Relationship Between Cancer and Tobacco in Australia

This research project aims to analyze the impact of tobacco on cancer in Australia, highlighting the need for awareness and preventive measures. Qualitative and quantitative research methods will be employed to gather data and draw conclusions.

HI6008 Assignment 2
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Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
Project Objective.................................................................................................................................4
Project Scope.......................................................................................................................................5
Research Design and Methodology....................................................................................................9
Qualitative research........................................................................................................................9
Quantitative research....................................................................................................................11
Research Limitations.........................................................................................................................13
Time Schedule....................................................................................................................................14
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................15
References..........................................................................................................................................16
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Introduction
At the present time, it has been analyzed that tobacco is the biggest cause of loss of lives of
many people. It has been determining that there are various issues and problems that have
been faced by the individual in terms of the health by using tobacco. The death rates in the
country are increasing rapidly due to the frequent use of the tobacco and smoking products.
Cancer and tobacco both are very much related to each other. The maximum people in the
nation is affected by cancer and this is influencing their living as well. The major issue for
such problem is that the people are not aware of the actual things that using tobacco products
are very injurious to their health. Due to this, the people are consuming the heavy amount of
tobacco which is affecting and destroying their parts of the body.
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Project Objective
The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between cancer and tobacco in Australia. It
is very necessary for the nation to take in consideration about the different things, they are as
below-
 To evaluate the impact of tobacco in Australia.
 To determine the effect of cancer on the life of people.
 To examine the relationship between cancer disease and use of tobacco.
 To provide suggestion to resolve the issues.
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Project Scope
The scope of the chosen topic is very wide and is expanded all over the world. The project
will help the people of the nation to understand the adverse effect of tobacco consumption
along with that the people of the nation will also be able to know the ways which will help in
overcoming the issues. This will help the organisations which are carrying out the activities
in the field of health and safety, as they come to know the areas which are needed to be
focused more.
The data that will be collected in this study will provide a proper guidance to the researchers
and they will be able to enhance their skills and knowledge in an effective manner. The
information will be used by the investigators as well as this can be used for the future purpose
as well. There are various issues and problems related to health that will be able to get
resolved as awareness will be created among the people of the society. The plans can be
made and produced in an effective manner to overcome the issues and problems.
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Literature Review
As asserted by Gaudet, et. al. (2013), in the nation the rate of smokers is very increasing day-
by-day, this has influenced the nation the population rate is adversely getting influenced and
the people are dying with pain and struggle. The people are getting badly addicted to the use
of cigarettes which is having nicotine and tobacco salts in it, which is very unhealthy for the
people. As they start consuming it they are getting involved and are using it on regular basis,
which is influencing the health of the people in Australia. Along with that tumour/cancer is
getting produced in the body of people which at the end is leading to their death and affecting
their family members.
In accordance with Cancer council (2012), there are various plans and strategies has to be
introduced by the government of the nation which is very necessary for helping the people
with health-related issues. The awareness is the biggest issue, the people are not aware of the
fact that the tobacco is really affecting the body parts of them and is leading to a position
where they die. The rate of death in the nation is consistently increasing and is affecting the
people as they are not having the knowledge about the aspect that consuming higher rates of
such product will cause cancer to them.
In accordance to Warren, et. al. (2013), it is very essential for the nation’s government to
introduce several tools like the street plays and skit program where the people are informed
the ill-effects of the use of tobacco. This will help them know about this and it will help the
people to get safe from death and other health-related issues. The cancer rates can also be
able to get reduced if the people will be able to know the impact of the use of tobacco. It is
very essential for the people to understand all these things unless they themselves are
affecting their living. There are various benefits that will be able to get attained by the people
as well as the nation’s government. The nation will be able to protect and safeguard the
people. This will help the nation to protect and to overcome the issue that people are facing
and will make a healthy and safe environment. The healthcare centres in the nation will also
be able to know the immediate actions to be taken to protect the patients suffering from
cancer.
Hypothesis
H0- There is a positive impact of the use of tobacco and cancer in the life of people.
