Sustainable Tourism Development in Philippines

This assignment delves into the concept of sustainable tourism development with a focus on the Philippines. It explores the principles of sustainability across environmental, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions. The document analyzes the impact of tourism on the Philippines, outlining initiatives taken to ensure responsible and sustainable growth within the sector. Factors hindering sustainable development are also discussed, along with the importance of stakeholder involvement and awareness for achieving a balance between tourism benefits and environmental preservation.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P 1.1 How stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism developments............................1
P 1.2 Advantages and Disadvantage of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships....2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P 2.1 Features of tourism development planning at different levels...........................................4
P 2.2 Significance appeared with the application of interactive planning in tourism
development................................................................................................................................5
P 2.3 Methods for measuring Tourists Impact............................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P 3.1 Concept of sustainability in tourism..................................................................................7
P 3.2 Factors hindering sustainable tourism ..............................................................................7
P 3.3 Stages of Planning for sustainability..................................................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P 4.1 Methods of resolving the situation of conflicts................................................................9
P 4.2 Balancing Demand and Supply..........................................................................................9
P 4.3 Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism....................................................................10
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................11
P 5.1 Comparing the current issues of Croatia and Nepal........................................................11
P 5.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
In the current era of globalization, travel and tourism sector is considered as one of the
growing sector and thus people from all around the world prefer to travel to different destination
across globe. Main aim behind such travel is to explore nee tourist destination and try to make
positive impact upon environment, society and economy. Sustainable tourism is interconnected
with primary transportation, accommodation, entertainment and recreation facilities so that
tourism can be promoted within the country (Abu and et. al., 2012). Report assesses that
President of Philippine identifies that they need to improve the tourism industry of the country
and thus visited several tourist destination around the country. Thus, during her visit particular
image of underwater touching some coral branches impacts positively on developing sustainable
tourism. It also assesses that increasing tourism helps in increasing employment and income
opportunities within Philippines and thus its increases the economic growth of the country.
However, it also faces several challenges to the sustainable tourism development and thus it
expects Philippines to become an expected tourist destination through overcoming the negative
environment. Further, cited country aims to recognise the need to adopt new development
approaches in regard to develop tourist products i.e. environmental sensitivity and economic
viability.
TASK 1
P 1.1 How stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism developments
Through reviewing the scenario of the President of Philippines pictured underwater
image creates both positive and negative impact on developi9ng sustainable tourism
development. It involves several stakeholders who can be befitted from planning tourism
development in the country and raise income and opportunities for people living in the country
(Acton, 2012). Following are the stakeholder and the benefits from planning tourism
development within Philippines such as-
 Government- It is one of the main stakeholder who aims to promote the sustainable
tourism within the country. Thus, government of Philippines identifies there is need of
improving tourism development within the country and therefore, they undertake the task
of promoting Philippines as a tourism destination (Evans and et.al., 2012). As it will
ultimately help the government in improving economic growth and generating high
1

revenue from tourism development within country. It aims to increase tourist attraction
towards Philippines and improve employment opportunities and income generation
within the country. Improving sustainable tourism requires government to undertake
strict rules and regulations regarding protecting and preserving the natural resources and
environment so that it does not negatively affect nature of the country.
 Tourism enterprises- It is another major stakeholder and they could be eventually
benefited from improving tourism in the country. Therefore, government needs to allow
different international tourism agencies and businesses to start promoting Philippines as a
tourist destination and influence visitors to visit and enhance economic growth in the
country ( Barth, 2008). Thus, in regard to this, government need to allow tourism
businesses such as TUI, Thomas Cook etc. to free from any restrictions and provide them
assistance in improving tourism in the country. They are allowed to show the President
picture of underwater exploring the natural beauty of Philippines and attract them
towards the country. Such tourism businesses should also be involved in the profit share
by the government so that they feel encouraged to motivate travellers to visit the country
(Knight, 2008). Local population- They are also major beneficiary from the tourism development in the
country. As with the rise in tourism industry it will help local people of Philippines to
improve their living standard through increasing job opportunities such as restaurant,
hotels, pub & bars etc. All such business opportunities will help in improving the living
condition of local people of Philippines (Wise and Sirohi, 2005). Therefore, government
aims to improve tourism as it is the major contribution of economic development which
would help in rising the standard of local population.
 Tourists- These stakeholders shall also benefit from developmental activities, as they
would be able to access services which are highly developed and enable the tourists to
have an enjoyable experience. The improved infrastructural and transportation system
shall further enable the tourists to easily access different destinations and make the their
stay more comfortable.
P 1.2 Advantages and Disadvantage of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships
Planning within tourism is required to be developed in relation to improve the strategies
so that appropriate development could be attained. Therefore, both public and private sector
2

