Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks

This assignment delves into the application of energy harvesting within the context of wireless sensor networks. It highlights the limitations of traditional power sources for sensor nodes, leading to short operational lifespans. The focus shifts towards various energy harvesting methods and their suitability for powering these networks. The analysis includes examining different energy densities and comparing various techniques based on efficiency metrics. Furthermore, the document explores how energy harvesting impacts wireless communication protocols and network design considerations in WSNs.

report

Contents
Compare three data encryption standards for WiMAX networks?.................................................1
Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies...........................2
Energy Harvest................................................................................................................................3
References........................................................................................................................................6

Compare three data encryption standards for WiMAX networks?
The three of the data encryption methods are:
a. CCMP for the cryptography which is used to handle the different designing patterns and
the implementation of the different standards for the IEEE. It also includes the use of the
addresses with the vulnerabilities that have been presented by the WEP that is the
insecure protocol. It includes the integrity with the data field and the selected portions to
make use of the 128-bit key and the 128-bit block size (Swain et al., 2018). The security
standard encryption protocol is for the use with the Wi-Fi Protected Access II standards
which is secured and more efficiency that the other Wired Equivalent Privacy. The data
confidentiality and the authentication with the access control helps in handling the layer
management
b. AES: This is important for handling the specifications and working over the data
management. For this, AES (Advanced Encryption Standards) focus on protecting the
information with the implementation of the software and the hardware ranges. This is set
in the world to handle the encryption of the sensitive data. The patterns are based on
protecting the sensitive government information with the development and the
advancement of the encryption standard algorithm (Kaur et al., 2016). This is mainly for
the hardware and the software as well as the other restricted environment that tends to
offer a good defense with the different techniques of the attack.
c. PKM-EAP: This is for the authentication of the framework which has been used in the
wireless networks and the different connections set for the point-to-point. The framework
is mainly to provide and handle the transport usage of the key material which is through
the different EAP methods. The vendor specific methods and the proposals exists with

the defined message formats. The authentication framework helps in providing the
common information and the functions which relates to handling the EAP defined
methods (Taheri et al., 2017). The requirements of the EAP are used in the wireless LAN
authentication that describes the packet codes with the AAA key management
requirements. The EAP is also for the support and handling the data analysis in a proper
manner. The protected EAP is also for the encryption which defines the correct
deficiencies in EAP that is assumed to protect the communication channel. The
specification of the protection of the user authentication with the server-side key
certificates are mainly to authenticate the server with ensuring the exchange in the
configurations with the keys that have been for the server public key.
Research the security challenges for any two examples of WPAN technologies.
There is a need to check that Bluetooth carries different series of the inherent wireless
technology and the inherent risks is the communication medium which has been open to the
different people, which includes the authentication of the users and the intruders. Bluetooth has
the short-range radio which is vulnerable and the intruders has the frequency to connect to the
PC with the own Bluetooth to monitor and handle the access with the use of the technology
(Aalamifar et al.,2016). There are different threats which could be monitored like the
vulnerabilities which tends to exist in the conventional form of the wired network. This is
applicable to the wireless technologies, with the malicious entities that have been set to gain any
of the unauthorized access to the agency using the wireless connections. The sensitive
information is not encrypted with any of the poor techniques and so the DoS attacks are directed
at the wireless connections (Gautam et al, 2016). There are other types of the malicious entities
which tends to steal the identity of any of the legitimate users and the internal or the external

