Government versus Private: Rehabilitation pertaining to Substance Abuse in the UK

This dissertation compares government-funded and private rehabilitation centers for substance abuse in the UK. It analyzes the facilities provided and suggests improvements for drug-abused patients.

Running head:GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE:REHABILITATION IN THE UK
Dissertation
Government versus Private: Rehabilitation pertaining to Substance Abuse in the UK
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
Acknowledgement
I would like to give heartfelt and gratitude to all the people who have helped me throughout
this entire study, for their constant motivation and encouragement. I am very thankful for my
supervisor........ Whose advice and guidance have helped me complete my task. My
supervisor has patiently helped me whenever I needed. I would like to give thanks to all the
students and stuff of ( university name) without whose help it would not be possible to
complete this study.
I would like to express my gratitude to all the students, teachers, the educational authorities
for giving their valuable time in helping me complete this study. This research would not
have been completed without their participation, they helped me to execute the research work
well.
Lastly, i express my gratitude to my parents and family, for without their support is would not
be able to complete this research paper. Thank you

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
Table of Contents
Abstract.........................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................................6
1.0 Overview.............................................................................................................6
1.1 Problem Statement.............................................................................................7
1.2 Research Aim and..............................................................................................8
1.3 Research Objective.............................................................................................8
1.4 Research Question.............................................................................................8
1.5 Structure of the dissertation................................................................................9
1.6 Summary...........................................................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature Review......................................................................................11
2.0 Overview...........................................................................................................11
2.1 Substance Abuse in UK....................................................................................11
2.1.1 Types of Substance abuse in UK...............................................................12
2.1.2 Causes of Substance Abuse in UK............................................................13
2.1.3 Impacts of Substance Abuse in UK............................................................16
2.2 Professional help to prevent Substance Abuse in UK......................................18
2.2.1 Government-funded Rehabilitation centres...............................................19
2.2.2 Private Rehabilitation centres....................................................................20
2.2.3 Role of Charitable Rehabilitation centres...................................................23
2.3 Summary...........................................................................................................24

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
Chapter 3: Research Methodology and Ethics...........................................................25
3.0 Overview...........................................................................................................25
3.1 Research Outline..............................................................................................25
3.2 Research Philosophy........................................................................................26
3.3 Research Approach..........................................................................................26
3.4 Research Design..............................................................................................27
3.5 Research Strategy............................................................................................28
3.6 Data Collection Process....................................................................................29
3.7 Data Analysis Process......................................................................................30
3.8 Ethical Consideration........................................................................................30
3.9 Accessibility Issues...........................................................................................31
3.10 Summary.........................................................................................................32
Chapter 4: Analysis of the Findings............................................................................33
4.0 Overview...........................................................................................................33
4.1 Theme 1: Impact of substance abuse on the society in UK.............................33
4.2 Theme 2: Comparison of government-funded rehabs with the private rehabs in
UK...........................................................................................................................34
4.3 Theme 3: challenges and success of the different rehabs...............................37
4.4 Summary...........................................................................................................38
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations..........................................................40
5.0 Overview...........................................................................................................40

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5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................40
5.2 Recommendation..............................................................................................41
5.3 Scope of future research...................................................................................42
References.................................................................................................................43
Appendix.....................................................................................................................49

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
Abstract
Drug abuse generally means misusage of constitutional and unconstitutional drugs which
covers alcohol, in a person’s daily life. There are different reasons that are researched over
the years regarding the consumption of drugs and its worst effects on people. Some people
take in drugs to achieve some relaxation while some consume it to achieve their right
temperament while others indulge in immense pressure to put up themselves into a particular
group. Health centres, emergency division as well as the rehabilitation centres are over
burdened with drug abuse cases continuously for a long period of time. The recent statistics
proves that the investment for the ailment program for the prolonged support and
uncontrollable drug obsessions scads over to £21 billion every year. The government
continuously provides different measures to take up control regarding this important issue
that consists of rehabilitation functions, counselling and also different treatments too, which
further aims to lessen the count of people from getting into the usage ofdrug abuse. Adding
up to the government financed rehabilitation amenties there aare several privately financed
rehabilitation centres as well who are also fighting to touch the same objective as of the
government financed rehab. This dissertation will therefore get deep into the details and see
into the statistics that if government funded rehabilitation centres helps the patients more
properly or the costly private rehabilitation centres takes good care of the patients as because
they ask for a very huge amount of money from the patients. This research evaluate the
various facilities provided by government financed rehabilitation centres as well as the
private rehabilitation centres provide to the drug abused person’s, along with suggesting
certain appropriate facilities and services and rehabs for the drug abused person’s apart from
the government financed and the private rehabs.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Overview
Substance exploitation adds up to the maltreatment of lawful and
unlawfuldrugs whichinvolves alcohol in the daily life. Itmajorly includes illegal things
like cocaine, heroin or ecstasy and even last stage of drugshowever; it certainly
includes drugs that are readily and easily available from the general medicine stores
with a prescription. There are manyreasons whichhave been studied over the
timewhich leads to the usage of medications and its injurious effect on people. Some
people takemedicines to chill out, some to achieveself-assurancewhereas some
people come under totalburden to get into a certain group. Substance
exploitationleads to hazardousnatural life of the addict as itputs a toll on their health,
and alsoin a danger of setback and damage. It correspondingly affects the health
and people of the close ones of the addict. It destroyswillpower thatis guided by
corporeal and emotionalaspects. When aindividualinitiatesdepending on a drug
matter, for he in his subconscious mind continues to think that taking such
drugscarry him a nous of comfort and peace or a sensation of joy, in such cases the
person is said to be psychically dependent particularly on that drugsubstance. While
in some cases when a person's body covets for a drug in particular to function
normally, this type of people is stated to be substantiallyin need ofthe particular drug
ormatter. Substance misuseaffects health hazardously and has an immense
harmfuleffect tothe social order.
Hospitals,rehabilitation centres and emergency sectors are strained with
drugexploitation situation for a continuous time which never stops. As per the
national statistics office, drug misuse and inclination to taking heroin has always