involved in planning tourism development so that supply and demand can be maintained.
Further, it is significant for stakeholder involved within such partnership assesses the particular
perception of individual so that their needs could be identified in terms of improving the tourism
planning process (Wu and Zhang, 2004). Here, both public and private sector helps in tourism
planning partnership so that effective culture of the country can be maintained and thus identifies
the limitations that impact upon the Philippines tourism. Following are the merits and demerits
of public and private sector tourism planning partnership such as-
Sector Advantages Disadvantages
Public Here, government plays major
role in planning sustainability
within tourism so that revenue
generation and economic
growth within country can be
enhanced. Also, government
aims to involve private
agencies in order to plan
tourism within Philippines and
attract visitors towards the
country that increases
economy of the country
(Tourism is Economic
Development, What
Government Leaders should
know. 2007).
Further, the main limitation is
that sometimes government
makes certain strict rules and
regulations regarding tourism
planning such as particular
country is bound to invest
within tourism related projects
which affects the profitability
ratio of Philippines (Abu and
et. al., 2012). Also, when the
Present underwater picture was
viral it creates negative
perception among people that
it is the violation of the
cardinal rule of responsible
diving tourism by touching the
corals. Thus, such view points
affects the tourism planning
partnerships.
Private Here, private sector is heavily
involved in tourism planning
Sometimes, involving private
companies within tourism
3

because they aim to start
different business
opportunities such as
restaurant, hospitality and
other recreational facilities
which influences customers to
visit Philippines. Thus, it
would help in increasing job
opportunities and thus enhance
the revenue generation within
country (Acton, 2012). Hence,
it is the main benefit of
involving private partnership
to improve tourism activities.
For instance tourism
businesses can use the
President underwater picture
and promote sustainable
tourism positively among
travellers.
business requires huge
investment and thus it
negatively affects them as they
do not get assistance from
government to start their
operations. Hence, it would
affect the tourism planning
partnership within the country.
Therefore, it is essential for
government to support private
sector businesses by providing
them finance and improving
their business opportunities
(Adair and Ritchie, 2004).
TASK 2
P 2.1 Features of tourism development planning at different levels
Tourism development planning is a completely marked led approach that helps in
providing different attractions, facilities and services to influence consumers towards the
country. Here government of Philippines identifies the required growth of sustainable tourism
project within country and thus identify different features of tourism development planning at
different levels i.e. international, local, regional and sub-regional level (Barth, 2008). Following
are the features of different tourism development planning within different levels such as-
4

 International level- Here, government of Philippines aims to undertake one of the main
feature that enhancing the international travel routes i.e. enhancing number of flights
across the globe so that people from different countries can visit the destination. Thus,
through developing planning of increasing international transportation services helps
tourists to plan their tourism activities (Knight, 2008). Another feature is that at such
level tourism development planning aims to organize tourist exchange programs and lieu
of that they can inflow many tourists within Philippines. Also, they focus upon
complementary development of major attraction features and facilities within nearby
countries of Philippines so that they can enhance economic growth and viability.
 National level- Here, planning at national level is in relation to prepare tourism policy
and physical structure so that tourists can be attracted towards destination. Here, different
planning has to be done in relation to provide proper accommodation and other facilities
to tourists visiting Philippines so that they can be satisfied. Also, marketing strategies is
being planned here which aims to promote the destination among travellers through
different social media. Here, promotion done by President of the country is being used
and thus influence travellers to visit the destination (Wise and Sirohi, 2005).
 Regional level- However, at regional level such tourism planning needs to be done I.e.
access and developing internal transport network it would help in enhancing tourism
5

