Exploring Human Memory Recall

This assignment delves into the complexities of human memory recall by examining existing research and conducting a statistical analysis of experimental data. It explores various factors that impact information retention and utilizes methods like ANOVA to evaluate the influence of these factors. The report concludes with recommendations for future research, suggesting the use of additional statistical tests and investigation into novel scenarios.

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PSYCHOLOGY
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Executive summary.
The purpose of this report was to critically analyze the experiment that was
conducted to test how human beings memory work. The experiment was based in the field of
psychology to determine how many names one would recall at a particular point in time. This
report analyzed the various statistical tests based on the data collected from the experiment. In
conclusion it was discovered that the memory of recalling information is based on various
aspects such as schemas and congruency.

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Table of Contents
Executive summary.....................................................................................................................................1
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................2
Research question, hypothesis and previous research overview................................................................3
Hypothesis...........................................................................................................................................4
Method........................................................................................................................................................4
Participants..........................................................................................................................................4
Stimuli and apparatus..........................................................................................................................5
Procedures...........................................................................................................................................5
Design..................................................................................................................................................6
Results.........................................................................................................................................................7
Interpretation......................................................................................................................................8
Statistic report.....................................................................................................................................8
Discussion....................................................................................................................................................9
The findings.........................................................................................................................................9
Previous research................................................................................................................................9
Methodology.......................................................................................................................................9
Future research...................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................10
References.................................................................................................................................................10

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PSYCHOLOGY.
Introduction.
This is a very important report as far as laboratory work is concerned. Therefore
the analysis and interpretation of the data provided by the experiments conducted in the lab will
have a positive understanding. This implies that, all the stakeholders will be in a position to
understand all the information regarding the data. For the purpose of this report, it is good to note
that psychology is a branch of social sciences with some empirical interpretations that will help
individuals to have concrete data about a particular research or experiment that has been
conducted to express a specific motive regarding a certain scenario. Typically, psychology is a
branch of social science that basically deals with mind and behavior. In addition, it fully embrace
the entire human aspects of unconscious as well as conscious experience (Eisenmann, Parker &
Alstyne, 2006). In that particular case, it may involve some well distinguished thoughts. Through
various reports done in academic discipline and social science work, psychology plays a major
role in assisting experts to understand various cohorts and individuals so as to research on a
particular case and establishment of general principles involves in the empirical research.
In this case, a psychologist is the overall expert in the field of psychology. He is
basically a researcher who can have broad classification of a social scientist, cognitive scientist
as well as behavioral scientist. These professional practitioners aim at exploring various
processes in the human nature so as to fully understand the biological as well as psychological
processes in the human nature (Cook, 2017). The results gather will enable them to unpin the
human behavior and all cognitive functions. Moreover, some of the psychologist have skills to
understand the social behavior of individual in the society as well as mental responses of these
individuals. Therefore, this lab report uses these skills so as to interpret the data and findings
gathered in the experimental framework. This report will ultimately benefit the society as well as
solving various problems in the society that fully affect various spheres of human activities.
It is also very crucial to assert that the lab report is a part of research that can be
described as scientific research. This has been done on a wide range of issues that are highly
based on the human behavior. The work done by psychologist cannot be fully awarded. They
have been working in many fields such as forensic investigation, human development, media and

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health as well as many settings in organizations and industries. All this information forms a basis
of the relevant background concerning psychology and corresponding lab report.
This part aims at summarizing empirical research and findings. From the data attached
in this report, certain statistical aspects have been used to analyze variables in the lab report.
Statistically, this is very important as far as experiments are concerned. These statistical research
have be applied to analyze many scenario and case studies and much have been revealed
altogether (Piasecki, 2009). They have unique characteristics in analyzing data ranging from
qualitative data as well as quantitative data. They also analyze data having a single variable, two
variables and more than two variables. Therefore the empirical research and findings will revolve
these statistical tests such a T-test, P-test, confidence interval, hypothesis testing as well as
analysis of variance (ANOVA). The finding can then be represented using graphs, curves, bar
graphs and other methods of displaying results.
Finally, a rationale for the current research, hypothesis and research question need to be
fully understood in the lab report. Typically and statistically, a hypothesis can be defined as a
claim or assertion that has not been proved. Therefore, a hypothesis test consisting the null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis will be conducted so as to made decisions on the assertions
made by both alternative and null hypothesis. All the research questions will also revolve the
data on the psychology lab report.
Research question, hypothesis and previous research
overview.
This section is very important in any research and experiment. It is usefully in
interpreting data from the experiment. Research question in the psychology lab report will try to
ask questions on the data obtained and tested using the various statistical test (Klosterboer,
2011). These question will ask why, how, when and all the required underlying empirical
assumptions made when conducting the statistical tests. From the lab report tutorial the research
question was, how well can you remember names? This results to conducting the experiment that
finally resulted collection of data regarding the same experiment.
The experiment rationale for the above case involves testing of human memory. That
data collected would indicate that several aspects affect the human memory. Memory capacity is