corporate networks. The sensitivity of the data needs to be mapped with the corruption at the
time of some improper synchronization. The malicious entities are also able to handle and violate
the privacy of any of the users who are legitimate and able to track the movements as well.
Through this, the check is on the uses for the encryption and the decryption for the secured
connection where the connection of 2 Bluetooth devices leads to the establishing of the link key
(Alavi et al., 2016). To generate the secured connection, it is important to work on the different
methods which allow the devices and the other spy on the data to be transferred in between the
devices and then send the false data to the other device. It includes the use of the device with
accessing and encrypting the challenge to link the keys with the other information.
The ZigBee specifications are based on the procedures which include the application support sub
layer, with the issues related to no security, confidentiality, authentication. There are some
procedues and the application support sub layer which needs to be handled for the key
establishment frame protection and to handle the symmetric key block cipher algorithm. The
security issues are also the limited node resources where the keys that are being used in ZigBee
are saved in memory where the intruders need to read and check over the keys directly from the
memory. The analysis is based on working over the checking of the communication security with
the test configurations using the encryption standards (Sangeetha et al., 2016).
Energy Harvest
According to Shaikh et al., (2016), the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) works on the pervasive
nature with the deployment set in the Internet of Things. The cyber physical systems include the
different areas which includes the association with the design and the development. It includes
the high-performance energy for the environment with the environment that includes the cost-
effective, efficient and the reliable energy. The adaptive computing environment is for the

recognition with key enabling techniques for the emerging of the pervasive computing areas with
the sensing and handling the communication. The WSN includes the composing of the large
number of the static sensor nodes with the unreliability and the short-range radio links. There are
different sensing systems for acquiring the data, with the processing and handling the
communication of the data. The forms are set to take hold of the services with reduced energy
consumption when the mobility tends to occur overheads. The mobility depends with the energy
where the motors and the other hardware systems are working over the traversing of the
networks and then returning to the sink for the recharge. The implementation is to consumer the
lesser energy with the critical issue that needs to be addressed in a proper manner. The paper also
focuses on the energy harvesting in WSNs where there is a need to handle the roles of the
harvesting mechanisms with the sensor nodes that are for the maintenance of the batter power.
The battery energy density is found to be limited which tends to hinder the sensor node range
from the months to the years. To work on the classification of the energy, there are forms which
include the power levels of the sensor nodes and the increased use of the input and the output.
This depends on working over the power density metrics which are used to compare the different
energy techniques of harvesting.
Ulukus, Sennur, et al., (2015)., focus on working over the wireless networks which are mainly
for the energy harvesting nodes. There are different transmissions which are based on handling
the potential models with the use of the energy harvesting communications. This includes the use
of the different sources that are associated to the energy harvesting with the man-made sources
that are set through the transfer of the wireless energy in a controlled manner. The efficiency is
mapped and taken hold of depending upon the communication theory perspectives. The energy
harvesting brings the new and different dimensions for the wireless communications that are

important for the intermittency and the randomness of the energy available. The energy
harvesting methods are for identifying the efforts with the consideration of general reward
functions with the development of medium for the access layer control protocol. This includes
the implications of the best effort transmit which tends to create a match with saving periods and
handling the unlimited batter for the different available schemes. The forms are set for the data
transmission phase where the blowing up or preventing the energy shortage needs to be taken
care of efficiently.

References
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S., Vithanage, N. S., & Dhammearatchi, D. (2016). Enhanced QoS support in OFDMA-
Based WiMAX Systems. Compusoft, 5(4), 2090.
Gautam, A. K., Kumar, L., Kanaujia, B. K., & Rambabu, K. (2016). Design of compact F-shaped
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Antennas and Propagation, 64(3), 1101-1105.
Kaur, K., & Sharma, A. (2016). Bandwidth-Aware Stochastic Uplink Scheduling in WIMAX
Networks.
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Routing Protocol using Gene Expression Programming. International Journal of Applied
Metaheuristic Computing (IJAMC), 7(2), 16-38.
Swain, C. M. K., & Das, S. (2018). Study and Impact of Relay Selection Schemes on
Performance of an IEEE 802.16 j Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR) WiMAX Network.
In Progress in Intelligent Computing Techniques: Theory, Practice, and
Applications (pp. 491-499). Springer, Singapore.
Taheri, M. M. S., Abdipour, A., & Pedersen, G. F. (2017, March). Compact penta band printed
slot antenna for GSM, Bluetooth, WiMAX, 4G LTE, and WLAN applications.

In Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), 2017 11th European Conference on (pp. 2152-
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