Exeter Transport Network Analysis

This assignment requires a comprehensive analysis of Exeter's transportation network. Students must evaluate its current effectiveness, identify key challenges and areas for improvement, and propose potential solutions. The analysis should also consider the role of government policies and initiatives in shaping the transport landscape of Exeter.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 3
TASK 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.01 Discuss measures for assessing and measuring demand for travel....................................3
1.02 Identify options to meet the identified needs and understand how these are assessed and
appraised.................................................................................................................................. 6
1.03 Understand issues concerning model choice and behavior................................................8
1.04 Understand the links between the transport planning and the provision and operation of
passenger and good transport ................................................................................................ 11
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................... 14

INTRODUCTION
Transport planning refers to policies, goals and investments to move the people and
goods from different regions, state and community to meet their demands. It signifies the
highway systems and traffic operations and facilities to make it more efficient and effective.
Thus transportation plays vital role now days to fulfill the desires of the people by moving from
one place to another for the search of jobs, or spend some leisure time with the family on
vacations. This facility also helped the person to take best treatment in the specialized hospitals
which are not available in their own city or region. The needs in transport have been assessed in
detailed version through this report. Based upon this detailed assessment framing of policies for
ensuring safe carrying of operations in road, rail & sea routes have been discussed within report
(Taniguchi and Thompson, 2014). It also explains the model to understand various issues related
to transport which signifies its importance. Thus, this process requires the in depth research and
study to analyze the current and future travel demand of the people and meet those demands
keeping in mind the environmental factors and traffic demands too.
TASK 1
1.01 Discuss measures for assessing and measuring demand for travel
Transportation planning plays the vital role to safeguard the future of people of state,
community and region. It refers all the strategies require to ensure the effective functioning of
the transport and its objective to facilitate the people to meet their demands. Transportation
planning requires the in depth research regarding the regional vision and goals. Regional vision
and goals refers to the people travelling habits and their working habits too. For example people
who work on daily wages in the local community itself do not need much transport facility
(Huth and Lohre, 2014). The demand can be measured by evaluating shift in demand curve or
by analyzing increase in bookings of taxi, buses, etc. Further, travel demand can be measured by
evaluating continuous travel of vehicles from one location to another via artificial intelligence.
Transportation demand management (TDM) can be used in order to measure the demand of
transportation. This will discourage the unnecessary use of private vehicles and will promote

more environmentally modes of transport. It will help to reduce the congestion of traffic and will
decrease the prices to develop and maintain new road system,The consumers can also be able to
save transportation cost.
If they are satisfied with the basic facilities present in their community regarding
hospitals, grocery, etc then they do not prefer to expand their high earned money on
transportation. They mainly use this facility to overcome the conditions which are not
controllable like severe health problems whose treatment is not possible in the region itself. But
now days transportation facility is not limited to just fulfill the basic requirements it serves the
people in many other ways too. It helps the daily workers to earn more by moving from one
region to another as every region has its own specific daily wages rate. Transportation has
narrowed the walking distance between two regions which have facilitate the people and saved
their time too.
Farmers are the backbone of the every country as they are responsible for the providing
grains, fruits and vegetables without which none of the person can survive. In the highly
populated countries like India and China farmers do not have much big lands for cultivation.
Thus these short lands are the only surviving hand for them (Gonzalez-Feliu, Semet and
Routhier, 2014). There is a need for transportation in areas where the services and products
need to be supplied or given in a less amount of time. In this case the demand for the
transportation will be high. Transportation demand will be high when the cities grows beyond
the walking distance. The demand can be measured by using TDM so as to increase the travel
options and to enhance the individual to modify their travel behavior.
These farmers just have the basic objective to cultivate as much as they require fulfilling
their basic needs i.e. food, shelter and clothing. So they prefer to sell the crops to the regional
middle man and avoid the transportation expenses and daily up down from their regions to other
regions where vegetable markets are highly competitive market. So they like to avoid such
conditions but these middle men earn high by buying the crops and selling it in high rate in
market. Thus, transportation facilitate the farmers to earn high by selling their crops directly in
the vegetable market by mere searching the areas to sell which is now easy through the social
media platform. Social media platform allows the farmers to widen their scope by selling their,