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subject to many aspects. The main one is called the schema. Schemas are frameworks that help
individuals to organize data and information as they are received into the memory pool. This is
usually applicable in reconstruction for recall.
Another aspect in memory capacity is congruence. The information corresponding to
the context is recalled and perceived by use of congruence. In that case schemas can have a
perfect positive correlation to congruence in the sense that, based on biological sex and gender,
the schemas involving the two aspects highly interfere with interaction of many individuals in
the entire globe. This would include names as per the experiment. This implies that, the
information regarding to gender based on correspondence to schemas and congruence assist
individuals in remembering various information. For this case study or the current research, it
help individuals in remembering names. The result can be represented in a hypothesis.
Hypothesis.
This is an assertion that has not been proved (Gaston, 2014). This involves the null
hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
Null hypothesis.
This is statistically denoted as H0.
H0: The remembering of names is congruent.
Alternative hypothesis.
This is statistically denoted as H1.
H1: The remembering of names is incongruent.
Decision.
The decision will be based on the result of statistical tests on congruency and
incongruence. This will determine whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Method.
This is a very crucial section on lab report. It typically involves the participants,
materials and stimuli, underlying procedures and design.

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Participants.
This experiment attracted several audience so as to be successful. The first cohort
of participant were the employees of the organization whose names were to be recalled. In
simple terms, they were the specimen of the experiment. Next on the list were the male and
female whom the experiment was fully based on their memory to remember names. Finally, the
overall controlled of the experiment was the last audience. The controller who in this case can be
described as a psychologist would record the results of each individual level of memory based on
the right recall or wrong recall. Finally, another participant whom presence was not necessary
during the experiment was the statistical analyst. For him, the only required task was to conduct
the various statistical tests based on the data submitted to him by the controller of the
experiment. The results will be based on the tests done by statistical analyst.
Stimuli and apparatus.
This was a simple experiment that did not require sophisticated stimuli and
apparatus. Actually, the apparatus need was the participant memory to recall the names. The
characteristics of the names to be recalled was based on the two names of an individual.
Therefore, the participant were required to recall two names of the ten workers of the
organization. For stimuli, the individual participant would listen to the audio voice to the names
to be recalled. At this point, one note that there are many factors that affect human memory to
recall information. This can be associated to congruence and schemas. Schemas are frameworks
that help individuals to organize data and information as they are received into the memory pool.
This is usually applicable in reconstruction for recall (Marylene, 2014). The information
corresponding to the context is recalled and perceived by use of congruence. This implies that,
the information regarding to gender based on correspondence to schemas and congruence assist
individuals in remembering various information. For this case study or the current research, it
help individuals in remembering names.
Procedures.
From the simple question, how many names can you remember? Individual participants
in the experiment had to follow a simple procedure.
It is the first day of the participant to the workplace. After a lunch break, they are introduced to
the colleges and the experiment was to determine how many names the participant can recall.

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Procedure 1:
The participant is required to listen accurately to a recording in which the names of all of the new
colleagues were listed.
Procedure 2:
Then, the participants were given a piece of paper to list down the names of the colleagues that
they could remember.
Procedure 3:
a) The controller to calculate how many names the participant correctly wrote down on that
pieces of paper and record the results for statistical test (these were regarded as Hits).
b) The controller to calculate how many names the participant incorrectly wrote down on the
piece of paper and record the results of statistical analysis (these were regarded as False Alarms).
Procedure 4:
The controller went to the link denoted as L@G and enter the data concerning the results attained
by each participant.
Design.
The design for the method is empirical in nature. The design in the method indicates the experimental
condition. This can be represented in the table below.
Biological male voice Biological female voice
Names traditionally
associated with biological
males.
congruent incongruent
Names traditionally
associated with biological
females.
incongruent congruent
Method design is the arrangement of items for collection and analysis of data in a
way whose objective is to combine relevance data to the research purpose with economy in
procedure. In this empirical part, there exist various types of method designs. Typically, there are
three categories of method designs that could be used in this experiment such as explanatory

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method design, exploratory method design as well as descriptive method design. First,
explanatory method design is concerned to description of several causes of a particular
phenomenon together with prediction of future occurrence (Maslow, 2011). In exploratory
method design, there is formation of the problem, hypothesis testing as well as clarification of
conceptual backgrounds associated to the research topic and subtopics. In addition, descriptive
method design is based on the alternatives of explanatory method design and exploratory method
design (Mohammed & Sheriff, 2010). Its main emphasis is to explain the features of population
sample with the assistance of data collected. This implies that this experiment applied the
mentioned method designs.
Results.
This is where the main analysis of data is to be analyzed into details. Several graphs
need to be plotted so as fully indicate the underlying conclusions.
The following tables indicate the results analyzed from the experiment.
T-test for group statistic
Congruency N Mean Std deviation Std error
mean
Correct incongruent
congruent
187
145
8.4332
9.3724
1.73192
1.82553
0.12665
0.15160
Incorrect incongruent
congruent
187
145
0.5294
0.8345
0.83791
1.43379
0.06127
0.11907
From the above T-test statistical analysis, a graph can be plotted so as to indicate the correct
error bars. They indicate a graph of independent variables against distribution.