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been a developingproblem in the United Kingdom (UK) for a longperiod now.
Recentinformationreveal that thecost of thetreatment procedure for prolonged
support and unrestrained drug dependence sums to more than £21 billion each
consecutive year. The government kept on conducting many initiatives to fight
thisdispute that constitutes of reintegrationagendas, advising and ailments which
targets to lessen the quantity of individual involving in drug abuse. In contexttowards
basic government sponsoredrestorationamenities there are several privately
financedrestorationepicentres who are inconation to attain the commonobjective as
the administration financedreintegrationepicentres. It is evidentlycorrect that the
isolated rehabilitation isexpensive though it is correctly believed that intoxication can
harma person’slifecycle and all additional necessary stuffs that they holdclose to
themselves. There are considerable amount ofargumentsrelating to the ability of the
administration financed rehabs and the isolated rehabilitation centres as in
attendance of being chiliad of grievances includingappreciations for mutual of these
two.
1.1 problem statement
Restoration of drug exploitation proves to be a therapeutic or psychical
course of curativetreatment, whichproposes to reduce the addiction of individual who
are accustomed with prescript medicines, liquor, and back alley drugs such as
marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy or heroin. The motive of rehabilitating matter or
drugmisuse sufferers is to force them to realise and face their obsession and
consequently to support them evademental, physical,communal,lawful and monetary
corollary that disturbs the addict. The rehabilitationorganisation are present all over
the place in United Kingdomembracesdifferentvarieties of ailments for preserving the

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drug or substance exploitationindividual like imposingmedicine for
lesseningunhappiness and other psychologicaldisarrays, specialistsinvestigating the
patients with their problems in clutches where the group associates give their
harshinvolvements of drug abuse.
In this research, the investigatortries hard to induce a relative study among the
administrationfinanced rehabilitation centres with the secluded ones. The
investigatorstruggles to discoverif the government sponsored rehabilitation
centres take optimum care and concern of the sufferers for administration
resources support themwith funds and guidelines while the secluded
rehabilitation centres have been a costly one, whichdelivers the totalattention
and candorto the patients. In a certaincase, the accountability of the
administration was for the people in worry;though, on the additionalside, the
constraint of the costlysecludedorganisations towards their patientsshows to
be extraadequatelem Statement
1.2 Research Aim
The purpose of this study or research is to find out whether the private rehabs
function better for the drug-abuse victims or is it the government financed rehabs
centres that takes outmost care of the patients.
1.3 Research Objective
The objectives are:
 to look into the matter and research upon the statistics that whether
government financed rehabilitation centers support and take care of the

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patients more precisely or the costly private rehabilitation centers take
optimum care of the patients for they indict extremely high that makes them
due to a better support and care
 To analyze the different facilities that Government financed rehabilitation
centers and the private rehabilitation centers provide to the drug-abused
victims..
 To suggest improvements to the rehab centres for drug abused patients.
1.4 Research Question
The considerable research questions of the study are:
 What is known as substance abuse and what is its impact in the UK?
 How do government-funded rehabilitation centers work to assists substance
abuse patients?
 How do private rehabilitation centers work.
 Whether government funded rehabilitation facility works better than a private
one?
1.5 Structure of the dissertation
The paper isdivided into five parts: a) introduction, b) the literature review c) d)
research methodology and ethics, e) analysis of the findings and f) the conclusion
and recommended suggestions.
The first chapter illustrates summary on the topic of rehabilitation centres for
drug-abused patients, along with a illustration on drug abuse and its brunt in brief.
The chapter consists ofthe research aims, objective and questions on which the
research would centre on.

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
The Literature review of the dissertation would present a short illustration of
the topic with the problems related to it. It would state about the individual
rehabilitation amenities and their administration, their boon and bane, the special
services offered by them, their cost efficacy and other symbolic facts that are
mandatory to be illustrated for constituting a clear comparable survey about the
confidential and the governance funded rehabilitation centres.
Research procedure and criteria would help the analyser examine into the
entity using various methodology and exploration procedure for gathering data and
instruction, bear out the analysis and terminating the paper.
Inquiry the discoveries would support the researcher to inquiry the material
that is examined in the literature review portion by the help of the different research
techniques. The gathered information would be investigated by way of applying
purposeful investigation process and themes.
Lastly, the Conclusion and Recommendation section sums up the whole
paper and would strongly states the objective of the research. It confirms a firm
conclusive statement for the dissertation. In addition, it would try the level best to
provide particular recommendations for providing a better facility service or rehabs
centre for the drug-abused victims.
1.6 Summary
The research paper is about the comparative analysis between private
rehabilitation centre and the government financed centres, in context to drug abuse
in the United Kingdom. Drug abuse affects not just the individual and his family but
also has adversely impact on the society, both in terms of cultural, political and cost
effective scenario of the country. This chapter hence lays down a background of the

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research topic that consists of the aim and objectives of the research. To further add
in this chapter addresses the research problem and the research question along with
the coveted structure of the dissertation, which is significant to advance further in the
research work.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Overview
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Overview
The researcher introduces us to the variety of substance abuse in the United
Kingdom. It is essential to first know what substance abuse is and then find out its causes and
impacts in UK. As the research progresses, the study will be focused on the various kinds of
professional help that can be sought by a patient of substance abuse in the United Kingdom,
including governmental, non-governmental, and private rehabilitation centres. Other than
these, vital roles are also being played by social workers and care givers by providing suitable
treatment to the patients. Finally, the chapter will deal the data of rate of successful treatment
of substance abuse as well as its prevention in the country.
2.1 Substance Abuse in UK
According to Giraudon et al (2013), substance abuse is defined as misusing of both
legal and illegal drugs which affects the human brain by causing hallucination if it crosses the
prescribed limit. It includes both legal and illegal drugs and alcohol in its category.
According to Rhemtulla et al. (2016), substance abuse also means misusing of drugs like
Cannabis, LSD, heroin, cocaine, ecstasy as well as those drugs that are prescribed by doctors.
According to Compton and Nora (2016), consumption of legal drugs, even under innocent
conditions will be considered as a substance abuse.

