Rural to Urban Migration in Bhutan: Causes, Effects, and Mitigation

This research project explores the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies of rural to urban migration in Bhutan, focusing on the Chomsaling gewog village. It examines the reasons behind migration, its impact on agriculture, challenges faced by villagers, and recommendations to control migration. The study aims to provide insights for stakeholders and assist in policy-making and decision-making processes.

Research project

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION................................................................................................3
1.1. General..................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Objectives..............................................................................................................................3
1.3. Significance..........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................9
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................9
3.2 Research design...................................................................................................................10
3.3 Data collection and the instruments.....................................................................................11
3.4 Data analysis........................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION...............................................13
CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................21
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................24
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................26
Questionnaire.............................................................................................................................26

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
Rural to urban migration is found as the process in which the villagers or people in rural
areas shifts or moves to urban cities for their development. In the Himalayan kingdom of the
Bhutan, thousands of the people are seen as leaning their own villages for the purpose of seeking
out better life in the towns. With the young person who seems as less interested in the agriculture
and are eager for embracing an education and the employment opportunities, rural areas are seen
as slowly empting out. Furthermore, it has been seen that migration results to positive as well as
the negative for both rural & developed cities. The present report is based on the migration in
Chomsaling gewog village of Bhutan which includes assessment of the reasons behind the
migration and its effects. Moreover, the study highlights impact of the migration on the villagers
and the people living in urban cities. The report also identifies challenges faced by because of the
migration and the appropriate measures adopted in order to mitigate or control migration of the
rural areas people to the urban cities. The research includes the detailed review of the initiates
and the programmes developed for controlling the migration so that village could be developed
effectively.
1.2 Objectives
1. To find various causes behind rural-urban migration in Chomsaling gewog (suburb)
under Dagana dzongkhag between 2008 to 2018.
2.Identify and provide necessary recommendations to further control migration in Bhutan.
3.To assess problems and opportunities and socio-economic effect due to migration.
1.3. Significance
The findings of the study would help several stakeholders like private institutions,
government in assessing and understanding the report. This will assist the stakeholders in
readdressing existing policies & in framing new regulations, planning and developing their
activities for the proposed projects and allows in making better or suitable decisions. The
research also facilitates a strong check and balances on this un-interrupted flow of migration so
that appropriate solution could be derived for the future execution.

CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Rural to urban migration in Bhutan
In the view point of Wangdi and et.al., (2018), it can be stated that the main reason
behind rural to urban migration amongst the youth of Chomsaling gewog village is to attain jobs
and business opportunities in the developed cities of the country. It has been observed that the
majority of people migrate to the capital city of Thimphu so that they can get relaxation of the
hard labour and small incomes earned from irrigation and other agricultural works. According to
Chand, ( 2020), approximately 28% of the migrants from Chomsaling gewog village settled in
Thimphu and other 6% relocated in the populous cities of Phuntsholing and Paro. Another
objective that motivates the migrants to move into the urban areas are education, health care,
transportation and better quality of life. The rural people wish to provide an adequate standard of
living and education facilities to their children therefore they choose to migrate from villages to
cities to give better future to the next generation.
Pelzom and Katel, (2018), has stated that approximately 43% migrants had a university
degree and out of that more than 31% were employed civil service jobs after relocating into
towns and cities whereas only 7% people living in villages had a university degree and more than
90% of the villagers were involved in agriculture work which clearly indicates the lack of
options and growth opportunities in the rural areas. Moreover, every individual especially the
youth need freedom, higher level of education and secure jobs to feel a sense of accomplishment
among themselves. However, the incessant migration of people from rural to urban areas has
caused a lot of problems amongst the individuals living in these cities because these areas are
more crowded than ever and also it has reduced the level of opportunities for people residing
there which has become a major issue and it can be solved only through an increase in
employment opportunities, infrastructure and industrialization. Therefore, the ministry of
agriculture has decided to make agricultural occupations more beneficial both socially and
economically so that the youth of the rural areas do not migrate from their villages. The
agricultural development can be done by implying the use of technologies, infrastructure and an
increase in export levels that can help in increasing employment opportunities and control the
migration from villages to developed cities. Thus, it can be stated that an increase in rural to

