas masculine or feminine on thebasis of sex-typed social desirability andnot on
the basis of differential endorsementby males and females as most otherinventories
have done.
BSRI characterizes a person as masculine, feminine, or androgynous as a function of the
difference between his or her endorsement of masculine and feminine personality
characteristics. The masculinity-feminity scale of Terman and Miles shares four of the
major assumptions that is linked to the mental health and consideration of masculinity
and femininity as opposite ends of a continuum

Reflection 1
Sex, gender and sexuality in psychology now:
What influence do you think Masters and Johnson’s work has had on the
psychology taught at universities? Do you think this influence is “significant”?
(~100 words)
Anderson, J. and Holland, E. (2015). The legacy of medicalising
'homosexuality' : A discussion on the historical effects on non-hetrosexual
diagnostic classifications. The legacy of Medicalising Homosexuality. (pp.
4-15). Parkville: Melbourne University.
Bem, S. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 42(2), Apr 1974, 155-162.
Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/1974-27631-001.pdf
Gentile, B. F. and Miller, B. (2008). Evelyn Hooker (1907-1996) : the
adjustment of the male overt homosexual. Foundations of psychological
thought: a history of psychology. (pp. 558-576). Los Angeles: Sage
Publications.
Hock, R.R. (2009). Reading 21: A sexual motivation. Forty studies that
changed psychology: explorations into the history of psychology research.
(6th ed.). (pp. 158-168). New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Ryan, C. and Jetha, C. (2010). Sex at dawn: the prehistoric origins of
modern sexuality. New York: Harper.
WK 11
Short answer 1
Replication crisis and WEIRD science:
In the Open Science Collaboration replication study, what percentage of the
replications studies were significant? What percentage of the results were
significant when the original and replication studies were combined? How is this
result interpreted?(~100 words)
Virginia Johnson and William Masters have been widely known for their immense
contribution in the field of psychological, sexual and the researches of psychiatry. The
influence of Master & Johnson on psychological taught at universities is immense
important on the way sexuality is viewed, they were pioneers with the scientific study of
human sexuality, likewise as innovators within the therapeutic treatment of sexual
dysfunction. significantly for their contributions to sexual, psychological, and psychiatric
research, particularly for their theory of a four-stage model of sexual response (also
known as, the human sexual response cycle) and theirstudy of sexual response among
the elderly.
In the replication study of the open science platform, the percentage or the amount of the
replication studies that actually turned out to be significant were limited in number. It has
been reported that only thirty-six percent of replications had significant results; 47% of
original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size 39%
of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and, if no bias in
original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with

Short answer 2
Replication crisis and WEIRD science:
What do Heinrich et al. mean by psychology being WEIRD? According to Heinrich et al. what
percentage of published psychology studies are based on i) North American samples and ii)
Western samples. What implications do they suggest/imply this sampling profile have for
psychology research?(~100 words)
Reflection 1
Do a calculation: write down what you think the typical power of psychological
study really is and what percentage of research hypotheses are “good”
hypotheses. Assume that journals reserve 10% of their pages for publishing null
results. Under these assumptions, what percentage of published psychological
research is wrong? Do you agree that this analysis make sense or is this the
wrong way to think about “right” and “wrong” research.(~100 words)
Reflection 2
In the context of the recent studies, the existence of the psychological variations in and
around the globe highlights the population peculiarity like the Western Educated,
Industrialised, Rich and Demographic (WIERD). Heinrich in his studies, contributed to
the conception of the subject of the psychology as the WIERD science.
According to the study Found that 68% of research subjects in a sample of hundreds of
studies in leading phycology journals come from United Estates, and 96% from western
Industrialised Nations (WEARD). The implications and the over-sampling of American
Students/subjects are unrepresented of humans as a species, but on many measures they
are outliers.
If the researchers found null findings, then this can either be interpreted as indicating that
there is no effect present or that an effect is present, but the researchers had insufficient
statistical power to detect this effect (i.e., a Type II error; see Cohen, 1988, 1992). Hence,
statistical power is a critical concern when interpreting null findings. When interpreting a
null finding, consider whether the research contained enough participants to detect the
effect. Under this assumption I agree that the percentage of publishing psychological
research is wrong, because in science a null result is a result without the expected content,
that is the proposed result is absent.

