Public Health & Welfare State Regimes

This assignment delves into the complex interplay between public health initiatives and welfare state regimes. It challenges students to analyze theoretical perspectives on how these systems influence health outcomes, particularly regarding disparities within populations. The analysis should draw upon provided academic sources, including research on cultural competence, health service expenditures, patient involvement in research, big data in healthcare, physical inactivity, social determinants of health, health literacy, and the role of place in healthcare disparities.

PUBLIC-HEALTH

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Roles of different agencies in identifying levels of health and disease................................1
1.2 Explain epidemiology of one infectious and non-infectious disease...................................2
1.3 Effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control incidence of disease...........3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Relevance research to determine current priorities and approaches.....................................4
2.2 Relationship between prevalence of disease and need of services to support individuals....5
2.3 Impact of current life style choices on future needs for health and social care services......6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Health and well-being priorities for individuals in health care setting.................................6
3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in social care setting................................7
3.3 Changes that could be made to improve health and well-being of individuals at workplace
.....................................................................................................................................................8
3.4 Activity that has been implemented to encourage behaviour change for maximising health
.....................................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Health care sector is all about improving well-being of individual by offering best
treatment through strong diagnosis. However, it is delivered by talented professionals
whomsoever are having long term experience in delivering primary, secondary and tertiary care.
Their main objective is to facilitate users with outstanding services such as; prevention from
illness, injury, at the spot facilities, qualitative drugs as per consumer requirement. Therefore,
assignment is going to highlight various services provided by different agencies to their public in
order to overcome distinct health issues (Balarajan, Selvaraj and Subramanian, 2011) Basically,
report is based on case study of London in which rate of STI has been shown. Furthermore,
various approaches or strategies for controlling health incidence are also outlining in this project.
Main objective of this report is to show effectiveness of strategies that is used by health care
sector for minimizing various health issues. Along with this, numerous of changes that is
occurring in this sector is also framed in this assignment for enhancing the societal well-being.
TASK 1
1.1 Roles of different agencies in identifying levels of health and disease
Governing bodies of European union are concerned with development of overall society
in order to enhance the economy of a nation. In fact, their main objective is to eradicate the well-
being problems which is faced by common people while living their life. Basically, public health
is a term which is described as an art of promoting or preventing health of human beings for long
term by overcoming their body issues such as; illness and diseases. Therefore, government is
involving in framing various types of agencies or associations for public development by
offering best facilities at the time of need (Bambra, 2011) Beside this, every institutions are
formalised on specific purpose and motive but direction is almost same because agencies are set
for creating a nation free from dangerous health diseases. Some of the major association which
was established by advisory bodies are discussed as follows with their roles and responsibilities:-
World health organization:- One of the most specialised institution at UK which is fully
concerned with international society health. Basically, this enterprise was commenced on around
7th April 1948 by having its headquartered situated in Geneva, Switzerland. In fact, world health
organization was signed by almost 61 nations in a first gathering of health assembly and get
completed in approximately 24th July 1948. Moreover, members of this institute are focussing on
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overall development of entire community by conducting various enhancement sessions. For
example; events of HIV/ AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and so on. Thus, their main obligation is to
keep records of world health in an effective report.
Health protection agency:- As per this element governing bodies is also focussing on
discovering an appropriate platform for developing health is “protection agency”. However, first
or foremost motive is to protect entire community from various infectious and non-infectious
disease that was occurring at marketplace. According to given case study, health protection
agency is responsible for making plans or policies to eradicate sexual issues because it create
blunder at marketplace (Betancourt, Green, and Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, 2016).
National health trust:- Main objective of this association is to conduct several
development activities for providing instant caring to public. Along with this encourage common
people by assisting them to live in a hygienic area as well as guide other authorities to produce
effective drugs in order to overcome health issues.
Hence, it has been analysed that above agencies are played a major role in establishing a
nation free from dangerous health problems by promoting development programmes. Apart from
this, various agencies are classified into various segments that is highlighted as follows:-
International :- UNICEF (united nation children's fund), WHO and so on.
National:- British medical association, Health protection agency hence forth.
Local:- Primary care trust (PCT).
1.2 Explain epidemiology of one infectious and non-infectious disease
Epidemiology is a term whose main objective is to design suitable drugs or medicine to
control dangerous diseases in order to protect human beings from life taking issues. However, it
is essential to create useful antibiotics because it help common men while various complicated
situations. In given case study it has observed that London is determine as a most highest
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections as well as HIV in European marketplace.