attraction and provide assistance to visitor. Regional level agencies focusing upon
development of local attractions so that they can build tourism planning within the
country and results into promoting tourism in Philippines (Wu and Zhang, 2004).
 Sub-regional level- It is another level involved in tourism development planning so that
it depends upon the situation of the sub region which helps them to promote the tourist
attraction features to influence travellers visit Philippines. Also, they identify and
improve the services and facilities require by tourists such as internal transportation, food
and beverage and other infrastructure considerations (Tourism is Economic Development,
What Government Leaders should know. 2007).
P 2.2 Significance appeared with the application of interactive planning in tourism development
Tourism has been considered as one of the most regulatory activity in a country as there
are many tourist places which call for tourism every year. It is very important to generate and to
develop tourism activity for a country as it will enable to generate economy as well as it shall
provide a financial support to the country but it has been seen that tourism now a days is facing
lot of problems. For an example it has been recorded that a kind of depression has strike in socio-
culture. The places are becoming more over crowded (Abu and et. al., 2012.). There are many
policies initiated to develop tourism but these policies appear to be least attractive for tourist. In
order to modify or to bring development a proper planning has to be followed by countries in
order to ensure that such activity will be carried out in a perfect manner. For an example there
are many countries which has adopted interactive planning system. The planning is established in
context to a systematic thinking regarding the various developments of tourism. Every step has
to be carried out in a systematic form which works on the origin of an origination where it has
started its work and where it is now. It is continuous process planning which has no stop and no
start. When a interactive planning is being established then company's stakeholder;s are to be
included in planning process.
Impact of such planning shall be really positive as it will make sure the involvement of
all communities and tourists. It will also focus on to the over budgeting and minimizing those
factors, creating a negative impact on an organization. Destination potential shall also get
increased. Such planning shall help in enabling transparency and there will be no corruption
(Hudson and Thal, 2013). One of the famous example has been quoted for interactive planning
6

by Philippines as there are many tourism present there and it shall need a proper planning to
bring development in same. For instance development of the infrastructural facilities in the
nation has been undertaken on the basis of interactive planning, which included the attributes of
reactive, inactive and preactive planning.
P 2.3 Methods for measuring Tourists Impact
As there are many negative environmental factor present in Philippines and a major development
is to be inculcate in tourism activity, it is very important for the city to know what are the
methods available to calculate tourist impact. It will analysis whether tourism activity is
conducted on a successful note or it is creating any bad impact. Few measures are:
 Economic measure- this is considered as one of the important factor to get easily effected
by tourism activity. When ever a tourist activity is conducted in a region it will
automatically generate an economic support to the country. Any kind of financial support
shall bring a form of development. The tourist impact can be understood in a country
when it is increasing in its gross production of the generation of income by government
becoming more in comparison to other (Standing and et. al., 2014). There are toe main
model which will help in calculating the economic measure arising out of tourist activity
that is STEAM Model and Cambridge Model. The former is a model which measures the
economic impact of tourism. It essentially measures the trends prevailing in the industry
from bottom up, and primarily uses data from the side of local supplies, tourism
performance and data collected through surveys. Another concept of Pro-poor tourism, is
an approach of tourism which has the potential to generate economic benefits for lower or
poor class of people. It is an approach which is followed in respect to the industry.
 Environmental Measures- this explains about environmental consequences which is
going to occur due to any kind of tourism activity. For an example it has been seen that
when a tourism activity is being conducted then there is a probability of harm for water,
Air get polluted, most of the people do not show concern over natural beauty. In order to
avoid such harmful act a proper environmental planning has to be carried out which will
assess about negative impact of tourism on environment.
7

 Social measure- it will define the impact of tourism activity on the the people which is
measured by taking several of surveys, government records, newspapers etc. (Acton,
2012). These are the most difficult measures to assess because they are too qualitative
and personal thus primary sources can collect data regarding same or Travel Intensity
Index explains proportion of visitors to local population. One of the campaigns launched
in the year 2002 by the government, in the name of 'WOW Philippines' is one of the
examples which generated around 2800-4000 jobs. These were in the form of security
personnel, sweepers and many such jobs at a lower level. Responsible tourism is a form
of tourism which strives to minimize the detrimental effects of social, economic and
environmental factors. This form of tourism has the impact of generating economic
benefits for the local communities and functions to enhance the standard of living.
8