fruits, vegetables and crops on orders to other parts of the community. Thus, these platforms
have raised the need of transportation.
Transportation facility has flourished now days due to the developed technologies too.
Few years ago, farmers used to avoid transportation not just because they are expensive but also
they scare of their goods to get spoiled due to any unwanted calamity as their fruits and
vegetables are perishable in nature and thus have limited shelf time if they are not refrigerated.
Transportation facility allows them to sell their goods to different regions but if these goods are
not reached on time to the market due to any damage of vehicles or traffic or damaged roads,
farmers lose their hard earn money (Fernie and Sparks, 2014).
Thus, farmers preferred selling their goods to the middle men for this reason too. But as
the technology developed it gave rise to the cold storage van which saves the perishable goods
for long time in the refrigerators within the van itself. This has encouraged farmers to use the
transportation facility now and thus the transportation facility is also flourishing in rural areas
too. There are various measures for assessing and measuring demand for travel which are as
follows:
 Evaluation of transportation activities can assist in measuring travel demand for specific
purposes.
 Average people occupancy method is helps in monitoring transportation as it conducts
the calculation of number of individuals traveling on the personal vehicles.
 Monitoring over mobility can help the communities in measuring demand for travel
because it focuses over accessing movement of individuals towards the desired activity or
goals but it does not include the small portions of transportation.
For instance, in the case of farmers the authorities should set different criteria over transportation
like, less cost for specific purpose or only of food transportation in order to support the
livelihood of farmers.
 Accessibility can assist in measuring demand for travel as it includes both factors which
are, proper land use and mobility.
Measuring density is also helpful in measuring travel demand as it focus on evaluating job per
unit of land area which assist in determining common destination and routes of the individuals.

In the developing countries, there are many backward sections in the society who are
restricted to their villages and do not prefer moving from one place to another for the search of
jobs. These people are mainly restricted to the daily wages work nearby. But now days
government is taking effective steps for their upliftment by encouraging them to sold their
traditional handicrafts prepared by them in the fairs to earn high. This has also encouraged the
transportation facility to uplift the backward section by selling their beautiful art and crafts in
various parts of the country and even world through social media platform.
The flourishing transport facilities have also gave birth to various environment problems
which ultimately gave rise to transport policies in the country. Now days transportation have
direct impact on the area’s economic health and quality of life (McKinnon and et.al, 2010).
The performance of the system affects public policy concerns like air quality,
environmental resource consumption, social equity, land use, urban growth, economic
development, safety, and security. These are the following reasons which gave rise to need of
transport policy:
Air Quality: Developing transportation directly influences the region’s air quality.
Therefore, the estimated emission of pollutants from motor vehicles is the one of the basic
reason that gave rise to the transport policies. Now the government has made various strict
norms to ensure that emissions from transportation investments areas per the levels set forth in
state air quality plans. Therefore, Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), state Department
of Transportation (state DOT), and transit operators need to have a clear understanding of the air
quality-related transportation planning requirements. The term air pollution refers to emission of
the pollutants like ozone and its precursors hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx),
carbon monoxides (CO) etc which directly damaging the ozone layer (Arefyev, 2012).
Ozone layer saves the earth from the harmful ultra violet rays that can cause severe
destruction on earth’s quality of life.
Congestion Management Process: A CMP is required in metropolitan areas with a
population greater than 200,000 as well as in urbanized areas to identify congested locations and
determine the cause of the congestion which give rise to the pollution. This process helps the

