Assignment Title

The provided content includes a selection of journal articles and online sources that discuss various aspects of leadership, public services, and healthcare. The articles cover topics such as the role of individual diligence in improving safety, family support and mental health care quality, entrepreneurship within social and health care, and cultural attendance and public mental health. Additionally, there are references to statistics on cancer research, HIV prevalence, and diabetes prevalence in the UK, which provide insight into healthcare issues and challenges. Overall, the content suggests that effective leadership is crucial for addressing these challenges and promoting healthy living.

Public Health

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Roles of World Health Organisation (WHO), Department of Health or Public Health
England and Local Authorities (e.g. Clinical Commissioning Groups) in identifying levels of
health and disease in communities...............................................................................................4
1.2 Using statistical data, the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and diabetes (Type 2)......................5
1.3 Evaluating the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence
of any infectious and non-infectious disease...............................................................................7
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
2.1Using relevant research to determine current priorities and approaches to the provision of
services for people with diabetes (Type 2) and HIV..................................................................7
2.2Relationship between the prevalence of breast cancer or HIV/AIDS in relation to the
requirements of health services to support individuals with the above diseases.........................8
2.3Analyzing the impact of current lifestyle choices (e.g. diet, exercise and substance use) on
future needs for health and social care services...........................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Assessing the health and well-being priorities for people living in a London borough .....10
3.2Evaluating the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in a health and social care
setting.........................................................................................................................................11
3.3 Discussing changes that could be made to improve the health and well-being of individuals
in a health or social care setting.................................................................................................11
3.4Evaluating an activity that has been implemented to encourage behavior change for
maximizing health for individuals in a health or social care setting........................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
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Illustration Index
Illustration 1: People diagnosis of HIV in UK................................................................................5
Illustration 2: Diabetic patient in UK...............................................................................................6
3

INTRODUCTION
Public health is the important aspect through which government of nation can effectively
cater need of different service users who are suffering from disease like Cancer and HIV/AIDS.
For this purpose, roles and responsibilities are set for care homes in order to meet expectations of
different stakeholders in an effectual manner. Present report is based on infectious and non-
infectious disease such as 1.2. HIV/AIDS and breast cancer. In this regard, world trade
organization, department of health and UNICEF has been explained. Furthermore, effectiveness
of different approaches and strategies to control to the provision of services for people are also
evaluated. In addition to this, impact of current lifestyles choices on future needs of health and
social services are analyzed.
TASK 1
1.1 Roles of World Health Organisation (WHO), Department of Health or Public Health England
and Local Authorities (e.g. Clinical Commissioning Groups) in identifying levels of health and
disease in communities
The agencies such as WHO and department of health are playing important role in role in
terms of analyzing the level of diseases and health in the community. Here, WHO plays very
crucial role by establishing various kinds of rules that is being followed by all nation. It
investigate regarding diseases like breast cancer and other related aspect which is affecting
general communication and then take necessary action accordingly. It shapes the research agenda
and put efforts to disseminate valuable information in order to ensure smooth functioning of care
homes (Alakeson, 2013). It is also responsible for monitoring health situation and effective
assessment of health trends.
On the other hand, Public Health England another agency which generally proving
national prevention with regard to diseases. Along with that, Public Health England also
provides guidance for NHS and local authorities along with advice for management. Further,
health emergencies are also tackled in the form of proper response (Annor and Allen, 2008).
Therefore, it aids to protect front line health by proper alignment with partners and local
government. Similarly, Clinical Commissioning groups consists of emergency care, elective
hospital care as well as community health services. Moreover, local authorities identify and
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respond in accordance with the health care related need of general community (The role of local
authorities in health issues, 2016). For example Bromley health care assesses the diseases that
has impacted the health of many local individual. Accordingly appropriate actions are taken to
control the impact of specific disease among society. For this purpose, local government also
help in organizing training and development programs for the local doctors as well as GP
(Birnbaum, 2012).