TASK 3
P 3.1 Concept of sustainability in tourism
In the early age, cultural aspects, learning languages and travelling challenges restricted (Capacci, Scorcu and Vici, 2015). In 14 century
Christopher Columbus sailed westward and vasco da gama cruised to country for earn money then business travel has been integral part of
tourism industry(Cave and Brown 2012).
Early tourism started with Nomads who travelled around the world in search of food and
shelter. Main intension of this traveller is to gathered food and traded around the world and gave rise to the barter system (Capacci, Scorcu and
Vici, 2015). 1500 BC is marked as the era when the Europeans visited pyramids and thus developed the tourism for pilgrimage. Early tourism
started with Nomads who travelled around the world in search of food and shelter. Main intension of this traveller is to gathered food and traded
around the world and gave rise to the barter system (Capacci, Scorcu and Vici, 2015). 1500 BC is marked as the era when the Europeans visited
pyramids and thus developed the tourism for pilgrimage.
9
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENTThe tourism industry of Philippines can be characterized as a well-established sector and accounts for a large portion of the
economic growth of the nation. All the stakeholders of this industry have undertaken various initiatives in order to make the
sector completely sustainable in nature.
What is sustainable tourism? It refers to the
principles which concentrate on the environmental,
socio-cultural and economic arenas of development
in tourism. In accordance to this concept an
appropriate balance shall be struck in establishing
these dimensions in order to gain long term
sustainability.
Social Aspect – Local people shall be empowered by
improving the employment conditions, prevention of
exploitation and lastly, the cultural heritage of the nation
shall be protected
Economic Aspect – enhancement in the
local livelihood, in addition to increase
the foreign exchange income.
Environmental aspect - It shall be assured
that local biodiversity is not impacted,
resources shall be used in a sustainable
manner, and wastage shall be reduced. This
shall assist Philippines to maintain its tag of
a biodiversity hotspot.

P 3.2 Factors hindering sustainable tourism
In the early age, cultural aspects, learning languages and travelling challenges restricted (Capacci, Scorcu and Vici, 2015). In 14 century
Christopher Columbus sailed westward and vasco da gama cruised to country for earn money then business travel has been integral part of
tourism industry(Cave and Brown
2012).
Early tourism started with Nomads who travelled around the world in search of food
and shelter. Main intension of this traveller is to gathered food and traded around the world and gave rise to the barter system (Capacci,
Scorcu and Vici, 2015). 1500 BC is marked as the era when the Europeans visited pyramids and thus developed the tourism for pilgrimage.
Early tourism started with Nomads who travelled around the world in search of food and shelter. Main intension of this traveller is to
gathered food and traded around the world and gave rise to the barter system (Capacci, Scorcu and Vici, 2015). 1500 BC is marked as the
era when the Europeans visited pyramids and thus developed the tourism for pilgrimage.
10
The authenticity of the socio-cultural aspect of the local communities
shall be respected and also a contribution shall be made to the inter-
cultural understanding.
An informed participation of all the stakeholders shall be assured, in
addition, equal distribution of the benefits shall also be made.
Some of the factors which prevent sustainable development of tourism are:
 Lack of support from the stakeholders or lack in individual involvement,
 lack of coordination between the bureaucracy,
 lack of awareness at the end of all the involved stakeholders,
 huge amount of marine waste dumped by the ships.
Sustainable tourism requires the optimal utilization of environmental resources which comprises of one of the key elements of
developments of this sector.
FACTORS HINDERING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT

P 3.3 Stages of Planning for sustainability
Various stages in planning for sustainability
First stage
At the first stage all the issues
currently existing in the
sectors shall be deciphered.
The elements which, in
essence, are hampering the
development of sustainable
tourism in the nation shall be
noted down in order to
ascertain solutions to address
each of them. Once the list of
these factors is prepared the
government shall develop an
effective solution to each one
of them. Along with
preparation of the list of issues
it shall also be forecasted
which all bodies or agencies
can provide assistance in
implementation of the plan.
Second stage
An efficient project shall be
developed and designed which
effectively reflect all the
objectives and goals of the
government in respect to the
tourism industry of the nation.
Each and every part of the
design shall be assessed to
assure no lacuna exists in the
whole design. The list of
issues prepared at the first
stage shall be specifically
addressed in the project
design. Once the entire project
design and structure is
developed, the government
shall make a division of the
work between the hired
agencies and bodies.
Third stage
The government at this stage
can undertakes a survey of the
situation and in accordance to
that make the implementation
of stage 1 of the project design.
The implementation and
execution of the plan shall be
made in an effective manner.
Along with this another
process of monitoring shall
also be established which
ensures that the work is being
proceeded in the right direction
and at the right note.
11