government to take effective steps to reduce the congestion through migration in the
metropolitan cities and analyze its impact on the overall environment.
1.02 Identify options to meet the identified needs and understand how these are assessed and
appraised.
Exeter is a city of England in UK which is governed and guided by the Devon county
council. Transport is a major factor which contributes towards the climatic change by use of the
fossil fuels. It is a very compact city.
If focus is laid upon the aspect of quantity, there has been a substantial increase in the
provision of public-transport within the Exeter. It has a well-established network of cycles since
many of the people prefer cycle to go from one place to another.
Considering the current situation of UK, the main issue being dealt with is the low
investment done upon the transport sector. Since the past half century, a policy of 'predict-&-
approach' was adopted. In that policy if the use of car was found out to be growing then,
accordingly roads would be provided. But since then, demand regarding the space for roads has
not been managed properly in Exeter. Also, the claim that the travel needs of people would be
met by increasing use of cars was also not taken as challenge carefully. Henceforth, there has
been a sharp decline in the investment over public transport.
Another major issue experienced by the city of Exeter in England is the experiencing of
congestion on some major routes that too the entire day. This is particularly being experienced at
the roads of Topsham, Heavitree and Alphington roads. This has led an adverse impact upon the
quality of air at Exeter. This has further led to the fact that majority of 22% of CO2 emissions is
because of the current transport system of Exeter. However, it is important for the government to
focus on reducing congestion which is the biggest problems of society. However, congestion can
be managed by reducing traffic at one time by diverting routes. This the best precaution which
will assist in reducing traffic as well as accidents. Usually this congestion occurs in peak time
periods of either 8-9 AM or 5-6 PM and can cause other issues such as wastage of tome for
individuals and businesses and other more accidents. In order to reduce the harmful effects of
congestion,tidal flow can be used as it will allow a road in which traffic can travel in either way

depending upon circumstances such as congestion. It may reduce the impact of accident and will
save time for people.
Moreover, traffic Congestion leads to traffic jam even on longer routes which leads to wastage of
time, accidents, pollution etc. therefore it is the major problem which can be reduced by regular
monitoring over traffic. Traffic police should be always available on such routes in order to manage the
transportation. Further the congestion is also caused by parking vehicles on the road therefore the traffic
authorities can make signboards at every possible location, also the communities should have the toeing
and penalty policy in order to make this offense punishable.
For instance, tidal Flow is the best and effective method of managing congestion caused due to
traffic. Implementation of this method limit the speed of vehicles, turn the movement of barriers,
establish road marking and majorly focuses on innovating one way street to improving traffic
management.
Furthermore, because of poor connectivity and lower investment, people usually face
problems in reaching to hospitals in case of emergency, on time. This has also led to increase in
the missed appointment number in hospital. Also, the people in context to work-related areas are
not able to reach their offices on time. Despite the increase of car use, problems have been
consistently faced by people of Exeter since the demand for road space has not been met in
proper way. The fewer amounts of roads have led to increase in traffic jams which are overall
causing pollution.
So, in order to know the needs of people considering the transportation in Exeter a
survey was conducted and also the main aim of this survey was to have an idea about any
necessary recommendations regarding the requirements. In this survey the primary size is of
1500 individuals in which 800 are female travelers and 700 are male travelers. Further, among
800 females 600 are of age group 18 to 28 while left 200 are of 28 to 40 years. Whereas, among
700 males 550 are of age group 18 to 28 while 150 are of 28 to 50 years.
The data was collected through primary source that is mailing questionnaires to the
people on emails.
This survey was conducted recently on 11th January 2017

Survey
The sample for the current questionnaire survey is 1500 people of Exeter city of England
including individuals from sectors of hospitals, corporate world, localities.
Date:23 August 2017
Name : __________
Age : __________
Gender : ___________
Occupation : ____________
Social Origins: ____________
Location: ____________
This survey was conducted recently on 11th January 2017
1. Are the transport connections effective enough to reach out to your destination on time? Yes No
2. Is the amount of roads at present able to meet the current increase in use of vehicles
specially cars? Yes No
3. Is the Government initiating some measures or improvements in the transport network of
Exeter? Yes

 No
4. Are the bus routes and train-routes effective enough for daily travel? Yes
 No
According to survey 900 individuals among 1500 the government should focus on making
effective transport connections which connects every link of the city.
Yes No
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Number of candidates
Illustration 1: Is transport connections effective through enough to reach out to your
destination on time

Yes No
640
660
680
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
800
700
Number of candidates
Ill
ustration 2: Is amount of roads at present able to meet the current increase in special
care
In accordance,to survey it is evaluated that 800 individuals among 1500 thinks that
there is a need to make specialized road specifically for cars.