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In maximum cases, the abused is forced to use the drug, making substance abuse
voluntary which leads to addiction or dependency. It can, without a doubt, ruin an
individual’s physical and mental health which can cause accident, injury, sudden anger or can
be dangerous for the abused or others around him/her. It can cause various problems like
kidney failure, problems in liver functioning, affects the brain and can cause problems to the
mental health. According to Smith et al. (2013), substance abuse leads to losing control of the
substance which affects the physical and psychological factors of the subject. Depending on
the substance heavily and regularly can lead to addiction or psychological dependence. The
subject is forced to use the substances at particular intervals of time to experience more
intense emotions of anxiety, calmness, freedom and self-confidence, although different
individuals may experience different kinds of emotions. It is said that an individual has to be
dependent on the substances physically on the substances for his daily functioning, which if
he does not, his body would begin to show withdrawal symptoms, unless he uses the
substances again. One of the reasons w an individual uses these drugs is to act as stress, pain
and tiredness reliever.
According to Sneddon et al. (2015), government and non-government organizations
can look to the problems of substance abuse issues by providing different type of services for
substance abuse subjects. However, it is said that it can be difficult to identify cases of
addiction and treating it properly.
2.1.1 Kinds of Substance abuse in UK
As mentioned by Segal, George and Jerome (2018), it is essential to categorize
different types of subject abuse in order to know more about its causes and impacts. These
are:

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 Prescription medicines, prescribed by doctors being used more than necessary or
being used by an individual whom they were not prescribed.
 Alcohol of various types.
 Novel psychoactive substances.
 Cannabis, LSD, heroin, cocaine and other drugs which are illegal.
 Glue, aerosols and other solvents.
 Amphetamines and Methamphetamines.
These substances mentioned above can serious effects on physical and mental health. Misuse
of alcohol can affect mental health severely which can be very difficult to treat. Cannabis is
said to be the most commonly used drug in the UK which every single in 20 adults have
accepted using. Excessive use of cannabis can lead to schizophrenia and psychosis depending
on whether it is being used since an individual was young, used more than necessary or for a
long time. Cocaine and heroin can cause depression, paranoia and sleeplessness which can
ultimately lead to dependency on these substances whereas Ecstasy can lead to depression
and anxiety. Other than physical and psychological factors, it can also increase criminal
activity and increase the prison service, and can also prove to be a threat for the nation and its
people.
2.1.2 Reasons For Substance abuse in UK
As mentioned by Weil, Corrigan and Karelina (2016), consuming forbidden substance
to a limit is not considered to be a substance abuse, it is only referred when regular use of the
substance leads to its dependency. This form of dependency reaches to such an extent that the
subject feels helpless if he does not consume these substances or shows withdrawal
symptoms. Different individuals have different opinions on the reasons for substance abuse.
According to Stocking et al. (2016), some people use them for pleasure while others use them

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for curiosity. While some others start using drugs for medical reasons, but very soon they
start overusing it based on the belief that it would give them more relief than normal and
ultimately starts depending on it. Although, it is not uncommon for people to use drugs to
escape the problems in their lives. Some of the reasons for substance abuse are as follows:
Curiosity
One of the main reasons for substance abuse is curiosity, which causes individuals to
experiment with forbidden substances. Basically, it starts from friends or family circle who
motivates the individual to use drugs for the first time.
Pleasure
Another reason for substance abuse is pleasure as using these substances motivates
the brain and influences individuals to use them more. Pleasure and relaxation is one of the
reasons for individuals using these substances which can affect physical and mental health.
Emotional Issues
Alcohol, drugs and other substances are known to be stress relievers which help
individuals to come out of stressful and problematic situations. According to Williams
(2017), this is another cause of substance abuse, stating that individuals who suffer from
personality disorders tends to use them so that they feel better.
Over usage of prescribed medicine
According to the research of Stockings et al. (2016), an individual using an illicit
substance once does not count as a substance abuse, it takes quite as long time to become
dependent on the substance. In the same way, a lot of patients become dependent on
medicines by overusing them as they gave relief and better result to the patients.
Social and peer Pressure

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
One of the main reasons among teenagers for substance abuse is peer pressure as they
feel pressure to indulge themselves in the group of other individuals. They are also forced
sometimes to use alcohol and drugs in schools or colleges as a form of bullying or ragging.
This ultimately results in many individuals indulging in forbidden substances for fun.
Sometimes, they also follow these trends to prove that they are not old fashioned or back
dated. According to Rondon et al. (2014), individuals who intend to use these substances are
often ignorant of the effect it has on them and their acquaintances.
Dependence
One of the final and ultimate cause that can cause substance abuse is dependency which can
cause an individual to involve in using harmful substances affecting the psychological health
of the individual. According to Watson et al. (2015), all of these substances are addictive, still
there are some which can cause more dependency on them than the others. As soon as an
individual starts getting dependent on a particular substance, it becomes difficult for him to
stop from consuming it or otherwise it would cause withdrawal syndrome in them which
includes anxiety, paranoia or other psychological and physical problems.
Apart from these reasons, others that can cause misuse or abuse like getting influenced by
movies or documentaries, work pressure, stress, poverty etc.
2.1.3 Consequences of Substance abuse in UK
Due to increasing amount of drug abuse in UK, it was once known as the addiction
capital of Europe, before Brexit which is degrading the humankind to an extreme level.
According to the information provided by Centre for Social Justice, substance abusers who
can buy expensive products often indulge themselves in first class drugs like heroin, crack
cocaine, LSD, club drugs or Meth, Salvia and Green Rolex for the purpose of recreation.
According to the latest report by the Centre for Social Justice UK, the most used drug for all