1.2 Using statistical data, the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and diabetes (Type 2)
The epidemiology of two different type of issues has been assessed evaluated by focusing
upon facts and figures associated with the same. It is of HIV and diabetes (Type 2). Here, HIV
(human immunodeficiency virus) lied under category of infectious diseases. It directly affects
immune system of human by causing negative impact on white blood cells. However, white
blood cells are considered as the important part of immune system(Cancer Research UK, 2016).
Such kind of disease take place because of unprotected sex, use of single needle for two
individual through which people get infected. According to a survey in 2012, it was found that
98400 citizens of United Kingdom are suffering from HIV. This ratio was increased in 2013 as
107800 people infected from this disease. However, 24% of of individual are not even aware of
this diseases that how they get infected (Number of people living with HIV, 2015).
Illustration 1: People diagnosis of HIV in UK
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(Source: People diagnosis of HIV in UK, 2015)
Furthermore, diabetes (Type 2) is the form of non infectious diseases under which high
level of blood sugar is being occurred. However, blood sugar is regulated in the human boy
through insulin only. It can be critically evaluated that type 2 diabetes directly affect that blood
circulation by hampering working of insulin to a great extent. Owing to this, sugar isolation can
be seen in the blood which in turn bring situation of high blood sugar. Here, the chances of
getting affect from such kind disease occurred to those who perform less exercises and suffering
from obesity also. Kidney damage, heart diseases and eye blindness etc. are some of the aspects
associated with patients or individual suffering type 2 diabetes. The graph reflects that
approximate 2.7 million people in UK are suffering from Type 2 diabetes. In addition to this,
750000 people consider that they have all symptoms of the same disease.
Illustration 2: Diabetic patient in UK
In addition to this, there are total 2814004 people in England with 6.2% prevalence of
diabetes. On the other hand, northern Ireland have 5.3% prevalence with total patients of 81867
whereas wales has total 177212 people with 6.9% prevalence. Accordingly it reflects that large
number of people are diagnosed with diabetes in 2014 (Diabetes prevalence 2014, 2016).
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1.3 Evaluating the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of
any infectious and non-infectious disease
The modern scenario of UK reflects that impact of both infectious and non-infectious
disease. For this purpose, it becomes crucial to control the incidence for taking into account well
being of general community. For this purpose different approaches and strategies such as
prevention, public health and sanitation as well as health education. Along with that , health
promotion and specific protection are applied (Bogg, 2011). Here, health promotion is effective
approach through which health authorities can prevent illness and create appropriate atmosphere
for general community. For example, World Health Organization is helpful for increasing control
and improving health of personnel in an effectual manner. At this juncture, different parties like
psychologists, educationists and professionals put efforts to their behavior of people for
enhancing their health. They are also implementing different kind of practices for preventing
illness among individual (Corbett, Travaglia and Braithwaite, 2011).
Similarly, various health campaign are introduced for meeting expectations of general
community and they are asked to take healthy diet. Here, healthy diet is the effective remedy for
plenty of individual to stay fit and free from diabetes. Furthermore, light exercise in educational
curriculum can also be considered as the effective for reducing the increasing ratio of diabetic
patients on yearly basis. At the same time, unhealthy smoking is stopped with proper message.
On the other hand, risky sexual activities or practices can be stopped by floating important
information among society (Frahm, 2009). It will be helpful for providing good or better
environment for sufferer and other people living with them. On the other hand, primary
prevention take place in the form of population strategy or high risk strategy. Here, high risk
strategy is used by offering preventing care for individual who are at high risk of disease like
HIV or diabetes (Type 2). Apart from this, control can be ensured with the help of ongoing
operation for the purpose of reducing the effect of physical and psychological infections.