According to survey 900 individuals among 1500 the government should focus on making
effective transport connections which connects every link of the city.
yes no
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
number of candidates
Illustration 3: Is the government initiating some measures or improvements in the
transport network of Exeter

In accordance to data in the survey results it can be concluded that 1100 in individuals among
1500 thinks there is need to take initiatives to implement effective daily travel route.
Above survey was conducted by circulating this survey form among 1000 people of that city.
Various instruction were given to them regarding how to fill this form. As in the city there were
around 1,24,000 people so from each family on member can fill this form. By studying the
survey it was concluded since there is a huge traffic on the roads due to which people are not
able to reach their workplace at time. It was founded through survey that there are currently few
flaws in the transportation system of Exeter which has to be taken care of.
From the above conducted survey, it was found as per 700 respondent in theme 2 stated
that there are currently few flaws in the transportation system of Exeter which has to be taken
care of. On the basis of survey and view of majority of respondents it is determined that
government needs to invest more on the transportation assets of Exeter thereby modifying the
train and bus routes. Also, the demand for road space and current routes availability are not able
Yes No
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Number of candidates
Illustration 4: Are the bus routes and train routes effective enough for daily basis

to meet the number of increase in vehicles. This is making the people reach late to their desired
destinations. Furthermore, the routes have to increase since the increasing traffic jam has
adversely affected the people of Exeter by harmful emissions of CO2. So on the basis of this
conducted survey, following transport plan could be formulated that would further assist the
Exeter localities to improve their current status even more.
→ Transport Plan for Exeter, England, UK ←
Needs Possible solution Time frame Authority responsible
for monitoring and
controlling
The increasing
demand for road
space is not meeting
the rising usage of
cars.
Formulation of new
budget in which the
investment on roads
has to be increased
which will enable the
architects and
engineers to develop
new road routes for
meeting the required
demands.
3-4 year Municipal
corporation in Exeter
Excessive traffic jam
responsible for CO2
emissions.
Making the routes
one-way and enabling
the increasing of
routes s that people
could easily reach
their destination on
time.
1 year Council of Exeter
Less availability of Increasing the 1.5 year Both Municipal

routes makes people
travel on congested
routes.
number of routes in
bus as well since
majority of population
is able to reach out
their destination.
Innovating the routes
of railways and bus as
well since majority of
population is able to
reach out their
destination.
corporation and
Council members of
Exeter, England
1.03Understand issues concerning model choice and behavior
Since the city of Exeter has been facing ample of issues regarding the
congested roads as well as the problems concerning the CO2 emission because of which the
people are facing some serious issues. So, definitely seeing the present situation of Exeter, there
is a definite need of a model to be applied to the city. Henceforth, in order to do so issues have
to be assessed and accordingly modifications should be introduced. So the chosen model for the
Exeter is Travel demand Model which has been discussed below:
The travel demand model of Exeter town England:
Transportation planning in Exeter could be classified in following four steps:
1 To identify Highway system component
2 To define transportation planning
3 To recall the process and purpose of construction planning design
4 To identify the 4 models of transportation
1.) The first step is to identify the present transport system available in Exeter, England and
collect data and analyze the current situation of the system. Close examination of these data