TASK 4
P 4.1 Methods of resolving the situation of conflicts
The industry of tourism does not easily accept the concept of sustainability, and one of
the major reasons behind the same are lack of consent with respect to what amounts to
sustainable. The situation of conflict does not necessarily end at this juncture but is continued
between the local stakeholders of the industry, host-guest interaction and lastly, in the concept of
access or the supply v. demand interaction.
Local Stakeholders
This category of stakeholders is inclusive of the local community as well as the
government or the regulatory bodies. It is a known fact that planning in respect to development
sustainable development is undertaken at the government level (Adair and Ritchie, 2004).
However, the same is implemented at the grass root level. Hence, arise the conflict situation in
respect to the manner in which resources are allocated, planning is undertaken both from short
term or long term perspective and so on. Moreover, this entire process is also inclusive of politics
at the bureaucratic level, the effects of which are suffered by the local people. Hence, this
conflict situation can be resolved by increasing the involvement of local people in the process of
decision making with respect to development of planning. Moreover, adoption of methods of
consultation and compromising, can also enable the government and local people to resolve their
disputes. Both the methods shall specifically address the interests of both the stakeholders.
Host – Guest relationship
In order to resolve the issues of this relationship the local industries shall be revitalized in
order to accommodate the tourist demands. The traditional and customary arts shall be revived so
as to attract more and more customers (Lee and et. al., 2013). This shall also be accompanied by
rebirth of the social as well as the cultural life of the local people. This in essence shall keep the
locals satisfied and at the same time enhance the experience of tourists. Moreover, the host
government and people shall develop a accommodation attitude, and the same shall be promoted.
P 4.2 Balancing Demand and Supply
Demand in respect to the tourism sector refers to rationale which leads to developments
in any nation. This in turn implies that the tourism opportunities available in a region essentially
12

shapes the demand of tourism. Hence, it can be inferred that in order to attract more tourists it is
imperative for the nation to deliver products which are of good quality (Mowforth and Munt,
2015). On the other hand, the concept of supply in tourism refers to provision of facilities and
quality product by the host government. These products are varied in range and covers all natural
as well as man made resources. For instance, infrastructure, accommodation and so on. The
major suppliers of tourism industry involves Hospitality, Transport and the attraction destination.
In order to strike balance between the two forces it is necessary that the host government keeps
their nation updated in all the major spheres and at the same time it shall also be assured by the
tourists that the same are utilized in an optimum level (Barth, 2008). In the specific industry of
Hotel, the market forces of demand and supply play an imperative role, as with increase in
demand, the services being provided by the hotel industry shall be modified to cater to the
demands. Similarly, in the case of increase in demand of wild life tourism, the relevant
stakeholders can offer tour packages which involve this form of tourism.
P 4.3 Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism
There are certain issues which has been faced by enclave tourism activity to ensure that
the development shall take place in a -proper manner. Moral and ethics shall describe about the
responsibility of the duty of travel department towards activity (Page, 2014.). It is very important
to give serious concern on such issues as they will help in generating travel and tourism activity.
There are various kinds of issues which has been faced by travel and tourism industry in terms of
moral and Ethical issues and the the biggest example to same has been potraited by Philippines
case. The major issues on moral and ethical base are:-
No Honesty: it has been seen that there are many agents which are not honest to their
profession by which there is possibility of occurrence of fraud in such activity. An honesty is the
key factor of any hospitality industry because it shall enhance the quality of service and there
will be consumer satisfaction.
No Fair Provision- there are many types of policies initiate on the ground of travel and
tourism activity but it has been seen that there are certain situation in which no fairness is being
maintained between the policy maker and policy holder (Mok, Sparks and Kadampully, 2013).
Such unfair means will leads towards depletion of travel and tourism activity.
No factor of Hospitality- the main concern of enclave tourism is to maintain hospitality.
If there shall be no channelized form of hospitality then it is impossible for any travel activity to
13

