REPORT. : CASE STUDY. CASE STUDY. REPORT. REPORT. 1. 1.

Same as order ID:1075562

Running head: CASE STUDY
Clinical reasoning cycle
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

CASE STUDY
Health History
Gender Male/Female
Age 71 years
Current Medical History
What current medical
conditions do you have?
Arthritis
Dyskinesia
Resting tremor
Postural instability
Past Medical/Surgical
History
What is you past
medical/surgical history?
Medical History
Have been diagnosed with
hypertension since 2002.
Normally in the range of
140/90 mm Hg.
Suffering from anxiety and
insomnia for the past 10
Surgical History
Underwent hip replacement
surgery where the painful hip
joint had been replaced with an
artificial joint
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years
Medications
What medications do you
take?
List medications and dosages (where possible)
 30 mg Avinza (single dose, daily)
 10 to 20 mg Kadian (single dose, daily)
 25 mg orally Chlorthalidone (Hygroton) (once in a
day)
 2.5-5 mg orally Methyclothiazide (Enduron) (once in
a day)
 5 mg capsules orally Temazepam (Restoril)
 10 mg orally Escitalopram (Lexapro) (once in a day)
Do you live alone/with
someone?
Alone/with someone
Daughter died 20 years ago
Are you able to care for
yourself?
Do you need help with
showering?
Do you need help with
toileting?
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
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Do you need help with
dressing?
Do you have a vision
impairment?
Do you wear glasses?
What type of glasses are
they?
Yes/No
Yes/No
I have been wearing bifocal glasses since 2005.
Do you have a hearing
impairment?
Do you wear a hearing
aid?
Which ear do you wear
them in?
Yes/No
Yes/No
Right ear/Left ear/both
Do you wear dentures?
Are they upper/bottom
dentures?
Yes/No
Upper/bottom/both
Do you drink alcohol?
How often do you drink?
How many drinks do you
have each day?
Yes/No
I am not a frequent drinker and consume alcohol once or
twice a month
Do you smoke?
How many cigarettes do
you smoke a day?
Yes/No
Do you follow a special
diet?
Yes/No
I consume lots of fatty fish such as, sardines, mackarels and
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CASE STUDY
What is the special diet?
What is your height?
What is your weight?
salmon for lunch every day. In addition, my diet comprises of
about an ounce of nuts and seeds like pine nuts, almonds and
walnuts. I try to have meals that are rich in vegetables and
regularly consume brown rice.
Height- 5 feet 1 inch
Weight- 158.2 pounds
Do you have any mobility
issues?
Do you use a mobility aid?
What mobility aid do you
use?
Do you do any exercise?
Yes/No
Yes/No
I use a forearm cane for my mobility issue. This can offers
extra support and helps in evenly distributing the body
weight.
No, my health condition does not permit me to perform any
exercise.
Do you have any wounds?
Where are they?
Yes/No
My skin has become extremely flaky since the past five or six
years.
1) Nursing assessment
tool used –
Barthel index
Result –
The client reported a score of 40, thus indicating severe
dependency. Dependency was found in the domains of
bathing, bladder, toilet use, mobility, transfer, and stairs.
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2) Nursing assessment
tool used –
PDQ-39
Result –
She reported poor health and wellbeing and demonstrated
difficulty in performing leisure activities, walking half a mile,
getting around in public, doing household chores, and falling
over. Poor social support and bodily discomfort were also
detected.
3) Any other nursing
assessment tools used –
No
Result –
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CASE STUDY
Any other information you wish to add in relation to the person you interviewed.
The person often reports hallucinating a furry creature that runs by her feet. She also
reports seeing her deceased so sitting in her room.
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CASE STUDY
Assessment 1 – Case Study Template
1) Consider the Individual (25 words)
The patient is a septuagenarian female, aged 71 years and has been suffering from several
illnesses such as, arthritis, dyskinesis, postural instability, and resting tremor.
2) Collect cues/Information
Current information- including your 2 assessments: (cues collected during the
interview) (250 words)
The patient has a medical history of hypertension, anxiety and sleeping problems.
Previously she also underwent hip replacement surgery. During the surgery, an artificial
joint was used for replacing her painful hip joint. She consumed Avinza, Kadian,
Chlorthalidone, Temazepam, Lexapro, and Methyclothiazide. She lives alone and her only
daughter passed away two decades ago. She faces problems in caring for herself and also
needs assistance during toileting and showering. She has been suffering from vision
impairment, wears dentures, and follows a special diet, meant for arthritis. However, she
occasionally smokes and also consumes alcohol. An analysis of her body weight and height
suggest that she is obese and suffers from mobility impairment, for which she uses a
forearm cane. In addition, her skin has also become flaky since the past few years, which
can be cited as an outcome of her illnesses.