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
is heroin while youngsters prefer to use NPS (Novel Psychoactive Substances) according to
Justice (2019).
According to the survey report for crime in UK by Ons.gov.uk 2019, it costs around 15
billion pounds for substance abuse when it is viewed from an economic perspective. This
survey also reports that during 2016 to 2019, 8.5% of people around 16 to 59 years old have
indulged in substance abuse resulting in around 2.8 million people in UK itself as stated by
Ons.gov.uk 2019. Substance abuse is also degrading the society apart from economic change
in the country and the cultural and moral values of the people. It is one of the reason that has
broken several homes, increased criminal activities in the country and has caused debt and
unemployment problems as these victims of substance abuse goes through such unnatural
behaviours that cause them to involve into the these conditions. It should also be noted that
substance abuse not only damages the individual but also destroys the lives the individual’s
family members as well as his/her near and dear ones.
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 refers to deaths caused by misuse of drugs as the deaths
which occurs due to poisoning by drugs or depending on drugs regularly. In the last decade,
the number of deaths due to substance abuse has increased in the UK. Causes of deaths of
substance abusers includes accidents, suicide, assault and other health related problems like
poisoning and dependence on illicit substances. According to the report by Public Health
England, the drugs that caused most deaths due to overuse and poisoning are heroin and
usage of morphine. According to Gomes et al. (2014), deaths by substance abuse has
increased doubly during the last decade in the UK. As per the statistics reported by Home
Office in 2017, its mentioned that substance abuse has increased by 10.3% which has led to
the increase in death due to drugs by 14.9% as compared to the last year, as stated by
ONS.gov.uk 2019

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Figure 1: Impact of Substance Abuse in
UK
(Source: Orford et al. 2013)
Apart from the increased number of deaths because of substance abuse, has led to
more criminal activities and these needs to be taken into consideration as well. Other than
criminal activities, the use of substance abuse has also increased the rate of drug related
infectious diseases as the abusers take them through syringes and share them with each other.
According to the survey by different agencies in UK, infectious diseases caused by blood has
become common in UK as mentioned by Ons.gov.uk (2019).
Therefore, in order to avoid serious negative effects of substance abuse, one needs to
take preventive measures that can stop the causes that leads to substance abuse by offering
various kinds of effective treatment and other facilities to substance abuse patients through
various government and non-government systems and organizations.
2.2 Professional help to prevent substance abuse in UK
According to the report by World Health Organization (2014), drug and alcohol abuse
can be prevented by forming a number of policies, regulations and rehabilitation centre
systems. According to While, White and Hingson (2013), forming strict rules, policies and
regulations would not be successful unless substance smuggling and trade can be better
checked and controlled. Serious punishments and strict rehabilitation centres might provide a

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
solution. Both government funded and private r funded by Department ehabilitation centres
needs to make changes in their working methods so that they can provide better service to
their clients.
2.2.1 Government funded Rehabilitation centres
The biggest health website of UK is The National Health Services (NHS) which
provides information about health related issues funded by Department of Health and Social
Care (DHSC) of the government of UK. It helps to provide social care services for a reduced
amount for those who need it as mentioned by (nhs.uk 2019). Other than that they also offer
free services at various times. Although, it is known that free services does not work well in
maximum cases. There are certain conditions that they must understand before taking free
services from the NHS.
Treatment Plan
Under a list of rules on which the NHS work, it becomes quite difficult to treat
individual patients for the rehab centres. These centres lack the system of providing various
treatment and programs to patients as different patients suffer from different problems as they
come from different background. Thus if an individual wants to take help from NHS
registered rehabs, then that individual must compromise with the existing programs.
Waiting Time
The increase in demand of the free services provided by the NHS is causing
difficulties for people as they have to wait for a long time to get the treatment. Other than
this, there are cases where individuals discontinue with the NHS services as there are long
waiting time and oversubscription by people which results in less resources. As a result,
waiting for long time and not enough resources in the NHS makes government funded rehabs
unappreciated most of the time.

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Residential Treatment
Earlier, NHS used to provide residential treatment services in which patients were
taken into admission by the rehabilitation centres which offered them treatment. However,
with the increase in demand of these types of services and non-availability of proper
resources, they no longer provide residential treatment for the patients.
2.2.2 Private Rehabilitation centres
Patients who discontinue NHS services due to long time waiting and lack of available
resources have no other option than to approach the private rehabilitation centres due to
emergency. These are definitely not free and are quite expensive in charging for treatment
and post treatment programs follow up programs. Although the cost may vary between
different private rehabilitation centres, the treatment methods and programs may be the same.
Most private rehabilitation centres are residential which allows the patients to stay
together and share experiences with each other. Most basic rehabilitation centres would
charge a few hundred pounds while the luxurious ones would charge a few thousand pounds.
However, in spite of being expensive, private rehabilitation centres are more preferred as they
provide personal care with various treatment and therapy programs. It is said that residential
treatments provided by private rehabilitation centres are more effective because of the
following reasons:
Specific and Penalised programs for patients
Private rehab centres provide more effective treatment programs than those provided
by government rehab centres. In addition, the NHS deals with treatment of every problem of
a p[articular patient whereas private centres provide their services to substance abuse patients
by concentrating on a particular issue of the patient and providing programs that would help
the patient to recover from addiction. Private clinics provide better quality services to patients

