Impact of Diet on Health Outcomes

This assignment explores the relationship between diet and health. It examines studies on the effects of saturated and trans fats, the Mediterranean diet, blood pressure reduction strategies, and lifestyle choices like fruit and vegetable consumption. The analysis delves into quality of life instruments for older adults with chronic diseases and the economic impact of health evaluations in social care.

HEALTH AND
SOCIAL CARE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
Demographic profile of Islington London ..................................................................................3
Health issues in Islington London ...............................................................................................4
Health inequality in Islington London .......................................................................................4
Social determination of health ....................................................................................................5
Policy issues related to Islington London ..................................................................................6
Food 2030' (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2010).....................................7
Public health relation in Borough ...............................................................................................8
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION
Health and social care are vital to be provided to individuals who are in need of it. It is
critical that better and effective medical treatment should be offered to people so that physical
and social well being of individual living in the society can be ensured (Estruch and et.al, 2013).
Other than this it is critical that need and requirement of individuals should be considered so that
better measures can be taken for offering them better medical care and services. Present report is
based on London and in this Demographic profile of London and health issues that are faced
there has been covered.
Demographic profile of Islington London
Population and age group
London is a exceptionally diverse and fast changing borough and more than 70% of the
population of London is young people. Total population of the district in the age group of 0-3 is
10,890 and population in the age group of 4-10 is 14,810. more than that population in the age
group of 11-15 is 8,870 and in the age group 16-19 it is 8,630. with this population in the age
group of 20-39 is 99,810 and in 40-64 it is 55,770. in the range of 65-76 it is 13,970 and people
more than 80 years of age group are total 4,870 (Nichols and et.al, 2014). Majority of the people
are in the age group of 20-39 years and it reflects that there is high opportunity for preventing ill
health and other diseases conditions.
Ethnicity
Islington is a district that has been situated in London and population of the district is
ethnically diverse. More than 57% residents of the district are White British and majority of them
belongs to Turkish, Irish and Black Caribbean.
Life expectancy
Life expectancy rate for men in England is lower and it is 79.1 for males where as life
expectancy rates for females is 83.2. 51.1% population is male and 49.9% is female and other
than this largest ethnic group in the nation is while British (Blackburn and et.al, 2017). 45% of
the people living in the nation are Christian (Makai and et. al., 2014). In addition to that it has
been estimated that population in the age group of 18-64 is likely to increase by 69.5%. There
are more chances that this age generation is likely to receive more health related issues and
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diseases and it is critical that appropriate measures should be taken for rendering better and
medical preventive care for individuals that are living in the local society.
Mortality/Morbidity
Birth rates and death rates are increasing and in the year 2014/2015 there are 310 more
deaths in the borough (Wang and et.al, 2014). It shows that there is need for taking preventive
measures for rendering better services for people.
Unemployment and poverty
Unemployment rate is high and due to that also issues are faced by individuals. It is also
increasing poverty rates.
Health issues in Islington London
Health issue
Cardiovascular diseases are main cause of premature deaths and deaths in Islington. It is
a class of diseases that is associated with blood vessels and heart. List of CVD includes heart
failure, stroke, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, venous thrombosis, hypertensive heart and
cognitive heart diseases. 90% of the cardiovascular diseases are preventable and these diseases
are major causes of death globally.
Prevalence to health issue
Average 288 deaths have been observed due to cardiovascular diseases. It is the major health
issue that has been faced in the particular geographical areas and due to that physical well-being
of the individual is getting affected. Obesity and unhealthy lifestyle are major reasons due to
which cardiovascular disease are caused.
Cardiovascular diseases are major cause for death in all the age groups in Borough. There
is need for making the people aware about the risk causes by cardiovascular diseases so that their
physical and mental well being of individual can be ensured. Death rates in Borough have been
increased due to that and number of people suffering from Cardiovascular diseases have been
increased. High rates of pollution in inner city areas in Islington is the major reason that lead
towards creating cardiovascular diseases in people. It also contribute towards morbidity in
children and adults and also with earlier mortality (Bastien, M. and et.al 2014).
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More disadvantaged deprived people and in which area in Islington:- Barnsburry which is an
enclave of Georgian town is highly affected by this Diseases. People suffering from poverty and
having less educational qualification are included in the list of more disadvantages and deprived
people who are suffering from this diseases.