Moreover, almost half UK is facing this health problem due to improper management. Thus,
NHS needs to focussed on various events to develop society by improving their current situation.
Beside this, an appropriate data is going to shown which helps in understanding the percentage
of specific infectious and non diseases in numerous places:-
Nation Masses Mature Women with Kids with Deaths Parentless
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affected by
HIV/AIDS (15-49) % HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS due to
AIDS
due to
AIDS
Angola 200,000 2.0 110,000 22,000 11,000 140,000
Benin 60,000 1.2 32,000 5,400 2,700 30,000
Botswana 320,000 24.8 170,000 16,000 5,800 93,000
UK 110,000 1.2 56,000 17,000 7,100 140,000
Burundi 180,000 3.3 90,000 28,000 15,000 200,000
Thus, as per above data it has been identified that number of society are suffering from
risky diseases and facing a major problem related with their health. Hence, few major infectious
and non-infectious problems are described as follows:-
Infectious:- Influenza, HIV/ AIDS, food/ water borne infections, illness at early stage of
human beings, MRSA hence forth.
Non-infectious:- Respiratory illness, fatness, malignant danger etc.
Lastly, it has been identified that tuberculosis is seen as a most infective disease at
European societal place (Bradley and et. al., 2011). In fact, it will take around 6 months for
overcoming this problem. On other hand, diabetes is consider as a non-infectious affluence
which is also risky but it will affect person slowly-slowly. If a person get affected by diabetes
then its very hard to cure this due to high blood pressure. Beside this, around 5% European are
encountering this problem which act as a major drawback in the development of a nation.
1.3 Effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control incidence of disease
Government is trying to implement number of approaches and designed number of
outstanding strategies by considering useful facts or figures in order to control well-being issues.
According to survey report, it is determined that health problems have a major impact on an
individual, state, nation as well as whole world as it hamper the life of people in various manner.
In order to eradicate dangerous infections from society governing bodies needs to take necessary
measures for controlling incidence of issues (Brett and et. al., 2014). Along with this, number of
schemes are proposed by national health services for defending whole population are highlighted
below:-
Launching of new vaccine:- According to this component member of medical science
needs to introduce various types of medicines to cure infectious diseases such as; tuberculosis.
According to given scenario, HIV aids is increasing day by day at marketplace and affecting the
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life of human beings . Thus it is essential to conduct schemes for reducing problem faced by
men's at European union. In fact, new vaccine required at high extent because it helps common
people at complicated issues.
Produce suitable drugs:- As per this element medical department also focussing on
manufacturing special diseases for major diseases which are difficult to cure. For example;
chemotherapy is a most appropriate drug for cancer patient (Jackson and Gracia, 2014).
Need to enhance diagnosis:- Effective treatment is mandatory for defending users
suffering from HIV aids as well as various life taking diseases.
Apart from all the above strategies governing bodies are also concentrating in various
other easy techniques which will not take much time period and easily remove health issues. Few
are explained as follows:-
 Need to create awareness about need of hygienic at workplace, houses and so on by
conducting numerous of sessions, events, seminars etc.
 Suggestion to common people about affects of risky diseases.
 Adopt person centred approach by focussing on most needy people instead of wasting
time on normal people.
TASK 2
2.1 Relevance research to determine current priorities and approaches
Analysis process is very useful for understanding the current need of care and prevention
at society place as well as aids in removing various infectious diseases which might occurred due
to fluctuation in factors (Kohl and et. al., 2012). Basically, NHS is playing a major role in
implementing several policies to offer best facilities to needy people by taking immediate actions
against dangerous diseases. However, main reason behind occurrence of health issues are ; usage
of chemicals in food stuffs, humans are having junk food instead of healthy, pollution, weather
and so on. Thus, health care sector are engaged in designing useful drugs for reducing problems.
Few are described as follows:- Sicknesses prevention:- Common people are encountering numerous of problems related
with health such as; cold, fever, headache, pain etc. It means medicines required to
reduce these issues as soon as possible because sometime small things are sign of major
obstacles.
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 Treatment:- Society is facing numerous issues which affecting individual while doing
their regular activities. NHS is making effective plans and policies for improving the
conditions of weaker sections of society by offering best services.