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
as they have less work compared to government centres due to them being expensive. As a
result, these good quality treatment and attention to the patients increases their service and
chance of recovery for the patients in private rehabilitation centres as compared to the
government ones.
Distraction free environment in residential facility
Often, it is found that private rehabilitation centres are located in rural or suburban
areas where there are lesser chances of distraction. This disturbance free atmosphere helps the
patients to gain healthy mental state of their mind and allows them to focus on the positive
sides of their lives rather than them being negative, paranoid, anxious and stressed every
time. One of the best aspect of such an environment is that it allows the patients to sleep nice
as there are less disturbance which helps them to overcome their anxiety and sleeplessness
problems. While it is true that government rehabilitation centres are located in the cities
where it would be easier for people to reach, those are always crowded, packed and noisy.
This is one of the reasons why private rehabs are preferred over government ones.
Group Support
Private rehab centres help the patients to learn from each otrher’s mistakes. It is said
that sharing personal stories and experiences had been beneficial for the patients.
A few private treat centres are given below along with their treatment methods for the
patients. These are as follows:
a) UK Addiction Treatment Centres (UKAT) offer various kinds of substance abuse
programs which includes luxurious rehabs with rooms, always present medical unit as
well as treatment unit costing low. They offer their own form of treatment program
for the patients aiming for their quick recovery for a long term. Their therapy
programs motivates individuals to make positive choices through addiction treatment

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programs, group therapy, counselling and other activity with the help of trained staff
members. UKAT offers various programs to cure substance abuse ranging from
alcohol and drug addiction treatment to prevention and behavioural therapy.
b) Rehab Recovery They are another private organization offering treatment for
addictions of substances like marijuana, cocaine, heroin, meth as well as other legal
substances like alcohol, prescribed medicines and other health related issues
according to Extra Digital (2019)
c) Addiction Recovery Centre They are another organization that helps individuals
after getting rid of their addiction problems according to Addiction Recovery Centre –
ARC – Drug and Alcohol Rehab Centre in Portsmouth (2019). They found some
reasons for problems in substance abuse rehab centres in UK for use of old
technologies that were written back in 1935 to help heal their patients based on
religious principles as stated by Addiction Recovery Centre – ARC – Drug and
Alcohol Rehab Centre in Portsmouth (2019). These strategies never really work as
they cause a more negative thought on the patients although the patients in truth, are
suffering from a particular disease which can be cured by treatment with time.
2.2.3 Role of Charitable Rehabilitation Centres
National Health Society has been overloaded with many applications and there are
very less rooms for patients to seek government-funded rehabilitation help and support for
their treatment programmes. But, not many know that there is also another type of free
rehabilitation which provides treatment for substance abuse free of charge. According to UK
Rehab (2019), there are various Charitable Organisations both within and outside UK that are
funding the treatment of substance abuse patients with utmost dedication and care for no cost.
They can be supportive of certain religious or social groups or may also be completely

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
secular depending upon one rehab to another and their specific policy and mission as stated
by UK- rehab.com (2019).
When it comes to the charitable rehabs, the patient gets more chances to have access
to various quality detoxification programs, psychotherapeutic treatments and personalised
care and treatment plan absolutely free of charge. At the same time, it is also true that the
availability of the services alike the government – funded rehabs, depends upon the
demanding and funding process. Therefore, sometimes it becomes a lot difficult to get help
from the charitable rehabs
as well. But still, the charitable rehabs are proving to be better and efficient than the
government funded rehabs on several parameters.
Although free charitable rehabs works for some, they are also ineffective for others.
Since it can be very difficult to look for a free charitable rehab near to one’s locality or area,
many times Community based rehabilitation organisations are very much mentioned for
certain patients who are in utmost need. As stated by the UK Rehab (2019)., Alcoholics
Anonymous and Nar Conon are few common community based substance abuse rehabs that
helps the misusers by group participating and supporting for the local community. They also
try to serve and help the victims with whatever is available at their centres.
2.3 Summary
Thus we find that in this chapter, the researcher has done an extensive research on the
earlier existing methods of researches of the scholars and other researchers, which are the
substantial data and the information which depends upon this paper. The researcher also finds
out the concept of substance abuse as discussed by the other researchers along with its
various types, causes and impacts. Further into the research, the researcher majorly focuses
on the study of the research topic to discuss the comparative study on the government funded

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rehabilitation centres with the private ones. This chapter will also discuss many other
facilities that substance abused patients may can get help from, for the treatment and post
recovery follow-up, other than the government funded rehabs and the private rehabs.
Chapter 3: Research Procedure and Ethics
3.0 Overview
This section will discuss about certain procedural techniques & tools that is
critical while carrying forward the study. Amongst diverse tools and varying
proposals of methodology, the examiner principally remarks the definite study
viewpoint, method, scheme, policy, data assembly procedure and data scrutiny
procedure which are used to fulfil the purpose and the objective of the study. In
addition to the existing research, the investigator highlights the study integrity and
the numerous complications that approached laterallywhile studying the topic in
consideration. Hence, the subsequent methodological techniques have aided the
investigator to examine all the facilities of the government-subsidised
rehabilitationsolutions and the isolated rehabilitationsolutions and induce an
assumption concerning the one that assists well.
3.1 Research Outline
In this research paper, the investigator necessitates to put the interpretivism
attitude, an inferential style and an eloquent investigation design. The researcher
picks such study methodologies purposely, in order to reach the goal and purposes
effectively. Furthermore, detail case-study system has been selected as the study
stratagem for it provides the broader room to reconnoitre the subject of the research
by the assistance of secondary sources of data collection. Secondary sources

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includes books, articles, governmental websites, official site of a particular
organisations and some other genuine and peer-reviewed bases which help to
collect precise &appropriate evidence for the study. Thus, the aforementioned
investigation procedures, information gathering, and examination approaches would
aid the examiner to convey out the thematic study of the discoveries.
3.2 Research Philosophy
Positivism, rationality and interpretivism are some of the usual study beliefs
which are used to carry forward the research investigations. Positivism promotes the
use of logical attitude to perform the research, which in turn helps in being definite
that the information casted are usable, appropriate and precise (Neuman 2013).
Interpretivism enables bearing in mind the analyses and opinion of different other
examiners on similar themes that have been studied about and hence aids the
investigator validate the results of the study. Additionally, rationality is nothing but a
combination of positivism and interpretivism (Mackey and Gass 2015).
For this purpose of research, the research has implemented Interpretivism
for carrying out the qualitative investigation relating to the government-funded rehabs
and non-governmental rehabs in framework for helping the drug-abused victims.
(Taylor, Bodgan and DeVault 2015).
3.3 Research Approach
There are two main approaches for carrying out the research namely
Inductive method and inferential method.As far as inductive method is concerned,
the examiner develops novel ideas and philosophies which aids in sustenance of the