Age group that are more affect by the issue :- Individuals belonging to all age group are suffering
from this. However, people who are in the age group of 75-100 years are most affected by
cardiovascular diseases.
People who access the services provided for that issues :- Individuals who are conscious and
aware about the service and medical facilities this diseases are more likely to get suffer by this
disease.
Social determination of health
Social determinants of health definition
Definition and explanation for social determinant of health :- According to Munn-
Giddings and (Bastien, M. and et.al 2014) social determinants of health are explained as living
conditions in which a individual lives. There are diverse range of factors that gives impact on the
health of people that are living in the society. As per the report of WHO there are many social
determinants of health and it includes stress, social exclusion, unemployment, social support,
early childhood development are included in the list of social determinants that gives impact on
the health of individuals that are living in the society.
Social determinants related to health issue
Similarly there are some other social determinants and it consist of education, income and
income distribution, employment and working conditions, early childhood development, housing
conditions, social exclusion, social safety, social safety network, health services, gender, race
and disability and food security are major causes that lead towards enhancing possibility of
health related diseases. In Islington district of London Cardiovascular diseases are major causes
that lead towards creating health related issues (Osborn and et.al 2017).
Unemployment and poor housing
Major social determinate that lead towards creating this disease in individual includes
Unemployment and job security. These are major causes and social determinants which lead
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towards creating stress among people due to which cardiovascular disease are developed in
people. Pattern of unhealthy lifestyle has also been observed in people due to unemployment and
due to this chances of getting prone to cardiovascular diseases increases. Unemployment creates
unstable situation for an individual due to which challenges are faced for living a healthy
lifestyle. Other than this unemployment lead towards creating income and income distribution
and it affects the capability of an individual for availing the medical treatment and medical
services. Challenges are faced for taking better treatment and it create health inequality.
Unemployment has been defined as a social determinant that create cardiovascular diseases in
individual.
Health inequality in Islington London
Defining health inequalities
Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of deaths in Islington London. As per Marmot
report reducing health inequality in England requires action on six major policy objectives and it
includes giving every child the best start in life, enabling all child, young people and adults for
maximizing their capabilities and have control over their lives. Other than that creating fair
employment and good work for all and ensuring healthy living standard for all is one more
policy objective (Osborn and et.al 2017).
Along with this creating and developing healthy and sustainable places and communities
and strengthening the role and impact of ill health prevention is major policy objective. Health
inequality is explained as variation and differences in health status among different population
age groups. For example differences in mortality rates among people belonging to different
social class is major reason for health inequality.
Effects on lifestyle
There are various reasons due to which inequality exist and due to that challenges are faced in
providing better medical care to people that are suffering from these diseases (Anderson and
et.al, 2012). Health inequality is differences in health status in the distribution of health
determinants among different population groups. There are some social determinants of health
that lead towards creating social and mental challenges for people that are living in the society .
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Stress, availability of healthy food and income and income distribution are major reasons for
which health inequality exists.
Policy issues related to Islington London
Policy in general
Many policies have been framed by government that supports for individual suffering
from Cardiovascular diseases. Policies framed by state influence people suffering from
cardiovascular diseases and it expedites for reducing the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Policies
have been formed at local and national level and it has supported to people that are suffering
from different CVD issues. Policy related to CVD includes
Introduction to section
NATIONAL POLICIES -
1- Tackling health inequalities : A program for action has been framed to tackle health related
inequalities over next three years (Binno, 2016).
It establishes some foundations that are essential to be achieve the target for 2010 for reducing
the gap in mortality groups across different social groups. This program has been formed for
supporting families, mothers and children for ensuring that best possible efforts should be taken
so that generation of cycle of health can be done (De Souza and et.al, 2015). This program also
made on the themes for preventing illness and providing effective treatment and care, making
certain that the NHS provides leadership and makes necessary contribution for reducing
inequalities towards delivering better medical treatment of people suffering from those diseases.
National stroke strategy 2007 (Yusuf and et.al., 2016).
Stroke is a state in which blood clot appears in the brain which causes severe damage to
the entire body. The impact of stroke results in problems in movement, visibility, etc. Despite of
such serious features, this particular Cardio vascular disease is curable unlike other diseases.