collected from different sources and surveys such as household surveys, workplace surveys,
destination surveys etc. through personal interviews and print out questionnaires helps to
understand the gap between the demand and supply in the transport sector (Miler and Pac, 2015).
The total work area population in Exeter is about 1, 24,000 which indicates that there is large
number of job opportunities for people living in this region. This figure indicates that
transportation system is quite efficient but massive use of energy is an issue. There is no use of
renewable resources. Further, the increasing number of commuters is leading to more increase in
demand of new routes and roads for managing the traffic situation.
2.) The next step is to develop the transportation plan keeping in mind the following essential
elements:
 Efficiency: Interactive wind powered lights that saves the electricity as it glows only
when it sense any car on road, wireless electric vehicle charging which charge the
electric cars when they travel on these roads and solar energy roads that allows the
effective use of solar energy and saves the electricity and is even environmental
friendly. The use of renewable energy sources shall help in managing the energy
requirements of the transportation system of Exeter, England.
 Quality: Quality here means the polluted free environments which do not had any
adverse effect on the health of the people in the region. There is emission of congestion
based effluents which is polluting the air of Exeter and creating harmful impact over the health
of individuals. There is a need for city to become independent from congestion based fuels.
 Equity: Demand transport model is also affected by the social, culture, economical
and environmental factors like travel time, travel cost, waiting time, no of trips, comfort
etc. thus these should also be take into account while planning .
Now the planners need to design the constructive plan which requires in depth research
of the plan and its completion period. This period may be short term that may take about 3 years
with high cost or the long term plan of about 10 years which is more sustainable in the polluted
cities like Exeter. Engineers are need to be called off with the quotations which develop the
effective transportation plan and ensures the efficiency, quality and equity along with the

optimum utilization of available financial resources. The engineers need to quote the following
points in its plan:
Analyze the problems stated by the planner and find out the effective solutions to resolve
these problems through his professional skills and experience. These problems may be related to
congestion and improve safety.
Variety of designs and ideas need to be analyzed and discussed in the light of the present
and futures prospects and choose the most effective plan that fulfill the ultimate targets of the
planner for the benefit of the people of Exeter as a whole.
3.) After the selection of the transportation project the next step is to work on the cost
effectiveness and other legal and political consideration required to implement the plan into
reality. The planner need to discuss and analyze the feasibility of the project and calculate the
cost and benefit proportion in the light of toll charge, site location selected for the project and
other revenue cost forecast. Inventory and land use is also need to be analyzed. Land use
requires the detail assessment and forecasting in terms of population, employment, economic,
social and land use activities.
4.) The next step is to analyze the zone or area where traffic will flow and then decide the
number of trips required and this helps the planner to analyze the total traffic in certain time, the
distance need to be covered and the cost required to fulfill the specific demands (Lorenc, 2013).
5.) Last but not least the planner gives the contract to the contractor to implement the project
improve the existing transportation system. The planner need to also analyze the speed per
vehicle in the zone based on business, residential and commercial activities carried on nearby
and its accessibility. Further, it includes the parking studies too to facilitate the transport users
and do not cause any chaos later.
Transport system should ensure the easy accessibility with the other modes of the
transport like rail, airways and water transport. Road transport should be planned in such a
manner that it links all the other three modes of transport so that people can easily reach and
access the same (Szymanek, 2011).

Rails, airways and waterways are the effective modes of transport to move the goods as
well as passengers from one part of country to another, thus there should be an effective
highway system with clear, stable and controllable traffic pattern.
Transportation planning too requires the regular review and monitor the plan framed and
implemented to assess whether the proposal made by the planner have bought the significant
benefit to the community or not.
The application of this model i.e. Travel Demand Model involved certain issues. These
include excessive time consumption for conducting the research. A broad range of skills is
needed for the development of this models. So the managers,analysts and modelers need to have
huge knowledge regarding the implementation of this modes. And the development cost of such
models can also be high. The travel demand model leads to split in travel zones which can
impact cost effectiveness and can led to confusion. Further, the model is based on statewide ara
analysis for which assessment of areas difficult and time consuming. There is no clear guideline
that specifies correct application of all the aspects of this model. This made it difficult for
introducing relevant content for this aspect. Another major issue which was faced in application
of this model is developing financial estimates and cost effectiveness of the overall project. It
wasn't so easy to estimate the costs accurately. The research over travel model was difficult as
every information was given in specialized language which took time to understand the concepts
behind the model. Moreover, there were so many online links available for the model therefore it
was complex and confusing to analyze that what is the appropriate information about the travel
model. Thus, it consumes lot of time in evaluating the best alternatives which can assist in issues
like congestion and pollution.
The travel demand model connects every link of road which makes the easy connectivity
in transport system. The first step of the model aims at analyzing traffic zines and road networks
which will assist the government in making appropriate connectivity to reduce congested roads.
Moreover, the model aims at making connectivity keeping in mind all the socio economic data
that is focused on School enrollment, population, wholesale employment, service employment,
retail employment, households etc. which decrease the fund investment and assist the
government in establishing cost effective transport development plan. Hence, the less traffic
population will help the authorities in reducing pollution which is increasing due to Co2

