Race, Ethnicity & Migration: Causes, Patterns, and Social Problems Faced by BAME Group in the UK

This report discusses the causes and patterns of migration to the UK, ethnic identity construction, and social problems faced by the Black, Asian, and minority ethnic group. It also covers different methods and actions to tackle the problem.

Race, ethnicity and
migration

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK...............................................................................................................................................3
Causes and patterns of migration to the UK............................................................................3
Ethnic identity construction.........................................................................................................5
Social problems relevant to the experience this group............................................................6
Tackling the social problems identified.......................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Race is defined as the categorization of human based on shared physical as well as social
qualities into group that is generally viewed as distinct within a specific society. Ethnicity is
considered as the process that is related to identification of group based on perceived cultural
distinctiveness that differentiated the people into group. This distinctiveness can be created
through various factors such as language, value, art, religion, rituals and other. On the other
hand, migration is related to the movement of people from one area to another. Human patterns
of movement reflect the condition of a changing world as well as impact the cultural landscape
of the place that people leave as well as the place where they settle. In this report Black, Asian,
and minority ethnic group is taken into consideration. This report covers information related to
the minority ethnic group as well as social experience of the group. Cause of pattern of migration
with relevant theories of international migration and pattern of settlement is discussed.
Furthermore, ethnicity identity construction with relevant theories and concepts as well as social
problems that are faced by the group such as education, employment, welfare and various other
are explained. Along with that, different methods and actions to tackle the problem are
mentioned in this report.
TASK
Black or Asian people: Black, Asian, and minority ethnic group is commonly known as the
BAME in United Kingdom and it is used to describe the non-white ethnicities. It stands for
various aspects such as Black, Asian and minority ethnic. Black stand for the person of Africa or
Caribbean descent. Asian is often used to describe the Asian descent that covers south Asia, East
Asia and Southeast Asia. Minority ethnic stand for every non-white ethnic group. BAME is
derived from the UK’s anti-racist movement that is held in 1970 when all communities were
united to fight against discrimination (Wild, Drewniak and Krones, 2017). Firstly, the term is
only BME that is used to reflect the Blackness as well as other ethnicities and, in the year of
1990, “A” was added that stand for the Asian people. The term black people is considered as the
racialized classification of people on the bases of their political and mid to dark brown
complexion.

Causes and patterns of migration to the UK
Migration is defined as the movement of people from one place to another with the
objective of gaining better life-style and development opportunities. There are number of people
are migrate to United Kingdom due to various reasons such as work, study, family, humanitarian.
People leave their place and move towards another because their places have lack of services,
safety and posses’ high crime rate as well as in the situation of war. There are various
international migration theories are available that describe the type, cause as well as pattern of
migration.
Between the years of 1948 to 1971 number of people are migrating to UK from Caribbean
countries and they have been labelled as the Windrush generation. In the time period of second
world war, British Government had encouraged migration of workers from the Commonwealth
countries with the objective of reducing the British labour shortage as well as take action towards
rebuild the war-damaged country (Birman, and Bray, 2017). Around 500 passengers from the
Caribbean on the Empire Windrush ship on 22 June 1948 and become the symbol of migration.
Some migration theories are mentioned below:
Everett Lee’s Theory of migration: Lee has divided his theory of migration into various
factors that determine the reasons of migration. Lee’s migration model is defined as the model
that includes push and pull factors as well as intervening obstacles in order to predict migration
pattern in efficient manner. These factors are mentioned below:
 Factors associated with the area of origin: There are various factors are included in this
factor that motivate people to leave their origin place for the outside area. These factors
are considered as the push factors. Migration of West Indies people to UK and other
countries in the situation of world war is caused by the factors of situation that is related
to the area of origin. It facilitates the UK to attract higher number of labours in the
country that strengthen the country situation.
Factors associated with the Area of Destination: Some destinations have attractive forces that
attracts migrants towards the area. As per the perspective of Lee, these forces are found in
metropolitan area of country and these areas are presented as pull areas (Moncrieffe, 2017).
 Intervening obstacles: Intervening obstacles are related to the factors such as distance as
well as transportation that enhance the number of migrants towards the area. Lee also