TASK 2
2.1Using relevant research to determine current priorities and approaches to the provision of
services for people with diabetes (Type 2) and HIV
There are various types of current priorities and approaches to the provision of services
for people with diabetes (Type 2) and HIV. It assists health care sector to cater need of personnel
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effectively and meet their requirement by offering them good quality of treatment. For this
purpose, it becomes crucial to measure the gap between current health status and an ideal health
situation (Hegarty, 2012). However, health care organizations need to take into account the same
factors that diabetes (Type 2) and HIV is increased among human being. Owing to this, risk
factors are highlighted among general public with the help of education related to health. It will
be helpful to promote dietary practices. Here, government of UK promote health campaign and
support local health care organizations so they can offer quality services. Furthermore,
government kept enough budget for all these activities which make it possible to cater need of
HIV sufferer.
Government can provide education to local people by making provision in schools in
relation to healthy diet, exercise and other related activities. At this juncture, health care
organization can provide assistance to schools for incorporating specific chapters related to HIV
and diabetes (Type 2) (Kovalainen and Högstedt, 2013). On the other hand, negative impact of
having unhealthy diet and less exercise should also be addded in curriculum. It will be effective
for students to get detail information related to health issue and accordingly they disseminate the
same information to their peer. Furthermore, it will be more convenient for nation to reduce
diabetic patients because coming generation will be the effective health practices.
Furthermore, palliative care and remedial care are effective approach for patients of HIV
and Diabetes. Similarly, priority must be given for record keeping of patient on daily basis. It
will be helpful for health care sector to work upon specific disease and accordingly provide good
quality of services. of the health care firm should maintain the daily reports of its patients.
Moreover, Burden of diseases concept is associated with aspects of morality and financial cost
etc. are also required to be taken into account (Kovandzic, 2010).
2.2Relationship between the prevalence of breast cancer or HIV/AIDS in relation to the
requirements of health services to support individuals with the above diseases
The prevalence of breast is done with proper integration of sufferer of health care
organizations. For this purpose it becomes necessary for health care business to provide effective
services to patients suffering Breast cancer. It will be helpful for patients because they can get
treatment on right time can control the enhancement of the same. Here, proper research or
collection of primary data will be helpful to keep record related to total sufferer of breast cancer
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in particular time (Manthorpe and et.al., 2009). Accordingly, effective practices like educating
people about the diseases and healthcare campaign can take place. However, increased
prevalence of beast cancer will require higher need of planning, facilities and expertise as well as
partnership working including funding. For example, total cost of £243 million is required to
incur in UK due to average estimated cost per case is £7247.
Owing to this, health care sector can focus on multidisciplinary team (MDT) which
consists of clinical nurse specialist (Macmillan nurse), surgeon, oncologists and radiologists.
These all parties can be allowed to take decision decision related to diagnosis and oncological
treatment for patients suffering from breast cancer. Moreover, for dealing with the disease like
Breast Cancer, health care personnel are provided time to time training which in turn service
quality can be improved (Neill, 2010). In addition to this breast cancer clinical services like
palliative care is applied by health care organization through which patients are supervised
effective and appropriate prevention can be ensured. With the help of palliative care quality of
patients' life is increased by taking into account with his/her family members also.
2.3Analyzing the impact of current lifestyle choices (e.g. diet, exercise and substance use) on
future needs for health and social care services
There are number of activities which plays vital role in reducing the impact of severe
condition of patients on quality of his life. For this purpose, different types of practices such as
such as exercise, diet etc. are followed by people of UK. It can be critically evaluated that due to
busy schedule most of the people do not find enough time to follow health practices such as
Yoga and exercise but many of them are addicted to bad habits like smoking and alcohol
specially among young individual (Seager, 2012). On the other hand, substances use is another
practices which affect future needs of health care services. It can be critically evaluated that
unhealthy diet, smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol. It indicates that health care
services will require to explore for meeting expectations of different service users.