emission of stuck vehicles. Besides in order to reduce the harmful emission it aims at increasing
the number of electrical vehicles in the country.
1.04 Understand the links between the transport planning and the provision and operation of
passenger and good transport
In today’s globalization transport plays the effective role in every human’s life. It can
also be called as backbone of the economy of every country. Transport is the life line of every
sector now days without which any activity starting from the agriculture to industrialization
cannot operate nor completed. Some of the basic benefits are as follows:
It facilitates the cities in wealth creation. Mobility of the goods and passengers from one
place to another has become very easy now which allow them to trade and even export their
specialized goods to another part of the world and expand their business which ultimately leads
to enhance their profitability and even economy of the country. Because of the current issues
faced in model of Travel Demand, the corporation of Exeter has introduced ample of
modifications. The convergence of a total of 5 railway lines has assisted in building quick
connections. This includes the connection between Exeter to London & North.
Every region has the limited jobs as compare to the population exists there, thus,
transport planning has contributed to decrease the unemployment rate in the region. Some people
do not prefer living far from their family due to some critical condition at home, so they need to
leave their jobs which affects their income but with the development of the transport the time
and distance between the job and home destination have reduced which facilitates them to take
care of their family members and also maintain their income. Furthermore, in addition to this
there has been a substantial increase in the employment rate in the various sectors of Exeter such
as the hospitality and many more with an annual increase of nearly 8 %(Jodejko-Pietruczuk and
Plewa, 2012).
Transportation has played the vital role in decreasing accident and mortality death rates
as the ambulances provides the basic treatment to the patient on the spot and take to him to the
hospital on time. It has facilitated the people of community to call of the ambulances when they
are alone at home and critical accident takes place. Also, in addition to this, the people of Exeter

are able to reach out their destined places on time. Since the routes have been facilitated, people
are able to avoid the congested routes. The daily traffic experienced in the Exeter has faced a
substantial decrease of over 5% since the past 5 years. Furthermore, an analytical tool of
TEMPRO has been developed by Dft. TEMPRO utilizes the data of census in addition to usage
of demographic-data, car-ownership data and information regarding workforce-planning as well.
It is further estimated that future-growth will be substantially observed by the Sky Park
as well as Science Park. On the basis of current data to be obtained, Exeter has highly obtained
their infrastructure of roads, and has been consistently aiming towards improvement of their
journey as well as freeing the roads from the main problem of congestion.
Today travel and tourism sector is flourishing and contributing high in the economy of
every country. Thus, transport system plays vital role in every sector and thus transportation
planning has direct impact on every human in the community.
CONCLUSION
The above report concludes that transportation planning is the life line of the every sector
now days. In today’s globalization transport plays the effective role in every human’s life. It can
also be called as backbone of the economy of every country. It also helps to analyze that the
transportation planning of the local community requires the in depth research to develop the
effective Travel Demand Model and implement it efficiently keeping in mind all the aspects that
directly affects the model like environmental, cultural, social and political factor. It also explains
the model to understand various issues related to transport which signifies its importance. Thus,
this process requires the in depth research and study to analyze the current and future travel
demand of the people and meet those demands keeping in mind the environmental factors and
traffic demands too.

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