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H1- There is a very negative impact of tobacco and cancer in people’s life in Australia.
Gaps opportunity
The gaps that are been analyzed will be helping the researchers to take in consideration about
all these aspects which will influence the study. It is essential for the investigators to see all
the related information for the study unless the information will not be sufficient enough to
attain the aims and standards.
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Research Questions/Hypothesis
Primary Question
 What is the relationship between the tobacco and cancer?
Secondary Questions
 What is the influence of tobacco consumption on the life of people in Australia?
 How is cancer influencing the people in the society?
 How the government of the nation taking action to overcome the issues faced by
people?
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Research Design and Methodology
The research methods are the techniques which are used by the researchers of the study to
attain the effectiveness of the investigation (O’Brien, et. al., 2014). The research methods that
is very essential for the researchers to use is as below-
Qualitative research
The qualitative research method is the techniques which are used by the researchers to carry
out the study of the selected topic in a non-numerical manner (Sauro, 2013). There are some
steps that are to be taken into consideration while using the qualitative research, they are as
below-
 The first stage is where the researchers need to prepare the questions for the research
study which is defining about the tobacco users and cancer affected people.
 The second step of the research technique is to design the research study.
 The third stage of the qualitative research method, the data collection will be done.
 The data will be analyzed at the next stage of the method (Percy, et. al., 2015).
 The finding will be get generated at this stage where the researchers will get reach to
the actual situation of research.
 The theoretical framework of the study will be generated and created.
 From the theoretical framework, the researchers will be writing down.
Approaches to reliability and validity
The reliability and validity of the data and information that is been gathered with the help of
qualitative research technique are very effective. The information that will be attained is
assisting the researchers to reach the aim and set objectives of the topic. It is very essential
for the researchers to avail the data in a required and appropriate manner (Plonsky, 2014).
Sampling
Sampling is a different method of purposeful sampling and snowball sampling. This study is
very effective and will be using the random sampling method for the research (Silverman,
2016). Purposeful sampling will be considered in this research.
Sample size
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The sample size that has been chosen for this particular study of 30 participants. From these
people, the researchers will be collecting the information and data related to the issues and
questions. The rate of smokers and the number of people who are suffering from cancer
diseases. The information will be providing all the details about the relationship between
tobacco and cancer.
Data collection methods
The data collection is the method through which the investigators will be able to gather the
information and data which is best suitable for the study. There is two way that can be used
by the researcher to gather information that is primary as well as secondary sources. Surveys,
interviews and journals will be considered in this research.
Variable specification
The research subject will be depended upon some variables which are needed to be analyzed
and with its assistance they have to carry out the research study in the required manner. There
might be several elements which may have some impact on the study if it is been considered
in the required and appropriate manner. There are basically two variables in the study which
are having a direct link with the study (Smith, 2015).
Variables
1. Tobacco users- Independent variable.
2. Cancer patients- Dependent variable.
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Quantitative research
Quantitative Research Design Process-
 Determining the theories which are related to the tobacco users and cancer patients.
 The formulation of hypothesis. Where one will be positive another will be negative
showing impact of tobacco on the life of people.
 The preparation of research design which will help in attaining the relationship
between tobacco and cancer.
 Developing measuring concepts for understanding how the results are effective
(Plonsky, 2014).
 Choosing suitable respondents so that the accurate information about cancer patients
and tobacco consumers will be able to understand.
 Collecting the data from the chosen respondents to have an accurate data with the help
of Questionnaire as an instrument.
 Analysing all the gathered information with the help of numerical tools and statistical
formulas.
 Concluding and making the report.
Research instrument
The research instrument is a questionnaire that will be used in this research.
Quantitative Data Analysis Process
 Determining the issues such as accuracy in data, availability of all the information and
data.
 Models development is done through which the data can be able to analyzed
effectively with the use of statistical tools.
 Acquiring information from the collected sources.
 Producing relevant information by presentation or in report manner to the
management.
 Testing and analyzing the drawn remedies with the help of numerical techniques.