 Palliative care:- According to this element, it is an multidisciplinary framework whose
main objective is to offer best cure of pain, physical stress. However, main goal is to
enhance the quality of life to specific person as well as their family. Mainly, this service
is offer by entire team of physicians, nurses and professional therapist who work as a
team (Role of public health, 2017).
Hence, according to given case study London is facing a major problem that is HIV
which is seen as most dangerous for society by affecting health. However, this disease get
transmitted through three types of element such as;-
 While having a sexual relation with other member.
 Transmission of blood from one person to another.
 It also transferred from parents such as; mother to children.
In order to control HIV aids at European union all these factor must considered because it
helps patient to diminish problem.
2.2 Relationship between prevalence of disease and need of services to support individuals
Prevalence is a term which helps in estimating the percentage affecting population by
health issues. It means accurate information is provided for taking corrective actions and to
protect them from illness. Basically, it helps social care sector while designing strategies or
planning for offering best facilities to needy people. In fact, identification of prevalence rates
aids individuals in health care settings to determine requirement of health. Along with this, it
helps NHS while implementing prevention programmes (Marmot and Bell, 2012). For instance;
if employees whomsoever is involved in offering service to users then it is indispensable to must
acquired necessary knowledge about main reason behind specific disease. As a result they can
easily overcome this problem by understanding it in deeper way. Apart from this, accurate
information or data support an organization in various manner such as; highlight facts or figures,
need of education for preventing general population from various diseases. Along with this,
necessary data is beneficial for service provider because it will assist staff members of NHS
while offering facilities to needy people.
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Hence, it has been analysed that acquisition of essential information is mandatory for
social care settings because strategy planner get an idea about the need of customers.
2.3 Impact of current life style choices on future needs for health and social care services
Human beings are get affected by number of factors such as; habits of eating, intake of
substances, culture, working conditions and so on. In fact, all these elements have a major impact
on a health of a person. Beside this, most of diseases occurred due to bad habits of having drugs,
alcoholic nature and other dangerous substances. However, in given case study it is identified
that HIV is increasing day by day between men's (MSM) . London is seen as highest STI rate
around the England which is almost 65% more than any other region. Mainly, it become
somehow life style of UK people and most of the population get influenced by this. As a result,
life of people are also in danger and come to an end. Apart from this, some other diseases which
is increasing in UK are :- Smoking :- It is seen as a main reason behind premature death of common people
because it directly affects the lungs of human beings. As per survey report around 80,000
people are dying due to smoking habits. As a result governing bodies are conducting
several health clubs to eradicate number of smokers by motivating them towards
quieting. Along with this, also involved in introducing educational events in order to
offer best knowledge about drawbacks of disease. Apart from this, smoking is not
affecting one individual but it may pollute whole environment which may cause harm to
other also (Sørensen and et. al., 2012).
 Work culture:- Europeans are very curious towards gaining more or more revenue by
working day or night without worrying about their health problems. As a result they get
affected by various types of health problems such as; weakness in eye sight, back
problem, cold due to improper diet, food poisoning and so on.
Hence, it has been assessed that NHS is worrying about UK people due to which they are
implementing numerous of programmes or sessions.
TASK 3
3.1 Health and well-being priorities for individuals in health care setting
Human beings are surrounded by numerous of infectious and non-infectious diseases due
to changes in their life style, food habits and so on. Basically, common people needs to follow
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various health priorities for reducing their health issues. Thus, seven priorities which is
indispensable for human being in order to protect them from dangerous risk. Hence, some of the
necessary elements which influence the health of an individual are mentioned below:- Physical health:- Potentiality of an individual body to perform specific function is falls
under this category. As if a person body is working properly them they can easily
accomplish assigned task in much better way. Therefore, in order to be perfect or healthy
human beings needs to follow some specific rules such as; intake of nutritious diet,
follow proper daily routine, etc. Mental health:- According to this element, if an individual is facing major mental stress
and mental trauma then it is said to be ill. Basically, illness of mind affects functioning
of brain (White, Haas and Williams, 2012).
 Social health:- It may increase due to improper environment around the person. In order
to become socially healthy an individual needs to live in a safe community which
includes that; live in between educated people.
3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in social care setting
Health and social care settings are going through various trauma and problems because
various types of people are coming for acquiring services. Basically, weaker sections of society
are facing numerous of issues and problems due to having low income level. In order to
minimize chances of mistakes and errors it is essential to design proper strategies, systems and
policies. An appropriate schemes is helpful for company in various circumstances such as ; assist
employees towards corrective path, highlight facts or figures and so on. Thus, significance of
appropriate systems is described as follows:-
 Assist employees towards their assigned job role.