Major aim of the policy :- The National Stroke Strategy was developed with help of 6 project
teams that had experience and knowledge from different professional backgrounds. The main
aim of this strategy was to make people aware about the necessary measures that need to be
taken in case of emergency or stroke attack (HM Government. 2017). Department of Health was
taken into consideration for gathering support regarding the coordination and execution of
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strategy related activities. It was realised that it is important for people to be able to recognise
basic symptoms and take necessary steps for avoiding casualties and deaths due to stroke. This
strategy has been able to accomplish the purpose for which it was developed.
2- FOOD 2030' (DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD AND
RURAL AFFAIRS 2010)
1. The food strategy 2030 has been developed with an aim to encourage people
regarding their awareness for 6 issues. These include:
2. Eating healthy and adopting a sustainable diet so that risk of CVD could be
reduced.
3. Assuring and enforcing a food system that is more competitive, profitable and
resilient in nature.
4. Sustainable production has to be encouraged.
5. The control over greenhouse gas emissions has to be increased.
6. Reusing, recycling and reprocessing the waste which is produced in the food
system (Bennett, 2010).
7. Enhancing the use of skills, knowledge, techniques for research and methodology.
8. Food is the basic source of energy and the constituents which are needed for
survival. It is important for the government to improvise the food production and
consumption system so that health issues are easily resolved (Pickard, 2010). The
LOCAL POLICIES :-
NHS has framed policies for local people so that they can be delivered better health care services
for taking prevention from cardiovascular diseases. Policy are framed for ensuring that all local
individuals should have access to services and they should make chice about their health care.
People are supported for living healthier live and programs and services are delivered by NHS
for supporting people to live a healthier lifestyle.
Public health provision in Borough
Introduction to the section
Department of health has formed policy that supports for rendering guidelines for local
authorities and NHS commissioner so that outcomes of CVD can be improved. Policy framed by
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department of health UK gives advice to local authority so that this strategy should support for
improving the outcomes for people who are at risk of cardiovascular diseases. This policy set
outcomes for individuals who are at risk of CVD. NHS and public health outcome framework
have been depicted in this policy.
Provisions
Islington's Joint health and wellbeing strategy 2013-2016 :- The strategy has been developed by
Shadow Health and Well Being board (SHWB). Major objective behind creating this strategy is
for making improvements in health and wellbeing of the individuals in Islington. In this strategy
focus has been given for reducing the early death that occurs from cardiovascular disease. NHS
health check up programs are organized on monthly basis and medical care is provided to
individuals suffering from this diseases. This strategy also focuses on identifying the physical
needs of individuals suffering from serious CVD and health check up camps are organized for
detecting the CVD risks in primary care (Estruch and et.al, 2013).
In addition to that Islington CCG will work in partnership with the local authorities,
health and wellbeing board and joint commissioning for giving focus on making improvements
in health and wellbeing of individuals living in that borough. Framework is designed for
improving access to primary care services and improving the patient’s experience in Islington.
The strategy that has been formed by department of health supports for reducing the
premature mortality rates for cardiovascular disease by improving prevention, diagnosis and
treatment and bringing all services up to the standard of the best. Moreover it also supports for
better identification of individuals and families in Islington that are at risk of CVD and it
supports for making improvements in its management of primary care (Wang and et.al, 2014).
NHS and public health outcome frameworks supports for reducing the premature
mortality rates of CVD by improving diagnosis and treatment and bringing all the services unto
the standards of the best. Other than this managing cardiovascular diseases as a single family
diseases and developing a standard template for hospital care and community is one major area
which has been focussed by department of health. NHS in Islington will routinely make the
information available on the quality and outcomes of hospital based cardiovascular teams or
services.
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With this NHS and HSCIC makes available comparative data on the quality of care that
is being provided to patients suffering from CVD through general practices. NHS also makes it
ensure that PHE will make available at local authority level and comparative data on the risk
factors and CVD outcomes is also provided. NHS and PHE are looking for establishing a
cardiovascular intelligence framework by bringing together analysts, clinicians, patients
representatives, epidemiologists and patient representatives. CVIN is working with HSCIC for
collecting data and information so that best practices can be implemented for individuals
suffering from Cardiovascular diseases.