 Implementing the actual results (Levy and Lemeshow, 2013).
Sampling and sample size
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The sampling in the quantitative method is also done similar to the qualitative manner. The
sample of the population will be attained from the people randomly and the selected size for
the study is 100. With random sampling, 50 people will be selected. The respondents will be
responding to the several questions which are related to the relationship between tobacco and
cancer.
Interview & Questionnaire
Interview and questionnaire are the methods through which the data can be collected in an
effective and appropriate manner (Brinkmann, 2014). This is the primary source of the
method which is been used by researchers to gather relevant and appropriate sources. Along
with that, the use of journals and books will also be done to gather relevant data which is
related to tobacco and cancer.
Reliability and validity
The validity and reliability of the data that has been collected by the researchers with the help
of the quantitative method are very useful (LoBiondo-Wood and Haber, 2014). The data and
information that is been get attained by the investigators are very effective and responsible.
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Research Limitations
There are some aspect elements and aspects which are creating problems to the research-
Cost- The cost factors is one of the elements which is affecting the researchers to carry out
the study in the appropriate way (Campbell and Stanley, 2015).
Time- It is also an element which is affecting the research as this will take some time to carry
out the study but time is very limited.
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Time Schedule
Activities Particulars Weeks
A Setting aims and objectives 1
B Project plan 1
C Carrying out secondary
research
2
D Primary research 3
E Data analysis 2
F Recommendation 1
G Conclusion 1
Gantt chart
Task/Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
11 12
Setting aims and objectives
Project plan
Carrying out secondary research
Primary research
Data analysis
Recommendation
Conclusion
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Conclusion
From this proposal, it has been analyzed that there is a direct relationship between tobacco
and cancer and it is also having an adverse effect on the life of people in Australia. It has also
been analyzed that there are many side effects that is been faced by the people and which is
influencing the entire family as if any one of them is consuming the tobacco then every single
individual has to suffer from it.
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References
1. Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1008-
1010). Springer New York.
2. Campbell, D.T. and Stanley, J.C., 2015. Experimental and quasi-experimental
designs for research. Ravenio Books.
3. Cancer Council. 2012. Tobacco in Australia Facts & Issues. [Online]. Cancer Council.
Available at:
http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/downloads/chapters/Ch9_Disadvantage.pdf.
[Accessed on 18th January 2018].
4. Gaudet, M.M., Gapstur, S.M., Sun, J., Diver, W.R., Hannan, L.M. and Thun, M.J.,
2013. Active smoking and breast cancer risk: original cohort data and meta-
analysis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 105(8), pp.515-525.
5. Levy, P.S. and Lemeshow, S., 2013. Sampling of populations: methods and
applications. John Wiley & Sons.
6. LoBiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J., 2014. Reliability and validity. G. LoBiondo-Wood
& J. Haber. Nursing research. Methods and critical appraisal for evidencebased
practice, pp.289-309.
7. O’Brien, B.C., Harris, I.B., Beckman, T.J., Reed, D.A. and Cook, D.A., 2014.
Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of
recommendations. Academic Medicine. 89(9). pp.1245-1251.
8. Percy, W.H., Kostere, K. and Kostere, S., 2015. Generic qualitative research in
psychology. The Qualitative Report. 20(2). p.76.
9. Plonsky, L., 2014. Study quality in quantitative L2 research (1990–2010): A
methodological synthesis and call for reform. The Modern Language Journal. 98(1).
pp.450-470.
10. Sauro, J., 2013. 7 Steps to Conducting Better Qualitative Research. [Online].
Measuringu. Available at: https://measuringu.com/qualitative-steps/. [Accessed on
18th January 2018].
11. Silverman, D. ed., 2016. Qualitative research. Sage.
12. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods.
Sage.
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13. Warren, G.W., Kasza, K.A., Reid, M.E., Cummings, K.M. and Marshall, J.R., 2013.
Smoking at diagnosis and survival in cancer patients. International journal of
cancer, 132(2), pp.401-410.
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