occur. It has been seen that there are many regions like Philippines which are not able to provide
proper hospitality like there is no proper accommodation maintained. No such environment is
provided to the traveller (Scott, Gössling and Peeters, 2015). Lack in hospitality is the main
moral as well as ethical issue to be faced by travel and tourism industry.
Hence, these are some of the moral and ethical issues to be faced by travel and tourism industry.
TASK 5
P 5.1 Comparing the current issues of Croatia and Nepal
Issues Croatia Nepal
Economic Issues The tourism of the nation has been at a rise in
the recent future, however, the same is not
accompanied by proper administrative
assistance. Being a coastal nation, it enjoys an
extremely long coast line. In addition, a lot of
tourists visit the nation for a short time as a
break from their sea journey.
Being the home to Himalayas the
nation enjoys some of the most
magnificent views of the world.
However, the same is attached with
the immense risks of land slides and
other connected issues. The
developments being taking place are
facing high difficulties.
Environment issue The nation enjoys an extremely tourist
friendly weather, and hence not many issues
are faced by the visitors.
The weather of this nation is very
extreme, to the extent that it is not
possible to travel in the nation at the
time of winters. Though the nation
stays cool throughout the year, in
the months of winters the number of
tourists visiting the nation falls.
Social Issues The nations offers relatively developed
system of transportation. However, the
increased amount of congestion is an issue
which is prevailing, which is accompanied by
The transportation system is under
developed in the nation much due to
its geographical conditions.
14

increased crime rate.
P 5.2 Recommendations
Recommendation for future development
“The tourism sector of the both the nations of Nepal and Croatia are though currently
working in a condition which can be termed as satisfactory, there are some
recommendations which shall further assist the government of both the nations to enhance
the tourism conditions”
The Government of Nepal shall concentrate on development of the transportation system, by
overcoming the barrier of geographical condition. This shall further enhance the accessibility of
tourists to different regions of the nation.
It shall be beneficial for the nation of Croatia to retain the tourists for a longer duration of time.
In respect to the same it can initiate developments near the port and also offer packages to
attract more tourists.
CONCLUSION
It can be evaluated form the study that developing sustainable tourism assists in
influencing tourists within the country. However, it improves the destination among tourists and
therefore government of the country aims to protect the natural resources of the country. It
involves several stakeholders such as government, local people, tourists and tourism agencies to
get benefit from improving tourism within Philippines and result in improving economic growth
within country. Thus, it is considered as the best way to develop tourism planning approaches
which results into improving business functions. It also undertakes different levels such as
internalize, national regional and sub regional which are involved in tourism planning
development so that best results can be attained.
15

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Barth, S. C., 2008. Hospitality Law: Managing Legal Issues in the Hospitality Industry. 3rd ed.
John Wiley and Sons.
Abu, R. and et. al., 2012. Hospitality and Tourism. CRC Press.
Acton, Q. A., 2012. Issues in Hospitality, Travel, and Tourism: 2011 Edition. Scholarly Editions.
Adair, D. and Ritchie, B., 2004. Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts, and Issues. Channel
View Publications.
Evans, N. and et.al., 2012. Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor & Francis.
Hudson, S. and Thal, K., 2013. The impact of social media on the consumer decision process:
Implications for tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 30(1-2).
pp.156-160.
Knight, J. A., 2008. International Perspectives of Festivals and Events: Paradigms of Analysis.
Elsevier.
Lee, J.W. and et.al., 2013. Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon
emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management.
38. pp.69-76.
Mok, C., Sparks, B. and Kadampully, J., 2013. Service quality management in hospitality,
tourism, and leisure. Routledge.
Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and
new tourism in the third world. Routledge.
Page, S.J., 2014. Tourism management. Routledge.
Scott, D., Gössling, S. and Peeters, P., 2015. Can tourism be part of the decarbonized global
economy? The policy costs and risks of carbon reduction strategies. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism. 24(1). pp.52-72.
Standing, C. and et.al., 2014. The impact of the Internet in travel and tourism: A research review
2001–2010. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 31(1). pp.82-113.
Wise, R. and Sirohi, N., 2005. Finding the best marketing mix. Journal of Business Strategy.
26(6). pp.10 – 11.
16

Wu, E. and Zhang, H. Q., 2004. "Human resources issues facing the hotel and travel industry in
China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 16(7). pp.424 –
428.
Online
Tourism is Economic Development, What Government Leaders should know. 2007. [online].
Available through: <http://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/tourism-is-economic-
development-what-government-leaders-should-know/>. [Accessed on 16th January 2017].
17