Various aspects includes Heart attack, stroke, diabetes and renal. Next step that is
followed includes linking all the information to routinely available datasets including Office of
national statistics and Hospital episode statistics. Local authority of Islington is committed
towards offering better outcomes and it will aid for improving the outcomes of CVD for
Dementia patient. In the policy framework that has been released by department of Heath large
number of common factors have been recognised that gives impact on the increasing the
likelihood of individuals that are developing Atherosclerosis.
Effectiveness of policies
Smoke related drives have been initiated by state so that people should get better
opportunities for getting medical treatment. Other than this measures also have been taken by
local authorities for educating the people for preventing smoking.(Ettehad and et.al , 2016).
Work has been done with local authorities for and local communities so that their understanding
can be improved for how to improve the accessibility and reaching the services. All the
initiatives taken by local governments will support for reducing the cases of Cardiovascular
diseases in the Borough.
Local authorities are also trying for raising awareness about the needs of carers needs to
be considered so that access for improving the support for carers and training for carers can be
provided. Along with this it is ensured that commissioning and provision of services should be
culturally sensitive (Binno, 2016). It is also required that response should be given to changing
population having different health needs. With this focus is being given for encouraging people
to adopt healthy lifestyle so that risk of getting prone to CVD could be reduced.
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Government has also made policies for reducing inequalities so that poverty can be
reduced in the society and it also creates threats to health and well being of people that are living
in the Borough. People are also involved in work so that population groups that are facing
barriers should be allowed to included in mainstream. Local authorities are working on the
projects and services so that support should be provided to individuals that are affected by CVD.
Obesity is one of the major reason that creates difficulty for people who are suffering
from CVD and local government and policies formed by state has helped to people that are
suffering from Cardiovascular diseases. Weight management services are provided to people so
that they should be promoted towards physical activities.
CONCLUSION
Summing up the present report it can be concluded that Islington which is small District
in London is facing issues due to the health inequality. People living in the country suffer from
cardiovascular diseases. With this, it has been observed that government has made various
policies that supports for providing better and safe conductive environment for people suffering
from Cardiovascular diseases. Along with this, initiatives have been taken by state for reducing
inequality in society so that all individuals should get equal opportunity for getting better
cardiovascular care and treatment.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Anderson, T.J. and et.al, 2013. 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines
for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
in the adult.Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 29(2). pp.151-167.
Bastien, M. and et.al 2014. Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity to
cardiovascular disease.Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 56(4). pp.369-381.
Binno, S., 2016. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical
practice.
De Souza, R.J. and et.al, 2015. Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all
cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-
analysis of observational studies.Bmj. 351. p.h3978.
Estruch, R. and et.al, 2013. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean
diet.New England Journal of Medicine. 368(14). pp.1279-1290.
Ettehad, D. and et.al , 2016. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease
and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. 387(10022). pp.957-967.
Mair, C.A., Quiñones, A.R. and Pasha, M.A., 2015. Care preferences among middle-aged and
older adults with chronic disease in Europe: Individual health care needs and national health
care infrastructure. The Gerontologist, p.gnu119.
Makai, P. and et. al., 2014. Quality of life instruments for economic evaluations in health and
social care for older people: a systematic review. Social Science & Medicine. 102, pp.83-93.
Nichols, M. and et.al 2014. Cardiovascular disease in Europe 2014: epidemiological
update.European heart journal. 35(42). pp.2950-2959.
Osborn, D.P.J. and et.al 2017. Relative risks of cardiovascular disease in people prescribed
olanzapine, risperidone and quetiapine.Schizophrenia researc. 183 pp.116-123
Wang, X. and et.al, 2014. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of
prospective cohort studies.Bmj. 349. p.g4490.
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Yusuf, S. and et.al., 2016. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without
cardiovascular disease.New England Journal of Medicine. 374(21). pp.2021-2031.
Online
HM Government. 2017. [Online]. Available
Through:<http://www.appg-agscience.org.uk/linkedfiles/Defra%20food2030strategy.pdf>.
[Accessed on 26th April, 2017].
Pickard, T., 2010. Food Security: Food 2030 strategy. [Online]. Available
Through:<http://igd.com/Food_2030_strategy>. [Accessed on 26th April, 2017].
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