 Understand each or every aspect of patient.
 Help in maintaining the records of users, employees hence forth.
 Qualitative services by considering necessary terms and conditions.
 Minimize the probability of mistakes.
Hence, it has been analysed that patients are having numerous of rights that is discussed
below:-
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 Equality act 2010:- It is essential to offer equal chances to every individual to gain best
possible services. In fact, this acts supports consumers from negligence and
discrimination (Public Health Approaches to Infectious Disease, 2016).
 Data protection act 1998:- According to this element, information about users are
confidential and hospital is responsible for maintaining the privacy of their data.
3.3 Changes that could be made to improve health and well-being of individuals at workplace
Health care setting in European marketplace are playing a major role in offering best
facilities to needy people by reforming their strategies as per current trends. In fact, they also
believe in improvement and trying to come up with distinct techniques of facilitating consumers.
Basically, it is indispensable for NHS to make changes in their organization because demand of
clients always fluctuates due to changes in other micro and macro elements (World Health
Organization, 2012). However, diseases are also get increased day by day due to alteration in life
style of human beings.
Consequently, care homes at UK are improving their way of services such as; designed
complaint books in which user may mention their issues regarding facilities used by them. It
means, improvement is mandatory for success of national health services.
3.4 Activity that has been implemented to encourage behaviour change for maximising health
Behaviour alteration of a person is accomplished by following a better habit in their
lifestyle. Basically, physical exercise is most appropriate habits for every individual belong from
any age group (Yip, and et. al., 2012). Instilling this propensity from the youth days is
considerably more valuable as youngsters are particularly dynamic and can adjust things
effectively as opposed to grown-ups. As expressed over, that the most far reaching infection in
UK among entire society is HIV. Along these lines, physical development of body is the best
cure that may have its impact on lessening in number of large individuals in the general public.
Social medicinal services frameworks should think of the human services clubs that
permits individuals from same age gathering to come and do practice together.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been summarized that health care settings plays a major role
in preventing common people from harmful disease which affects the life of people. In fact, main
motive of this project is to facilitate users with outstanding services in order to create a state free
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from any dangerous attack of diseases. Basically, assignment was based on case study of HIV in
which it has been identified that London is facing a major problem of MSM which affects the
common people. Throughout the study, roles and responsibilities of various national agencies
was also shown in order to analyse their need at marketplace. Hence, health care sector is
growing in a fastest way by improving their technique of serving consumers as well as tries to
prevent human beings from dangerous diseases.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Balarajan, Y., Selvaraj, S. and Subramanian, S.V., 2011. Health care and equity in India. The
Lancet. 377(9764). pp.505-515.
Bambra, C., 2011. Health inequalities and welfare state regimes: theoretical insights on a public
health ‘puzzle’. Journal of epidemiology and community health. 65(9). pp.740-745.
Betancourt and et. al., 2016. Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing
racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public health reports.
Bradley, E.H., and et. al., 2011. Health and social services expenditures: associations with health
outcomes. BMJ quality & safety, pp.bmjqs-2010.
Brett and et. al., 2014. Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and
social care research: a systematic review. Health Expectations. 17(5). pp.637-650.
Jackson, C.S. and Gracia, J.N., 2014. Addressing health and health-care disparities: the role of a
diverse workforce and the social determinants of health. Public Health Reports.
129(1_suppl2), pp.57-61.Murdoch, T.B. and Detsky, A.S., 2013. The inevitable
application of big data to health care. Jama. 309(13). pp.1351-1352.
Kohl and et. al., 2012. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. The
Lancet. 380(9838). pp.294-305.
Marmot, M. and Bell, R., 2012. Fair society, healthy lives. Public health. 126. pp.S4-S10.
Sørensen and et. al., 2012. Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration
of definitions and models. BMC public health. 12(1). p.80.
White, K., Haas, J. S. and Williams, D. R., 2012. Elucidating the role of place in health care
disparities: the example of racial/ethnic residential segregation. Health services
research.47(3pt2). pp.1278-1299.
World Health Organization, 2012. Dementia: a public health priority. World Health
Organization.
Yip, W. C. M., and et. al., 2012. Early appraisal of China's huge and complex health-care
reforms. The Lancet. 379(9818). pp.833-842.
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Public Health Approaches to Infectious Disease, 2016. [Online]. Available
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