considered the personal factor, ethnic barrier and cost of movement as the intervening
obstacles.
 Personal factors: In personal factors decision of migration depends on an individual own
choice. Pull and push both factors are work in this situation.
Standing’s Theory of Materialism: For the purpose of understanding the process of migration,
The theory of materialism plays important role. As per the concept of this theory, size as well al
level of migration is determined as the relationship of production of society and, land ownership,
nature of wealth and factors controlling the growth of forces of production in society. It drew
attention towards the aspect that migration occurring during the transition period that is between
the end of the feudalistic production as well as beginning of the capitalistic production. In
feudalistic system, no major migrations are occurred because cultivator were under control of
feudal lords. In this period of time, no special development of cities and rural push migration
occur. Whereas industrial development take place in capitalistic system that become possible due
to the migration (Sampaio, King, and Walsh, 2018). Thus, standing has explained that the
process of migration with reference to different economy system and mode of production. In this
situation of second world war, people of West Indies migrate to other country so UK involve this
labour in the operations and activities of country that improve countries GDP and growth rate.
Ethnic identity construction
It is an identity for formation identity related to self-categorisation of individual as well as
psychological attachment to ethnic group. It can be identified as part of self-concept as well as
identification of one’s person. It is different from development of identities of ethnic group.
No independent support for human races is available for taxonomy. It is evident for racism that
time is less for matter of feeling and thoughts in context of individual. Social construction is one
of important concept in context of biological race which are dissolved as well as belief that is
linked with character, traits, culture as well as different race which are shown as false.
The construction of racial realise is an analysis which was introduced by John Searle in the year
1995 which is linked from physical facts to mental factors that explains social reality (Horvath,
2019). In this, a person is depended on ideas of race in a specific society through distinction
between human physically as well as physical factors, mental facts like belief and attitude among
both worlds. In this, behaviour pattern is based on mental as well as physical factors. In this,

analysis is based on difference that is account for ways in which hard physical as well as mental
facto of health are linked with racial differences.
In Black American Social identity as well as its blackness, it is analysed by Lionel McPherson
who examine the two assumptions for black identity. One is that it is important to be a traceable
African in order to be a black median and also it is important to have black ancestry that make
them sufficient to be a Black American. As per analysis of McPherson, it is difficult to separate
African ancestry in black American but it does not describe that all people who has African
ancestry are black. This researcher is also identified that legal compulsion is not available for
purpose of traceable African Ancestry. There are various issues faced by these this ethnic group
which includes race, ethnicity as well as nationality. Place people or Asian people are
discriminated to categorised in a country on basis of their skin colour which is not ethically right.
It provides a basis for people to discriminate other peoples from community who have different
colour. It does not allow other people to trat them with respect and with equality and differentiate
them in different facilities and benefits. It can also be done on basis of nationality as in ole
country, other country people are treated differently (Stypińska and Gordo, 2018). People does
not give them resect and differentiate them for different benefits. It is ethically wrong as it
creates feeling of discrimination among people and does not allow them to treat other people as
equal as them. It creates impact over morale values of people and also create dissatisfaction
among them. In order to adopt ethical values, it is important for people to does not discriminate
people on basis of their skin colour as it creates problem of discrimination, violence among
people. Due to this, majority community will dominate minority people.
Social problems relevant to the experience this group
Social problems are defined as the any conditions as well as behaviour that has negative
consequences on the large number of people. It impacts on black and Asian people morale and
unable them to live their lives on their terms and conditions. The Black, Asian and minority
ethnic group faces various problems and challenges related to the racism, stigma as well as
inequalities that directly or indirectly impact on the health of BAME community people. Rate of
mental health problems are very higher in some BAME groups as compared to white people
(Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities, 2022). For an instance, black men are
more likely to have experienced a psychotic in last year then white men and black people are
four time more likely to detained under the Mental Health Act. Refugees and asylum seekers

have greater experienced of mental health problems, higher rate of depression, anxiety and others
health related problems as compared to other people.
There are various factors that impact the mental health of black or Asian minority group that lead
them towards the anxiety and other. Racism and discrimination is create high stress for these
people and have a negative impact on their overall mental and physical health. It leads black and
Asian people towards psychosis and depression (Moran, 2020). These people have to face
various social and economic inequalities such as they experienced poverty and homelessness,
unemployment face challenges regarding accessing services and criminal justice system. These
problem and issues enhance the risk of developing mental health problems.
Tackling the social problems identified
It deals with managing in a global community that offers the techniques and resources by which
the community that manages effective actions for resolving their social and as well as
environmental section of the issues that they followed. It will cover some sort of the issues like
poverty, unemployment, illness, malnutrition, air pollution, educational inequality, gender
inequality, etc. and apart from this there are many social problems in the world. When the
business of the management thinks about several sort of the manner to innovate and resolve
social problems there will be some of the most efficient thought of the ideas and orientation of
perspective that come from adopting strategies or technologies that have led to break through in
other industries as well (Pustulka, Bell and Trąbka, 2019). A successful business framework of
the structure from another industry can revolutionize their social issues in an effective and as
well as efficient manner.
At the time of thinking about varied sort of the manner to innovate, ground breaking thought of
orientation and view point may not come in the form of inventions or new terms of the
methodologies in terms of the social cause. It could be the very people to choose to serve by their
own in an effective and as well as efficient manner. If a particular population group is
overlooked or perceived as having problems then they also make decision to invest in them is an
innovative impetus to transform the lives and perspectives of groups of people and the problems
of the sector as a whole in an effective and as well as efficient manner (Chambers, and Gracia,
2021).
By utilising the source of the technology to create higher terms of the jobs and open up and deals
with their wider divisions of the market for respective in developing nations to reach higher