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research (Lewis 2015). Nonetheless, it includes likelihood of developing flawed
philosophies built on interpretations which are yet to be recognized as correct. On
other hand, the inferential method aids the examiner to infer the conclusion and
observation of the predating studies of several researchers that have been verified
previously (Vaioleti 2016).
In this research paper, the inferential technique is used to examine the
already remaining researches and the case-studies of the examiners and professors
that have already long-established to be right and precise. Information and studies
on the topic facilities both governmental and non-governmental rehabilitation
solutions can be reserved into contemplation for analysing the pre-existing
researches on the subject. It aids the investigator perceive and analyse the facts and
numerical information which are accessible to the matter. This would also assist the
researcher to achieve the objective and aim of the study with more efficiency and
accuracy.
3.4 Research Design
Illustrative, exploratory and vivid are few of the commonly used source
designs that enable the investigator to perform correct and actual research work.
Illustrative research process emphases in explicating the diverse phenomenon which
are included in the course of piloting an investigation (Flick 2015). Illustrative
research method supports an investigator to describe and set forth explanations for
the presence of the aspects which are existing in the investigation, which is the
related data collected by the investigator while studying writings in the next chapter.
Nonetheless, exploratory design method provides the investigator an opportunity to

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discover the uncharted vistas including the likely concerns associated with the
research theme, hence, serving to figure out the limitations of the study which are
not yet discovered by the other investigations and hence, it is researched by the
researcher. (Panneerdelvam 2014).
For this study, vivid research design method has been selected as the
investigation design on which the researcher relies on to it to be the best suited for
the objective of this research study. It is an amalgam of illustrative and research
design method, which empowers the study to discover new vistas of the investigation
theme and find out the research limitations in the current studies along with
highlighting sufficient rationalizations and clarifications to back-up the situations, or
variables existing in the investigation (Smith 2015). Vivid design process will aid the
investigator to examine how the government sponsored rehab centres work in a way
superior to the private ones in context of caring for the substance-abuse patients.
Vivid design method will aid in finding the research gap wherever the present
investigators miss the mark to validate or examine the variance in attention provided
by the two dissimilar setup of rehabs (Smith 2015).
3.5 Research Strategy
Certain research techniques which allows investigators to attain the optimal
outcome in examining their conclusions are i) interview system, ii) survey, iii) action
study and iv) case-study process. In case of study strategy, the investigator obtains
an opportunity to forecast and deduce the forthcoming incidences in situation of the
variables or occurrence, which exist in the investigation. Interview research analysis
allows the investigator carry out private interview sittings in which the examiner and

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
the candidate gets into the communication, hence supporting the investigator to
gather applicable insights from the candidate. While, survey research method allows
the investigator to gather info from a bigger population, crowd or bulk of people, thus
empowering the investigator to practice an examination, and afterwards make a
decision grounded on such investigation (Ledford and Gast 2018).
For this research study, the investigator has designated the case study
research strategy as it would permit the investigator to investigate and discuss to
diverse case-studies which are relatable to the investigation theme (Roberts 2013).
In this study, the investigator would gaze for diverse case-studies concerning
substance abuse and its diverse methods of rehabilitation, by this means
establishing an indication concerning their amenities and facilities in the next chapter
which would be grounded on the examination of the discoveries (Bauer 2014).
Moreover, case-study strategy method would aid the investigator to back up the
evidence which has been composed in Literature Review, concerning substance
abuse, its origins, its effect and the contrast among the governmental funded rehab
with the non-governmental funded rehab. Evaluation of case-studies helped the
investigator to draw a superior decision and hence articulating much better
commendations.
3.6 Data Collection Process
For conducting a research there are two important primary means of
accumulating data which are Primary mode of data collection and secondary mode
of data collection. In primary method, the researcher collects the unfiltered and the
most recent data from different set of people who willingly agree to participate in

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
order to carry onward the research through their personal experiences (Gale et al.
2013). Analysing the research aims and the objectives, the researchers accumulate
the information from different individuals or from a large population based on their
opinion. In secondary method, the facts and details are collected from various
secondary sources such as books, articles, official websites of any particular
organisation, governmental websites, official newspapers and internet triggered
information which is precise, authentic and relevant with the determination of the
research(Reynolds et al. 2014).
Analysing the requirement of the investigation, the secondary mode of data
collection is considered to be the finest method for collecting the necessary
information and data (Dang and Pheng 2015). It helps the researcher to collect the
required details from publications, articles, newspapers, governmental websites and
other official website of a particular organisation which will provide necessary data
concerning the substance abuse in UK, roots of the abuse, effect and the relative
analysis study in amongst the governmental and non-governmental rehabilitation.
3.7 Data Analysis Process
The mains techniques of data analysis process include Qualitative data study
and quantitative data study. In qualitative study process, the researcher analyse the
standard of the research topic or the value of research gap. The process of
qualitative data analysis process assists the researcher to deprecatory examine the
information which has been taken from secondary sources (Novikov and Novikov
2013). Numbers and statistical information are used in case quantitative data
analysis process for analysing the data that has been assessed. Quantitative data