Furthermore, unhealthy lifestyles which is being adopted by general community of UK
tends to enhance the risk of various diseases among young individuals. For example, risk of
obesity, high blood pressure and cancer is increased in nation which tend to affect health care
services also (Thew and Mckenna, 2008). However,another lifestyle choices like poor dietary
factors, lack of exercise and high level of stress are some of factors affecting future needs of
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health and social care. Owing to this, authorities like WHO promote healthy life among
individual by increasing scope of health education. For example WHO stated that having healthy
food, individual will be able to reduce non-communicable disease such heart disease, diabetes
and stroke as well as cancer.
TASK 3
3.1 Assessing the health and well-being priorities for people living in a London borough
The health and well being priorities for people living in London borough with specific
focus on Hackney has been considered. Here, priorities are given in form sector where the first
one is to improve health of children and young people. For this purpose, focus will be laid on
childhood obesity by working on children under 5 years and pregnant women. Under this,
healthy lifestyle will be developed fro families by enhancing practitioners effectiveness.
Furthermore, school nursing model will also be implemented for ensuring health and safety of
kids (Hackney’s Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy, 2014).
The second priority is based upon controlling use of tobacco by introducing effective
practices for quitting the same kind of practices. For this purpose, four factors are taken into
consideration such as smoke free generation, smoke free spaces and communities without smoke.
The third priority is on promotion of mental health where specific focus will be laid on
working adults who generally face depression and anxiety (Williamson, 2010). In order to make
it possible, integrated mental health network will be implemented by government under which
intensive social care package will be allotted. At the same time, cost of hospitalization will be
reduced to a great extent.
In addition to this, older population will be taking into account by offering services to
those who are suffering with dementia. At this juncture, data system will be improved between
providers through which they can easily get support from care homes. At the same time,
investment in dementia advisor will be also be augmented. Apart from this, integrated approach
of dementia program will be developed by taking into account into primary care, social care and
all ‘first contact’ professionals.
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3.2Evaluating the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in a health and social care
setting
There are different strategies and policies identified that leads to the health and well
being of the people. It consists different aspects such as provision of services, quality of
provision and , complaint policies etc (Alakeson, 2013). Here, regulation on complaint policies is
taken into considered that is based on complaint which came into existence in the year 2009.
regulation on complaint policies launched by NHS which is known as National Health Services
Complaint. It was introduced by improving quality of services within the health care firm in
London Borough where individual has right to file complaint against any unethical work taking
place in care home. It facilitates care commission to keep record related to issues related to staff
members, care home or nursing staff associated in the process of delivering services related to
breast cancer or any other disease (Annor and Allen, 2008).
For example, one service users made complaints because he was having issue from the
hospital operating in the Camden. This is because of lack of specialized personnel for dealing
with the mentally retarded individuals. It reflects that hospital is not delivering appropriate kind
of services which satisfaction level of service users. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of all
care home to follow the aspects mentioned in Care Standard Act. Thus, standard mentioned in
the act proves to be effective for smooth operation of care home which also cater need of
individual in an effectual manner (Birnbaum, 2012).
3.3 Discussing changes that could be made to improve the health and well-being of individuals in
a health or social care setting
There are several kinds of changes can be brought by health care organization n order to
ensure smooth operation. For this purpose, nursing staff must be provided time to time training
which leads to affect their business activities in an effectual manner. For example, service users
were having issue related to lack of skilled staff. At this juncture, health care sector can explore
their scope by offering appropriate learning among individual. This aspect tend to motivate them
for delivering good quality of services (Corbett, Travaglia and Braithwaite, 2011). Here, they can
also be motivated for the purpose of meeting specific needs of patients who are suffering breast
cancer and HIV. Furthermore, personnel can connected with community through which users can
share their issues with them. It becomes feasible for them to cater need of patients effectively.
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Apart from this, bringing the changes in lifestyles of London can be imporved by offering
information related to healthy diet and exercise (Hegarty, 2012). For this purpose focus can be
laid on stop consuming fast foods and for those who avoid physical exercise etc . It enables
corporation to meet expectations of services with implementation of right kind of practices.