terms of the audience who are interested in buying what they create and offer and will also try to
eliminate the difference of the social causes and as well as also try to overcome the barriers or
social causes that can embrace their wants and as desires in an effective and as well as efficient
manner of the time. As it also covers the section of the eradicating the line of the poverty in the
nation with higher term of the financial investment in the sector to overcome the impact of the
social causes as flexibly and as well as smoothly (Gooding, 2021). As black and Asian people
face the problem related problem so, government take various actions and create policies
regarding providing better health care service. There are various other reforms are formulated
that address black and Asian people problems in efficient manner. By having equal and similar
terms of the access to the Internet for everyone, it will frequently help higher number of the
individuals in ascertaining their sort of the manner to keep themselves financially strong and as
well as capable in an effective and as well as efficient manner (Greenland, Lopresti, and
McHenry, 2019). By this section older respective will frequently feel isolated, but video
conferencing and telepresence that are based on the technologies can be used to mitigate some of
that isolation when physical presence is not possible as it will also help in overcoming and
eliminating social issues.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report, it can be concluded that race, ethnicity are the concepts that are
related to an individual’s identity and differentiate them from other groups. Migration is referred
as the movement of people from one place to another due to various reasons. Migrants are move
to other paces because of attractiveness of destination, factors of area of origin and others. There
are various theories of international migration that states different reasons and factors for that
people migrate from their place to another. Black, Asian people are discriminated in the country
on the bases of their skin-colour and they have to face various issues that are related to the
education, employment, health, housing and other issues. It is important to recognise these issues
and take appropriate actions to mitigate them in efficient manner. Government of country as well
take various actions and develop policies for improving the condition of black and Asian people.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Birman, D. and Bray, E., 2017. Immigration, migration, and community psychology.
Chambers, D. and Gracia, P., 2021. A sociology of family life: Change and diversity in intimate
relations. John Wiley & Sons.
Gooding, C.C., 2021. Race, ethnicity, and respectability: examining Afro-Caribbean identity
politics through the Obama presidency. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 9(3), pp.484-
501.
Greenland, A., Lopresti, J. and McHenry, P., 2019. Import competition and internal
migration. Review of Economics and Statistics, 101(1), pp.44-59.
Horvath, K., 2019. Migration background–Statistical classification and the problem of implicitly
ethnicising categorisation in educational contexts. Ethnicities, 19(3), pp.558-574.
Moncrieffe, M., 2017, September. Exploring cross-cultural encounters through historical
consciousness: How can this advance teaching and learning for race equality in Britain?.
In BERA Annual Conference 2017-Race, Ethnicity and Education.
Moran, A., 2020. Race/ethnicity and social and cultural theory. In Routledge Handbook of Social
and Cultural Theory (pp. 306-324). Routledge.
Pustulka, P., Bell, J. and Trąbka, A., 2019. Questionable insiders: Changing positionalities of
interviewers throughout stages of migration research. Field Methods, 31(3), pp.241-259.
Sampaio, D., King, R. and Walsh, K., 2018. Geographies of the ageing–migration nexus: An
introduction. Area, 50(4), pp.440-443.
Stypińska, J. and Gordo, L.R., 2018. Gender, age and migration: an intersectional approach to
inequalities in the labour market. European journal of ageing, 15(1), pp.23-33.
Wild, V., Drewniak, D. and Krones, T., 2017. Ethical approaches to" race"," ethnicity" and"
migration status" as categories in clinical research studies.
Online
Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities.2022 [online] available through:<
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/a-to-z/b/black-asian-and-minority-ethnic-bame-
communities>