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
analysis process also assists in interpreting the analytical data and figures with
judgement and justification.
Analysing the requirement of the research, the investigator has selected
qualitative data analysis process which would support the researcher to estimate
the excellence of the facilities delivered by the government. It is very significantto
recognize the superiority of the two rehabilitation centres by the researcher in order
to provide it to the constituent abuse patients. In Qualitative data method supports
the investigator to arrange themes which are applicable to the purposes &goals of
the following study, as projected in chapter 1 which is introduced of the following
study and thus analysing the accumulated documents with the help of secondary
means.
3.8 Ethical Consideration
It is significant for the investigator to fulfilthe moral standards of leading an
investigation so that the legitimacy and accuracy of the result can be claimed by the
investigator. Data privacy is well-thought-out as the supreme ethical considerations
in reference to the cotext.(Cacciattolo 2015). The documents and data collected over
a given span of time in the form of literature review should be reserved as
confidential and it should also be sheltered from being damaged or disclosed under
any circumstances, as it would finish the legitimacy of the research work. In
secondary source of data collection, it is necessary to gather appropriate and correct
data from different reliable and trustworthy sources. Precision of data will confirm
that the researcherswould willingly validate and agree to take the research.
Data manipulation should be restricted while writing a research paper with
chief importance as it would abolish the freshness and legitimacy of the research

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
study on which the investigator has invested all his hard work and time (Connelly
2014). The statistics and evidence which is gathered by the investigator must be
used for educational determination only. The data gathered from the secondary
means like books, articles and authentic issued papers of any other investigator
should not be recycled for profitable purpose as it would be unlawful and would go
against the ethical considerations. Conversely, when a previous research work has
been denoted in the future research, the investigator must recognize the referred or
quoted research work, otherwise plagiarism will be detected, which in turn will
destroy the legitimacy of the research and also will violate the research ethics.
3.9 Accessibility Issues
While leading the research, the investigator had to face some difficulties, in
case of compliance to the ethical concerns. Difficultiessuch as time restrictions and
restricted budget were some serious concern while leading the research.
Additionally, different official websites of particular organization were blocked or were
enquiring for subscription or payments for opening the website and analysing the
data and statistics from them. The research work was hindered as the researchers
were unable to subscribe to such legal official websites for gathering information
from such expensive sources due to their limited budget for conducting the
research.Though such sources provide the researcher with exact information
concerning substance misuse and also its therapy facilitated by the governmental
and non-governmental rehabs.
3.10 Summary
Thus, in this section (Summary) of research methodology, the investigator
chose different set of specific methodological tools and systems which will facilitate

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in leading the research with more accuracy and efficiency. The above stated
investigation strategy, plan, documents collection method and data examination
process has assisted the investigator to understand the predominant variances
among the different arrangement of rehabilitation amenities which are fighting in
contrast to substance abuse in UK. These investigation methodologies have also
assisted the investigator to join the pre-decided investigation purpose and the
objectives which would support the researcher to recognize the object, effect and the
healthier management facility for substance of misuse patients.
Chapter 4: Analysis of the Findings
4.0 Overview
The data that has been collected over the previous Chapters is analysed
through the paragraphs of this Chapter. The scope of substance abuse across various premises
are analysed – what leads to substance abuse, the effects of substance abuse and measures
that can be adopted to prevent the same. The available measures discussed in this thesis are
limited to the United Kingdom. Various methodologies for data collection and assimilation
have been elaborately discussed in Chapter 3 and the same have been applied in the
collection of relevant and pertinent information as under Chapter 2. The use of statistical data
and case studies have aided the researcher in their work by adapting the method of thematic
analysis. This method gives the researcher the opportunity to compare and contrast the two
given variables. The structure of the Analysis prioritises the themes on which data is
collected, collated and compared by the researcher.
4.1 Theme 1: Effects of substance abuse on the society in UK

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A profound and negative effect is felt across various aspects of society, economy,
family life and employment scenarios. Rehm et al (2013) points out the magnitude of the
burden of substance abuse that is borne by the country as a whole. A sum of money
equivalent to £21 billion is allocated and vested on developing policies to prevent and treat
substance abuse along with developing policies that are aimed at preventing and reducing
criminal activities. His articles also highlight that a large portion of the population in the, UK
as much as 10.8 million people are currently indulging in activities that amount to substance
abuse.
The detrimental affects of using addictive substances are not limited to a social level
but has a huge impact on the person, specifically their mental and physical well-being. The
use and more so the abuse of substances does not limit its impact only on society or only on
the individual, its impact is widespread and can be felt across various sectors. Orford et al.
(2013), has emphasised on the mental aspects of prolonged addiction to substances such as
drugs and alcohol. They have a direct relationship with disorders like paranoia, anxiety,
depression, split personality disorder, schizophrenia and several other disorders that relate to
mental health. Out of all the instances of suicide between 2002-2011 about 45% can be
intrinsically linked to and have a direct connection with prolonged substance use (Schifano
(2014). The data that has been made available by the centre of Social Justice UK brings to the
forefront the large number of patients that suffer from various mental illnesses as a result of
substance abuse, that amount to 44% of their total number of patients, that comprise of both
indoor and outdoor patients. The consumption of alcohol has also contributed towards the
escalation of premature death rates (Justice 2019).
The impact of substance abuse on physical health is manifold, where they contribute
towards the deterioration of several organs such as the heart, liver, mouth, pancreas, stomach
along with affecting one’s immunity and exposing them to infectious diseases. A different