On using the Barthel index, a total score of 40 was obtained. This provided an indication
for the fact that the client was severely dependent on others for self-care and conducting
activities of daily living and she reported maximum dependency on others at the time of
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dressing, bathing, use of toilet, transfer, while using the stairs, and bladder.
Findings from the PDQ-39 scale also suggested that her health status was poor and
prevented her from walking long distances, participating in enjoyable activities, performing
household tasks, and also increased her risk of falling over. She also reported lack of
adequate social support and suffered from bodily discomfort.
Gather new information: (identify 3 other assessments that you could conduct
regarding this person and the importance of these assessments) (200 words)
The Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS) could have been used for the client in
order to assess all kinds of involuntary movements that are correlated with Parkinson’s
disease. The rationale behind using this scale can be accredited to the fact that it comprises
of two distinct sections namely, (i) historical and (ii) objective (Kibaroglu et al., 2018).
Historical component encompass two elements namely On-Dyskinesia and Off-Dystonia.
While the former would have helped in determining if the patient demonstrated any
twisting or jerking movement while the prescribed medication exerted their impact, the
latter would have provided information if the medications were not working, and lead to
the occurrence of any cramps or spasms.
The 10-item Essential Tremor Rating Assessment Scale (TETRAS) formulated by the
Tremor Research Group (TRG) could also have been used, with the aim of quantifying the
severity of tremor faced by the client and it influence on her capability to perform activities
of daily living (Elble et al., 2016). Another scale that could have been used for assessing
insomnia symptoms in the client is the Athens insomnia scale that generally comprises of
eight elements that help in assessing daytime dysfunction and nocturnal sleep pattern (Lin
et al., 2019). Hence, the cumulative score obtained on using this scale would have provided
a clear indication for her sleep outcome.
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CASE STUDY
Recall (using literature identify and describe 3 cues in relation to physiology,
pathophysiology, pharmacology, epidemiology, therapeutics, contexts of care or ethics
that will assist you to further understand this personal health) (300 words)
Three major cues obtained during the interview are namely, (i) arthritis, (ii) postural
instability, and (iii) dyskinesia. Arthritis refers to the degenerative joint illness that results
in morphological damage and loss of the gross cartilage, followed by a range of
biochemical changes. In a healthy person, the compressive force that drives the water out,
in addition to the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure that draw the water in help in
maintaining the water content inside the cartilage (Herrero-Beaumont et al. 2017).
However, in the client, disorganisation of the collagen matrix resulted in a reduction in the
content of proteoglycan, thus increasing the water content and causing inflammation in the
synovium, thereby leading to pain in the joints. Dyskinesia typically refers to a movement
disorder that is primarily characterised by involuntary movement of the muscles, such as
chorea or tics (Pérez-Ortega et al., 2016). However, the condition can be cited as a direct
consequence of long term administration of Lexapro, an antipsychotic medication, which
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had been prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorder. While being sold under the brand
name of Lexapro, the drug Escitalopram acts helps in reducing anxiety by increasing the
intersynaptic amount of serotonin, the neurotransmitter. This inhibition is generally
mediated by blocking serotonin reuptake into presynaptic neuron (Bang, Hong & Kim,
2018). Thus, it can be stated that prolonged consumption of the aforementioned prescribed
drug resulted in the onset of dyskinesia. Postural instability has also been identified as a
common balancing issue that is considered as the foremost motor symptom, reported by
patients who suffer from Parkinson’s disease. The condition typically appears in the form
of a tendency of being unstable at the time of standing and also creates a negative impact
on the reflexes that play an important role in maintaining upright position (Wulf et al.,
2016). Hence, it can be stated that owing to signs and symptoms manifested by the client,
she has a likelihood of falling backward when slightly jostled.
3) Process information
Interpret –(Identify the normal versus abnormal values of 5 cues collected during the
assessment and describe your client/patients assessment/history results) (100 words)
1. Increased blood pressure- average 140/90 mm Hg (normal 120/80 mm Hg)
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CASE STUDY
2. Anxiety (normal no anxiety)
3. BMI of 29.9 (Normal weight = 18.5–24.9)
4. 40 score in Barthel index (totally independent- 100 score)
5. PDQ-39 response of ‘always’ or ‘often’ for difficulty in completing most tasks
(normal response- ‘never’)
On analysing the abnormal cues, against the normal measures of the scores, it was found
that the client reported abnormality in blood pressure, anxiety, body weight and height
comparison, functional dependency and capability of conducting activities of daily living.
Therefore, it can be stated that apart from hypertension and anxiety, the scores and reports
obtain from the client provide an indication for the presence of Parkinson’s disease.