However, health education can be kept at central focus through which users can be satisfied and
their mental health can be improved with appropriate policies. Therefore, by making some
changes such lifestyle such as follows diet plan, consuming less fat and full of nutritional food
etc, the health issues among individual can be reduced to a great extent. It will helpful for
resolving issues of people with breast cancer and hiv. Along with diabetic patients can also
ensure their good health (Manthorpe and et.al., 2009).
3.4Evaluating an activity that has been implemented to encourage behavior change for
maximizing health for individuals in a health or social care setting
The current scenario for this is taken for smoking cessation programme which has been
implemented to encourage behavior change in Hackeny. For this purpose, it was consulted on
park bye-laws to enhance the smoke free zone for providing more space for sports for kids.
Similarly, scope for promoting smoke free cars and smoke free homes campaign was expanded.
Furthermore, priority actions consists of smoke free future generation wherein school activities
will be added lesson plans, operation smoke storm and cut films. It aids to provide knowledge
among students or kids for avoiding smoking activities (Neill, 2010).
Furthermore, Youth hubs and Youth Council were taken into account for participation
of young people which aid to support young generation to get rid of bad habits of smoking. Apart
from this, healthy workforce policies were implemented by exploring suppliers through which
they can easily change their behaviour. In addition to this, extensive support of nursing staff in
relating to quit services through which behaviour can be changed. In this manner focus was laid
on quit services that directly affect patient and force to adopt healthy lifestyle.
CONCLUSION
The aforementioned report concludes that health care practices must be promoted by
government for reducing impact of severe kind of diseases. It assists patients to focus upon their
diet and healthy life through which overall ratio of disease is decreased in nation. It can also be
said that, different approaches and strategies can be implemented on the basis of set parameters
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through which objectives can be met effectively on right time. Apart from this, behavior
changes is effective aspects thereby patents can ensure their good health.
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REFERENCES
Journals and books
Alakeson, A., 2013. The individual as service integrator: Experience from the personal health
budget pilot in the English NHS. Journal of Integrated Care. 21(4). pp.188 – 197.
Annor, S. and Allen, P., 2008. Why is it difficult to promote public mental health? A study of
policy implementation at local level. Journal of Public Mental Health. 7(4). pp.17–29.
Birnbaum, D., 2012. A different kind of public healthcare system. Clinical Governance: An
International Journal. 17 (3).pp.248 - 252
Bogg, D., 2011. Leadership for social care outcomes in mental health provision. International
Journal of Leadership in Public Services. 7(1). pp.32–47.
Corbett, A., Travaglia, J., and Braithwaite, J., 2011. The role of individual diligence in
improving safety. Journal of Health Organization and Management. 25(3). pp.247 –
260.
Frahm, K., 2009. Family Support and Mental Health Care Quality in Nursing Homes Serving
Residents with a Mental Health History. ProQuest.
Hegarty, K., 2012. Gender, alcohol and intimate partner violence: how to respond in primary
care. Advances in Dual Diagnosis. 5(2). pp.68 - 73
Kovalainen, A., and Högstedt, O. J., 2013. Entrepreneurship within social and health care: A
question of identity, gender and professionalism. International Journal of Gender and
Entrepreneurship. 5(1). pp.17 – 35.
Kovandzic, M., 2010. A beginner's reflection on public mental health partnerships after a few
sips of feminism. Journal of Public Mental Health. 9(4). pp.46–47.
Manthorpe, J. and et.al., 2009. Ageing cities: public health approaches to creating a mentally
healthy London for older citizens. Journal of Public Mental Health. 8(3). pp.20–27.
Neill, 2010. Cultural attendance and public mental health - from research to practice. Journal of
Public Mental Health. 9(4). pp.22–29.
Seager, M., 2012. Towards a public health psychology. Journal of Public Mental Health. 11(3).
pp.153 –156.
Thew, M., and Mckenna, J., 2008. Lifestyle management in health and social care. Blackwell
Publishing Ltd.
Williamson, T., 2010. Is there such a thing as society. International Journal of Leadership in
Public Services. 6(3). pp.39 – 45.
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