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Distribution
Independent variables
The graph above indicate the nature of congruency based on the population, mean,
standard deviation and mean standard error. This graph has a major interpretation for the names
remembered by the participants in the experiment. This can also be represented in a bar graph for
clarity.
Distribution
Independent variables

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This bar graph is also a representation of congruence in terms of the population, mean, standard
deviation and mean standard error.
Interpretation.
The congruency has two variables. That is, congruent and incongruent. This cased be
recorded as either correct or incorrect. Correct indicates that the participant recalled the names of
the colleagues correctly. Incorrect indicates that the participant recalled the names of the
colleagues incorrectly. These variables are independent. Incongruent had a population of 187
regardless of it being correct or incorrect. Congruent had a population of 145 regardless of it
being correct or incorrect. The total mean standard error for correct congruency exceed the total
mean standard error for incorrect congruency (Gioia, Corley & Hamilton, 2013). This implies
that the null hypothesis indicated in the context above is accepted. We reject the alternative
hypothesis.
Statistic report.
Since we are accepting the null hypothesis, that is, H0: correct congruent, then the value
of test statistic is 0.15160. This is based on the mean standard error of the T-test.
The analysis is two tailed test with total degree of freedom recorded at 330.
The observed p value for the null hypothesis is an absolute value of 0.93926. This value
has assumed equal variance for correct congruency. Therefore, the confidence interval tend to be
in line with the p value. This takes a given direction (Rothfuss, 2008). The effect of the direction
is to accept the null hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis.
Discussion.
This part involves findings as per the research question, previous research, methodology and
future research.
The findings.
From the analysis of data in the test statistics, we find out that there is a perfect
positive correlation between the memories to recall the names as the level of congruency. This
implies that, the correct congruency indicate the individuals have bigger memory to recall
names. Incorrect congruency indicates that the individuals have lower memory to recall names

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(Ryan & Deci, 2017). Finally, individual with correct congruent indicate that their memory is
completely capable of recalling names of their colleagues.
Previous research.
There are some previous researches that have been conducted. However, the analysis
of data was very different from the one used in the current research. Previous research used
analysis of variance which was two tailed test (Richard, 2013). However, the results indicates
that there is a perfect positive correlation between the present research and the previous research
on congruency level to memory.
Methodology.
The methodology in this report indicate a very simple mode of conducting an
experiment (Gok & Gok, 2016). There were no complications in the experiment. The great thing
in this methodology is the result analysis part (Harland, 2014). The data was well represented in
the underlying tests given that the experiment was very simple. Nobody would have expected
such results would have been drawn from such experiment.
Future research.
We recommend that more research need to be done in the future so to discover
various phenomena and scenario. They need to be fully analyzed using different statistical test
not just the analysis of variance as t-test (Trainor & Graue, 2014). It is also possible to analyze
the results from those experiments using different statistical tests such as chi-square test (x2 test).
Conclusion.
In conclusion, it is very good to have do a successful research and analyzed data in a
statistical manner so as to arrive at a certain concrete decision on particular scenario. This report
has fully discovered a lot of factors relating to human memory to recall information. Therefore,
the report fully appreciate the good work demonstrated by psychology as a department. We hope
further research on other fields will be conducted and analyzed in such a manner so as to
discover more every day. Researchers need to arise and reveal various issues and hypothesis that
have no been proved and can be proved statistically.

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References.
Cook, T. (2017). Vimy: the Battle and the Legend. Allen Lane publisher.
Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., & Alstyne, M. (2006). Strategies for two-sided markets. Harvard
Business.
Gaston, L. (2014). Hypothesis Testing Made Simple. Create Space Independent Publishing
Platform.
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive
research: on the Gioia methodology Notes. Organizational Research Method. Sage
publishers.
Gok, T., & Gok, O. (2016). Methodology of Research. In Asia-Pacific Forum on Science
Learning and Teaching. Pearson publication.
Harland, T. (2014). Learning about case study methodology to research higher
education. Higher Education Research & Development. McGraw-Hill Education.
Klosterboer, L. (2011). ITIL Capacity Management. IBM Press.
Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-
Determination Theory. OUP USA.
Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC.
Maslow, A.H. (2011). Hierarchy of Needs: A Theory of Human Motivation. www.all.about-
psychology.com.
Mohammed, H.G., & Sheriff, S.Y. (2010). Islamic Theory of Motivation. Deep & Deep
publication.
Piasecki, D.J. (2009). Inventory Management Explained. OPS publishing.
Rothfuss, P. (2008). The Name of the Wind. DAW Books.
Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin
publishing.

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Ryan, R.M., & Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in
Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford Press.
Trainor, A., & Graue, E. (2014). Evaluating rigor in qualitative methodology and research
dissemination. Remedial and Special Education. London press.