This report focuses on qualitative research methods for evaluating the role of health workers in managing chronic heart disease in immigrants. It discusses the research question, research design, sampling and recruitment, and the use of case study and interpretive descriptive methods.
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Running head: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Name of the Student: Name of the University: Author note:
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1QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Abstract The following report focuses extensively on the various qualitative research methods which can be utilized for the purpose of conducting research pertaining to the evaluation of the role of health workers on the management of issues associated with chronic heart disease in immigrants. A case study approach using narrative interviewing methods were utilized for evaluation of the same. Likewise, to add varied research perspectives the research question was modified to address clinical perspectives between immigrants’ chronic heart disease and effects on job stability for which, a qualitative approach of interpretive descriptive method was adopted.
2QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Table of Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................3 Discussion............................................................................................................................3 Research Question...........................................................................................................3 Qualitative Research Design: Case Study.......................................................................5 Sampling and Recruitment..............................................................................................6 Second Qualitative Research Approach..........................................................................8 Changed Sampling and Recruitment...............................................................................9 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................10 References..........................................................................................................................12
3QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Introduction According to Agree (2009), qualitative research derives its name due to its primary research principles of exploration and evaluation of the opinions and experiences underlying individuals. As observed by Fusch and Ness (2015), research methodologies which are prevalent in qualitative studies are primarily subjective, unstructured and semi-structured in nature and comprises of interviews, cases studies, focus groups or observational studies. The following report discusses succinctly the qualitative research methodologies considered for evaluation of the chosen research question, along with the possible sampling and research methodologies which can be considered appropriate for the same. Discussion Research Question The draft of the original research question emphasized primarily on the following:What is the role of healthcare workers in the management of the issues associated with chronic heart disease among Canadian adults?As reported by the Government of Canada, the second highest contribution of high mortality rate has been attributed to chronic heart diseases in the Canadian population resulting in deaths estimated to be amounting to 51, 500 every year (Greiver et al., 2018). Further, in accordance to the Canadian Chronic Disease Surveillance System in the years 2012-2013, a diagnosis of ischemic heart disease and heart failure was acquired in 2.4 million of Canadians aged 20 years or more, and in 669, 600 Canadians aged 40 years or beyond (Allison, Lix Lisa & Kim, 2017). As examined by Valtorta et al., (2016), risk factors associated with the acquisition of chronic heart disease comprise of adherence to an
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4QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE unhealthy diet rich in trans fats, sugars and processed foods, and lifestyle habits such as smoking and a sedentary lifestyle. Health workers are the primary drivers of health behavior change in the population due to their increased health literacy and competency. Thus, considering the widespread chronic heart disease prevalence rates and beneficial role of health workers in the management of the same, the original research question was formulated (Xavier et al., 2016). However, literature searches revealed limited focus on the mitigation of disease issues overcome by immigrants residing the Canada. Taking insights from the Cardiovascular Heart in Ambulatory Care Research Team (CANHEART) Immigrant Study, authors Tu et al., 2015), reported gradually emergence of higher susceptibility rates of chronic heart diseases among immigrants in Canada, associated with increments in their period of stay. Further, as researched by Roberts et al., (2015), immigrants residing in Ontario are in possession of high rates of smoking (22.1%), inadequacy in intake of vegetables and fruits (65.2%) and lack of adequate exercise (54.7%), which are causative factors for the contribution of chronic heart diseases. Such high risk factor prevalence may be attributed to the difficulties overcome by immigrants during adjustments to the mainstream societies, considering their non-English speaking and culturally diverse backgrounds resulting in lack of communication, high unemployment rates, financial constraints and lack of accessibility or awareness concerning prevention, management and treatment of chronic diseases of the heart. Hence, considering the rising trends of immigration and chronic heart disease rates in Canada, evaluation of the existing role of health workers is of utmost importance for future improvements in evidence based clinical practice and achievements of culturally diverse, positive patient health outcomes (Lane et al., 2018).
5QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Hence, due to the literature gap in the management of chronic heart disease issues among immigrants, the research question was modified to:How can healthcare providers in North America better manage the issues that arise from chronic heart disease in immigrants? However, upon evaluating the statistical data reported by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, it was observed that African immigrants in Canada were in possession of the high susceptibility to hypertension, a key precursory symptom of chronic heart disease. Further, as discussed above, immigrants are susceptible to increased financial constraints, unemployment issues as well as racial and cultural disparities hence, increasing their acquisition of chronic stress, depression and disruptive mental states (Sohail et al., 2015). Such mental health issues coupled with societal and financial issues result in increased chronic disease such as heart disorders and the associated psychological implications. The burden of such difficulties are shared greater by primarily male bread winner due to their increased responsibility of sustaining their family (Cooper Brathwaite & Lemonde,2016).Considering the same, the final research question was modified to form:How do recently settled (within 5 years) African male immigrants (40-50 years of age,) who are the sole bread winner of the family describe their psychological experience following the diagnosis of chronic heart disease (CHD)? A Case study in Hamilton Ontario. Qualitative Research Design: Case Study Considering the above research question onevaluation of the psychological experiences of African male immigrants upon chronic heart disease diagnosis, the specific qualitative research design which was chosen initially, was a case study research methodology. As examined by Cooper, Endacott and Chapman (2009), the research methodology of case study relies in the principle of examining characteristics, preferences, opinions, experiences and
6QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE behaviors, pertaining to any event, organization or individual.The given research question requires an in-depth understanding of the psychological issues and experiences overcome by African male immigrants upon chronic heart disease diagnosisand hence, a case study qualitative research design would be appropriate due to its potential ability to provide a detailed insight of the activities of entities in an organization.Further, the concerned research question is associated with an exploration of the social and family-oriented responsibilities of African male immigrants carrying the dual burden of chronic heart disease and bread winning for the family, and hence, a case study approach would be the ideal qualitative research method for the exploration of the interplay between familial responses and the health implications of chronic heart disease and their effects on psychological experiences in male African male immigrants (Houghton et al., 2015). Additionally, as researched by Tetnowski (2015), one of the primary advantageous features of a case study research approach is its potential to establish a professional yet enriching relationship between the participants and the researchers, which further results in the acquisition of honest and in-depth responses from the concerned subjects with regards to their feelings and perceptions.Hence, considering the implementation of the concerned research question in the context of African male immigrants who are breadwinners, a case study approach will prove to be useful in the understanding of the perceived roles of family sustenance and responsibility upon a context of chronic heart disease diagnosis. Sampling and Recruitment Considering the characteristic abilities of the case study approach to examine in-depth individual feelings, emotions and experiences, the proposed research question will involve research conductance in homes containing African immigrants who have migrated within the last
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7QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE five years, situated in the Canadian locality of Hamilton. Ontario or in a hospital or a community health centre or a residential care centre, where African male immigrants must comprise of a significant number of the existing clientele(Boddy, 2016). Likewise, as researched by Cronin (2016), the preferred sampling method used in a case study approach is a purposive sampling method, where participants are not selected on a probability basis but due to their adherence to a specific inclusion criteria which is of relevance to the research question.Hence, considering the given healthcare oriented research question, along with the selection of African male immigrants who are sole family bread winners, participants will purposely comprise of African male immigrants, who are sole breadwinners, have been diagnosed with chronic heart disease and are part of a family who has recently shifted in the Hamilton, Ontario, Canada within the last five years.Hence, for the purpose of relevance to the research question, the sample size will be include recruitment of African male immigrants who are the sole family bread winners, have shifted within the last five years and have been diagnosed with chronic heart disease. Additionally, a number of case study approaches are available and hence, must be considered as per the needs of the given research question. For the proposed research question, anexplanatory case approach will be undertaken which is characterized by its ability to explore causal links prevalent between real life interventions and experiences. Hence, adoption of an explanatory approach to research will be beneficial for the above research question since it will allow the exploration of the various psychological issues which may arise due to the interaction between familial responsibilities and health implications of chronic heart disease in male African immigrants(Baxter & Jack, 2008). Considering theperson-centered approach of a case study qualitative methodology, exploring intrinsic individual experiences in accordance to various situational phenomena,
8QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE conductance of narrative interviews will prove to be beneficial since such a research methodology, will provide an in-depth insight into perceptions and experiences of participants. Hence, for collection of information concerning the nature of description of experiences provided by African male immigrants who have been diagnosed with heart disease and are the sole bread winners, narrative interviews will be useful since it will allow participating immigrants to discuss their experiences associated with diagnosis and the burden of familial responsibilities. Such a method is beneficial considering the need to evaluate the personal perceptions of the participants in response to real life experiences and events (Patton, 2002). Second Qualitative Research Approach A second qualitative research approach which would prove to beneficial in obtaining varied insights of the chosen research question, is the interpretive description, for which, a modification of the research problem is required. As discussed previously, the original research question focused extensively on the psychological experiences of African male immigrants suffering from chronic heart disease in context of their responsibilities of being the sole bread winner of the family. However, a key limitation could be observed in the lack of emphasis on the clinical perspectives of African male immigrant patients suffering from chronic heart disease in response to social contexts such as occupational stability. Hence, considering this research need, the research question can be modified as:How do 40-50-year-old African male immigrants who have recently settled in Hamilton Ontario Canada within 5 years who are diagnosed with chronic heart disease (CHD) explain its impact on job stability? Hence for the purpose of conducting research considering the above modified research, an interpretive descriptive research approach would be the most effective, due to its underlying
9QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE research principles of extensively interpreting and generating information which is significant for the application of clinical and health perspectives in a social scenario (Teodoro et al., 2018). Hence, considering the aim of the modified research question to explore individual healthcare perceptions of immigrants in response to their surrounding social environment such as job stability, an interpretive descriptive qualitative approach would be beneficial since it would provide deep rooted insights into clinical effects of chronic heart disease in African male immigrants on job security and stability, while working in their respective occupational duties. Upon close examination, it can be observed that the two research questions were different in their approach and examination of the concerned participants. The first research question focused extensively on a deductive and explanatory research approach for the purpose of hypothesizing and postulating the causal links between real life psychological experiences, bread winning responsibilities and chronic heart disease diagnosis (Yazan, 2015). However, the second question adopts an interpretive approach to research where the researcher adhere to transactional inquiry methods and interact personally with the unique case scenario of the participant, resulting in a clinical and health oriented interpretation of the social context. Hence, due to such differences, the first question benefit from a person-centered, deductive approach of case study, while the second research will benefit extensively from adopting clinical interpretations of the social context of participants (Hunt, 2009). Changed Sampling and Recruitment Considering a shift of participant focus on the modified research question evaluating immigrant perspectives, the sample size will again employ the characteristic qualitative sampling procedure of purposive sampling African male immigrants, who have recently migrated and
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10QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE suffering from heart disease and are sole breadwinners of the family, will be recruited as samples (Sandelowski, 1995). Likewise, an interpretive descriptive qualitative research approach will rely extensively on clinical and healthcare documentation and text collection involve extensive evaluation of thedocuments containing personal details of the participants and hence, provides further additional insights into the existing characteristics of the participants. Hence, adoption of the same in the concerned case study would involve evaluation of physiological or cardiac and psychological assessment or screening data and medical records of the participants dictating physical as well as mental health conditions among African male chronic heart disease patients and hence, would aid in the evaluation of clinical or health implications due to the dual burden of chronic heart disease diagnosis and engagement in employment for the purpose of breadwinning (Thorne, Kirkham& MacDonald‐Emes,1997).Additionally, structured interviews involving questions pertaining to chronic heart symptoms and their occurrences in the job scenario of the participants. Such structured questions can be derived from standardized questionnaires such as the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, Seattle Angina Questionnaire and the Cardiovascular Limitations and Symptoms Profile. This is different from the first research approach since it will allow researchers to adopt a transactional and interpretive approach to participant research analysis, where instead of establishment of hypothetical links, the research must general personally interact and generate clinical perspectives from the participants’ health scenario (Apers et al., 2016).
11QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that the chosen research question, which aims to evaluate the psychological experiences ofAfrican male immigrants who are sole bread winners and are suffering from chronic heart diseases can be researched successfully using a case study qualitative research approach. The second research question can focus on the interpreting the clinical perspectives immigrants health conditions in response to employment stability. For exploration of this alternative case study, a interpretive descriptive qualitative approach can be undertaken, due to its modified focus on interpretive research and the researcher’s personal general of clinical perspectives as compared to the deductive case study research approach adopted in the first question.
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15QUALITATIVE RESEARCH COURSE Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies.Heart,102(13), 1009-1016. Xavier, D., Gupta, R., Kamath, D., Sigamani, A., Devereaux, P. J., George, N., ... & Yusuf, S. (2016). Community health worker-based intervention for adherence to drugs and lifestyle change after acute coronary syndrome: a multicentre, open, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology,4(3), 244-253. Yazan, B. (2015). Three approaches to case study methods in education: Yin, Merriam, and Stake.The qualitative report,20(2), 134-152.