Discriminate – (Identify the two most important results/cues and why you consider
they are important) ( 150 words)
The two health cues that are most significant are namely, arthritis and resting tremor.
Osteoarthritis generally refers to the kind of joint illness that occurs due to breakdown of
the bones and the joint cartilage and the common symptoms include stiffness and pain in
the joints. This health issue has been considered of utmost importance owing to the fact
that it results in the onset of significant mobility issues, thereby affecting the ability of the
affected person to work and conduct daily chores (McAlindon, LaValley & Harvey, 2017).
In addition, the disorganised collagen matrix and decreased proteoglycan content can
directly lead to degradation of the cartilage, thus exacerbating the inflammation of the
joints and surrounding capsule. Furthermore, arthritis has also been associated with the
development of a range of comorbidities such as, depression, diabetes mellitus,
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cardiovascular complications, obesity, and renal disease (Shuba et al., 2017). Therefore, if
left uncontrolled, the disease has the potential of creating disability in the client, thereby
resulting in poor health-related quality of life, and can even cause death of the person.
Resting tremor has been identified as another major cue since it is the first manifestation of
Parkinson’s disease and it will gradually affect mobility, thus severely interfering with the
activities of daily living (Camara et al., 2015).
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4) Identify
problems/issues
(50 words)
What is the issue for the
patient/ individual?
5) Establish
Goals ( 50
words)
What do you
want to achieve
as an outcome?
SMART Goals
6) Take
Action
( 100
words)
What will you do
here in the way of
care for the
patient/individual?
7) Rationalise
your nursing
action (300
words total)
Why have you chosen
the actions you want to
do for the
patient/individual?
With references to
support your rationales
First Nursing Problem
Arthritis has been
identified as the first
nursing issue
One Nursing Goal
–
S- pain
management
M- Following the
recommended
pharmacologic
regimen
A- Reporting a
measurable
upsurge in
activity
intolerance
R- Participating
in desired
First action –
Administration of
analgesic therapy
that primarily
relies on
acetaminophen.
500mg of
acetaminophen
will be
administered
orally, at an
interval of 4-6
hours.
Rationale -
These chemicals are
known to bring about
swelling and
inflammation and will
selectively inhibit
activity of the
cyclooxygenase (COX)
enzyme that is located
outside the central
nervous system
(Bateman, 2016). COX
helps in formation of
prostanoid and
prostaglandin. The
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CASE STUDY
activities of daily
living
T- 72 hours
drug will create an
inhibitory effect on the
production of
prostaglandin from the
brain. It will also
control the endogenous
cannabinoid system
through the AM404
metabolite, thus
inhibiting anandamide
reuptake by the
neurons and reducing
pain symptoms
(Beaulieu, 2018).
Second action – Rationale-
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Administration of
selective COX-2
inhibitors such as,
celecoxib. 400 mg
of the
aforementioned
drug will be
administered
orally, twice a
day.
The selective COX-2
inhibitors belong to the
category of NSAID
and directly create an
impact on the COX-2,
enzyme that is
predominantly
responsible for pain
and inflammation.
While targeting
selectivity for the
COX-2 enzyme, the
drug will eventually
decrease the risk
of peptic ulceration
(Lula et al., 2018).
This in turn will inhibit
arachidonic acid
transformation to
prostaglandin
precursor and help in
exerting an analgesic
effect. Hence, this
selectivity will help in
minimising
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inflammation that is a
prominent feature of
arthritis (Mammoto et
al., 2016).
Second Nursing
Problem
Resting tremor
One Nursing Goal
–
S- reducing
severity of tremor
M- Following the
recommended
pharmacologic
regimen and
lifestyle
medication
First action –
Administration of
levocarb group of
drug such as
Sinemet. One
Sinemet tablet 25-
100 (75 mg) will
be administered
thrice a day.
Rationale –
This drug is a
combination of two
different medications
namely levodopa and
carbidopa and will be
administered owing to
the fact that it will be
able to effectively
cross the blood-brain
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regimen
A- Reporting a
measurable
decrease in
tremor, by using
assessment scale
R- Maintaining
functional
mobility as much
as possible
T- 72 hours
barrier and increase the
concentration of
dopamine, the
neurotransmitter
(Danoudis et al.,
2018). The drug will
get converted to
dopamine, on entering
the brain, by the action
of the enzyme, DOPA
decarboxylase. Hence,
activation of the
central dopamine
receptors will reduce
severity of tremor
symptoms (Gupta,
Lyons & Pahwa,
2019).
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Second action –
Subjecting the
client to
occupational
therapy that will
help in improving
participation in
activities of daily
living and will
also enhance
quality of life
Rationale –
This intervention
principally focuses on
usage of assessment
and therapies for
developing, recovering
or maintaining the
meaningful
performances of a
particular individual or
group of people. In the
healthcare setting, an
occupational therapist
will work on different
threats to health such
as fall prevention, and
will try to maximize
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independence, besides
ensuring safety and
increasing capability of
the client to remain
alone at home for
prolonged time
(Radder et al., 2017).