34
GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
perspective is projected by Williams et al. (2014) which relates the consumption of alcohol to
health benefits. Specifically, reduction of certain health issues related to the heart is linked
with drinking 14 units of alcohol. This information must be considered with caution, as it
does not discuss the benefits of substance abuse but merely projects the benefit of
consumption of a specific quantity of alcohol.
4.2 Theme 2: Comparison of government-funded rehabilitation centres
and private rehabilitation centres (rehabs) in UK
The rise in the number of deaths in government rehabilitation centres, which
might have occurred as a result of negligence on their part has led to an 18% reduction in the
funds that are allocated to such centres. The private rehabilitation centres have accused the
government centres of negligence and leaving their patients unattended that has contributed
towards the increased deaths, such acts have contributed towards a reduction of £162 million
from the budget of the government centres. The same has been reduced from £877 million
between 2013-2014 to £716 million between 2017-2018 (BBC News 2019) (UK Addiction
Treatment Centres 2019). The government funded centres claim to provide free services
while also maintaining a reduced waiting time and an exceptional quality of their services.
However, statistics show that instances of poisoning from drug use has increased
exponentially from 2734 deaths in 2013 to 3450 deaths in 2016 (BBC News 2019). The
reports have suggested a steady increase over a decade in the number of deaths that are
caused because of drug use.
Mel Curtis, along with being an exemplary role model who has battled her addiction
with both alcohol and cocaine brings to the forefront the gaps that exist within the health care
system, that involves general physicians and government-funded centres. A general physician
is limited by their inexperience and lack of specialization to adequately help a patient dealing

35
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with substance abuse, similarly the government-funded rehabilitation centres despite their
skill, do not have sufficient resources and funds to meet the increasing demands of the
patients admitted with substance abuse. (BBC News 2019).
Figure 2: Inclination of deaths that are related with drugs from 2006-2016 in UK
[Source: Office of National Statistics (BBC News 2019)]
The decline of funds to government-funded rehabilitation centres will adversely affect the
patients in urgent need of free help to cope with their addiction problems, pointed out the
UKAT’s founder. A large number of patients who come from less fortunate economic
conditions and backgrounds are unable to avail private facilities and must bank on those
centres that are funded by the government (BBC News 2019). When the need is high,
patients are forced to arrange for sufficient funds that meet the expenses of the expensive
private facilities, this scenario is only beneficial for these private centres but financially drain
the patient and their families. The statistics however have shown a decline in the interest and

36
GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
initiative expressed by individuals towards NHS’s services that relate to substance abuse
(BBC News 2019).
4.3 Theme 3: challenges and success of the different rehabs
The challenges faced by both the government and private rehabilitation centres and
their subsequent successes are comparable as per the Centre for Drug and Alcohol Studies at
the University of Delaware(Cdhs.udel.edu 2019). The services provided by government
centres no matter how good and efficient are still not at par with those provided by the private
sector. The private institutions due to the increased availability of funds are able to develop
more affective treatment methods and processed and provide affective counselling and
detoxing programs that are suited for their patients. These have a positive impact on the long-
term effects of these treatments.
The aspects in which Government funded rehabilitation centres are better equipped
1. Low cost
The services provided by these centres are a cost much lower than those by private
centres. One of the factors that contribute towards this disparity are the provisions made
for boarding (Addiction Helper 2019). Unavailability of beds clubbed with high waiting
time make it difficult for most patients to avail these services.
2. Qualified Professionals
The best and most qualified doctors and medical practitioners are selected from across
the nation to make up the teams that function within the government funded rehabilitation
centres. As the motivation for their work is not money they contribute towards some of
the ground-breaking research and inventions (Luxury.rehabs.com 2019).
3. Commitment of accountability

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The government centres take full responsibility for all their patients. Such
responsibility transgresses their lack of resources, lengthy process or other limitations and
the patients are prioritised. The increased responsibility also increases the accountability
that the government centres have towards all their patients. The reverse applies to private
Centres, where they hold no responsibility once the patient leaves their premises
(Luxury.rehabs.com 2019).
The success rate of private centres between 60-80% (as projected by the NHS study
on National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse in 2012) supersedes that of
Government ones (Uk-rehab.com 2019).
4.4 Summary
The analyses of the available data involving government and private rehabilitation
centres has revealed the nature of services and rate of success of these centres. The
government centres are falling back in certain aspects, mainly in their success rate and follow
up schemes. The government funded centres must be commended on their efforts and
attempts to provide exceptional services and care for all their patients even after they leave
the facility. Their efficiency is however affected adversely as they are constantly
overburdened by the increasing number of patients and must continue to provide best services
within limited resources. The declared reduction of funds from 2018-2019 for government
funded rehabilitation centres would only contribute towards making the situation worse. The
private rehabilitation centres provide extravagant and lavish facilities in return for the
exorbitant fee that they charge (Uk-rehab.com 2019).
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

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GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
5.0 Overview
The report will be concluding the research topic on the various rehabilitation centres.
The findings from the research topic shows how substance abuse affects the society. Both the
Government as well as the Private rehabilitation centres try to give their best to serve the
people. The report compares both the Government as well as the Private rehabilitation centres
and produce and outcome that which one is the best. It thus therefore concludes along with
few recommendations which will be further researched by the future researchers.
5.1 Conclusion
Therefore from the above discussion we can conclude the study has researched on the
objectives for which the Government rehabilitation centres are not able to provide their best
where as we can see that the Private rehabilitation centres take better care of the patients. It
may be a little expensive but they provide their patients with proper facilities and also in a
well-organized manner. As discussed in the chapter 4 the Private Rehabilitation centres
works in a more organized manner than the Government ones.
5.2 Recommendation
The last objective was to provide few better Rehabilitation centres for the substance
abused people. There are few organizations in UK which provide free of cost treatment to the
people and they also take proper care. At times when people do not get proper rehabilitation
centres around they seek help from the Government rehabilitation centres, which fully runs
on funding as well as demands.
5.3 Scope for future research
There is a very big scope for the future researchers to research on the topic relating to
substance abuse and various rehabilitation centres. There are also few organizations where

39
GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
people can go and have a proper treatment and also remove various kinds of drugs abused
people and bring them to a very normal and proper life.

40
GOVERNMENT VERSUS PRIVATE: REHABILITATION IN THE UK
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Appendix
Figure 1: Impact of Substance Abuse in UK
Figure 2: Inclination of drug related deaths from 2006-2016 in UK