Refrerences:
Heinrich, J., Heine, S. J. &Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the
world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83.
doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Ioannidis, J. (2005). Why Most Published Research Findings Are
False. Chance, 18(4), 40-47. doi:10.1080/09332480.2005.10722754
Moonesinghe, R., Khoury, M. & Janssens, C. (2007). Most Published Research
Findings Are False - But a Little Replication Goes a Long Way. PLoS Med,
4(2), e28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040028
Burton, L., Westen, D. & Kowalski, R. (2011). Psychology, John Wiley & Sons
Australia, Ltd. ProQuest Ebook Central. Retrieved from
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/lib/swin/
reader.action?ppg=807&docID=3059067&tm=1503365336007
Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist, 49(12),
997-1003. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997
Gilbert, D. T., King, G., Pettigrew, S. & Wilson, T. D. (2016). Comment on
"Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science." Science,
351(6277), 1037. doi:10.1126/science.aad7243
States News Service (2016). Estimating the Reproducibility of
Psychological Science. Retrieved
from http://ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com.ezp
roxy.lib.swin.edu.au/ps/i.do?
p=AONE&sw=w&u=swinburne1&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE
%7CA441607159&asid=0a15092a9dd517c536ba34431a15c297
WK12
Short answer 2
Outline the concept of a philosophical zombie and explain how it can be used to
argue whether consciousness can be solved by a dualist or monist theory. (~100
words)
Philosophical zombie or the p zombie is the perception or the philosophy of the mind
that is hypothetically created from the mind of a normal human being. These lacks
certain factors like the sentience, the conscious experience and the qualia. The zombie
arguments of this hypothetical creation are often used by the psychologist to solve out
the mysteries and the problems related to the topic of consciousness. In this particular
context, it can furthermore be stated that the human body includes the characteristics
of both the physical and the non psychical characteristics. The theory of monist or
dualist explains the view that both the mind and the body of the human exist as
separate entities challenging the factor of consciousness.

Reflection 1
Do you think that quale and consciousness are important for psychology? That is,
should psychology study them and try to explain them? If so why, if not, why
not? (~100 words)
Reflection 2
At the end of this unit, do you think psychology should be a science, or could a
non-scientific psychology be useful? Do you think psychology is currently a
science? Why/why not? If not, how would it need to change to become one?
(~100 words)
Blackmore, S, J. (2010). Section 1 : Problem. Consciousness: an introduction.
(2nd ed.). London: Higher Education, pp. 8-52.
Dennett, Daniel C. (1988) Quining Qualia. In: Marcel, A. &Bisiach, E.
(eds.) Consciousness in Modern Science, Oxford University Press.
Leary, D. E. (1987). Telling likely stories: The rhetoric of the New Psychology,
1880-1920. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 23(4), 315-
331. doi:10.1002/1520-6696(198710)23:4<315::AID-
JHBS2300230402>3.0.CO;2-V
Quale are those aspects of the subject of psychology that cannot be initiated in the
communication. Consciousness on the other hand is the awareness of the awareness
that involves the qualitative changes and the aspects related to the cognitive, perceptual
and conative (Blackmore,2010). It has been widely assumed in the field of
psychology that quale and the consciousness matters. According the studies and the
research by Freud, the three levels of consciousness is important in the study of the
psychology. These includes the conscious or the small, which resembles the part of the
mind that holds when a person is aware of something. Secondly, the preconscious mind
which is the ordinary mind and the enormous or the unconscious mind that is actually
not directly accessible to the awareness one face.
The long debate regarding the consideration of the subject of psychology as science or a
non science has been prominent since the inception of the subject at the time of the
second half of the nineteenth century. The answer to this is quite complicated since
both of the science and the psychology are complex and multifaceted constructs.
Though the academic constructs of the subject of psychology looks similar to the
scientific discipline and contributed to the home of the science, the concept of
psychology fails miserably as a science due to the lack of their scientific approaches.
Furthermore the studies in psychology are difficult to measure. Hence psychology is still
a young science.

Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, Vol.
83, No. 4 (Oct., 1974), pp. 435-450.
Searle, J. R. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioural and Brain
Sciences 3 (3): 417-457. Retrieved
from http://cogprints.org/7150/1/10.1.1.83.5248.pdf