Providing education on
the neurophysiology of
resting tremor,
diagnosing pain and
setting achievable
goals will form a
crucial component of
this intervention. In
addition, the client will
also be taught about
safe body mechanics,
neuromuscular re-
reduction, pacing
activities and muscle
tension reduction
training, all of which
will help in relaxation
of the muscles and
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reduce the tremor
severity (Clarke et al.,
2016).
8) Reflect on process and new learning ( 250 words)
This assessment helped in increasing my awareness and knowledge on the prevalence of
functional impairment in old age. While taking the interview, I was able to develop
understanding on the limitations that old people have to face owing to different illness and
the impact that it creates on their quality of life. Taking into consideration the fact that the
patient suffered from several chronic disorders, she became more susceptible to the
development of Parkinson’s disease that gradually progressed with the onset of dyskinesia,
postural instability and resting tremor. Furthermore, I was quick to realise that the sudden
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demise of her daughter few years ago was a major factor that contributed to her poor
health. In addition, her vision problems, excess body weight and weakness in the bones due
to arthritis further contributed to a worsening of her health status and brought about a
functional decline, thus making it difficult for her to independently perform activities
related to showering, toileting, or walking long distances. The assignment also helped me
comprehend that both physical and mental health and wellbeing are imperative to ensure
optimal health outcomes in an individual and adequate social support plays an important
role in easy recuperation from any kind of illness. Furthermore, while looking at the
abnormal health cues of the client, I realised that the prevalence of one chronic illness such
as, hypertension increases the likelihood of suffering from a range of comorbidities, which
if left untreated can also result in death. Therefore, I consider it to be of utmost importance
to conduct regular health screenings for older adults and provide them with necessary
treatment facilities, in order to prevent further deterioration.
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Running head: REPORT
References
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of Metoclopramide on Orofacial Dyskinesia of Stroke Patients: a Case Series. Brain
& Neurorehabilitation, 11(1).
Bateman, D. N. (2016). Acetaminophen (Paracetamol). Critical Care Toxicology, 1-25.
Beaulieu, P. (2018). Mechanisms of action of acetaminophen for pain treatment. Landmark
Papers in Pain: Seminal Papers in Pain with Expert Commentaries, 46.
Camara, C., Isasi, P., Warwick, K., Ruiz, V., Aziz, T., Stein, J., & Bakštein, E. (2015).
Resting tremor classification and detection in Parkinson's disease patients. Biomedical
Signal Processing and Control, 16, 88-97.
Clarke, C. E., Patel, S., Ives, N., Rick, C. E., Woolley, R., Wheatley, K., ... & Sackley, C. M.
(2016). Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of physiotherapy and
occupational therapy versus no therapy in mild to moderate Parkinson’s disease: a
large pragmatic randomised controlled trial (PD REHAB). Health Technology
Assessment, 20(63), 1-96.
Danoudis, M., Sung, C. B., & Iansek, R. (2018, October). Efficacy of Liquid Sinemet on
Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. In MOVEMENT DISORDERS (Vol. 33,
pp. S763-S764). 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA: WILEY.
Elble, R. J., Hellriegel, H., Raethjen, J., & Deuschl, G. (2016). The essential tremor rating
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Gupta, H. V., Lyons, K. E., & Pahwa, R. (2019). Old Drugs, New Delivery Systems in
Parkinson’s Disease. Drugs & aging, 1-15.

1REPORT
Herrero-Beaumont, G., Roman-Blas, J. A., Bruyère, O., Cooper, C., Kanis, J., Maggi, S., ... &
Reginster, J. Y. (2017). Clinical settings in knee osteoarthritis: Pathophysiology
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Tufekcioglu, Z. (2018). Turkish Standardization of Movement Disorders Society
Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale.
Lin, C. Y., Cheng, A. S., Nejati, B., Imani, V., Ulander, M., Browall, M., ... & Pakpour, A. H.
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McAlindon, T. E., LaValley, M. P., & Harvey, W. F. (2017). Intra-Articular Steroids May
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Pérez-Ortega, J., Duhne, M., Lara-González, E., Plata, V., Gasca, D., Galarraga, E., ... &
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2REPORT
Radder, D. L., Sturkenboom, I. H., van Nimwegen, M., Keus, S. H., Bloem, B. R., & de
Vries, N. M. (2017). Physical therapy and occupational therapy in Parkinson's
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Wulf, G., Landers, M., Lewthwaite, R., & Toöllner, T. (2016). External focus instructions
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