urban migration can cause several challenges for villagers and city people which means that it is
important to keep a balance through continuous development in both towns and villages.
2.2 Effects of the rural- urban migration on agriculture in Chomsaling gewog village
In the view point of Chand, (2017), agriculture contributes around 17% in Bhutan’s GDP
and is practiced by villagers as a source of income and livelihood. It has been stated that 9 out of
10 Bhutan nationals were engaged in agricultural work in the year 1987 which clearly means that
agriculture plays a very strong role in shaping up the country’s economy and strengthening their
GDP. More than 90% of villagers still practice agriculture as a means of self- employment as
every villager hold roughly 2-3 acres of land on which they grow crops and vegetables.
However, according to Lethro and Akita, (2019), with the increase in migration from
Chomsaling gewog village there has been a slight decrease in the production and export of
vegetable crops which has ultimately reduced the income of the villagers in the country.
Moreover, Bhutan now heavily relies on import of food products to meet its consumption
like rice, oil, alcoholic beverages that are supplied by its neighbour countries like India and
Nepal. It has become very difficult for the self-employed farmers and villagers to increase their
production due to lack of manpower and technology as majority of the youth migrate towards the
urban cities to work in different kinds of industries like construction, textile, IT and
manufacturing. Nonetheless, the ministry of agriculture has made decision in regards to surge the
production of rice and oil so that the country could become self-sufficient and also reduce the
imports that have been increasing incessantly with 10% growth in the past decade. As per the
data provided by ministry of agriculture, there has been 30% labour shortage and 20% crop
damage caused by wildlife caused due to the movement of people from villages to towns.
In April 2008, India cut off the export of rice to Bhutan to stabilize and balance the food
availability in their country which created huge problem for Bhutan as the prices of rice rose in
the country which became a wake up call for the country and it realized its reliance upon India
for the availability of food products. Thus, the country decided to prioritize the production of
food products in the rural areas and implemented various technology to promote better farming
techniques. The decrease in land holdings was another problem for the people of

Chomsalinggewogvillageas with the increasing population in the village the average size of land
holdings reduced which made it difficult for the farmers to grow their farm products. Also, the
movement of people towards urban areas led towards fermentation of land holdings and reduced
the average farm size.
2.3 Analysing problems or challenges faced by villagers because of migration
According to Lakey and Chophel, (2019), the people of Chomsalinggewogvillage faced
several problems because of incessant migration of villagers to developed cities in search of job
and opportunities. The villagers faced problems like small scale production because the children
of farmers migrate to the cities to study or work and as a result of that there is a shortage of
labour which means that the size of production reduces and so does the revenue. Also, majority
of the villagers in Chomsalinggewogvillage do not have access to basic technology and have
adopted the labour-intensive approach therefore with reduced workforce the cultivation of fields
also reduces.
The movement of migrants from villages to cities also makes their land barren as there is
no activity once the people leave which further leads to the land loosing its fertility and it acts as
a loss to the other village because now no one can purchase the following land and it acts as a
huge challenge for the farmers. The effects of rural to urban migration to agriculture surpass
fallow land and labour shortages. The migration compromises Bhutan’s food security and its
celebrated values of Gross National Happiness. The villagers faced several difficulties relating to
the use of technology because the government failed to pay attention towards the Chomsaling
gewog village as the youth travelled to cities therefore in need to increase employment
opportunities among the people living in developed cities, the government focused on building
industries and infrastructure to promote sustainability in the job sector but unfortunately no
attention was paid towards the villagers and the agriculture sector which led to reduction in the
scale of production of crops.
According to Dendup, (2018), the reduced scale production created problems for the
country as the price of food items surged and created an imbalance in the country’s economy
since then the government started promoting the use of technology and infrastructure in the field
of agriculture. However, in the view point of Vilà-Vilardell and et.al., (2020), the life of migrants
is not easy when they relocate themselves into the busy cities as there are many challenges faced

by the people like shortage of residence, increased cost of living, job opportunities etc. Also, it is
important for the youth to receive formal education so that they can uplift the country’s economy
by implementing creative ideas in the field of agriculture, manufacturing, service and other
industries.
2.4 Determining and facilitating appropriate recommendations for mitigating migration in
Bhutan
In the view point of Herberholz & Phuntsho, (2018), there have been countless initiatives
by government and Farmers group to mitigate the migration of people from rural to urban areas
in Bhutan. Bio Bhutan was developed in 2005 with the collaboration of Swiss-Bhutan
development agency to produce and market 13 various organic products distributed with the help
of farmers and other village groups across the country. The project is closely associated with the
government and Ministry of Agriculture to promote agriculture and farming industry so that
there can be a decline in the movement of people from villages to cities. The Bio Bhutan project
leads in the production of lemon grass, honey, spices and soaps by performing adequate
harvesting because there exists a huge demand for these products globally thus it producing them
in the country will lead to economic advantages for the country. Another initiative called Happy
Green Cooperative promotes the use of agricultural and eco-friendly products by promoting them
in the form organic food and beverages to consumers in the developed city which motivates the
people living in villages to adopt agriculture and irrigation as a profession because its gives huge
revenue to them in return.
Moreover, the government must also plan different initiatives to promote the agriculture
industry and should provide tax exemption and subsidies to the villagers as it would lead to
increase in production and reduce the migration from villages to towns. Furthermore, the
government and Ministry of Agriculture should increase its exports by facilitating the villages
with unique technology and other machinery so that there can be a huge scale production which
could also help in increasing the exports from the country and also increase farmers’ revenue.
School Agriculture Program can also be used as effective means to promote the agriculture
industry among the village people so that they could understand the importance of farming,
knowledge about agriculture and other important factors which would help in improving the
knowledge of children and become an important profession among people. Also, the youth must

be involved in farming and other agricultural practices as an internship during the summer
vacations so that they could develop a keen interest in the field by performing activities like
horticulture, composting, rain water harvesting, terrace cultivation, crop rotation and livestock
farming from a very young age. These are few recommendations that must be implemented by
the government and Ministry of Agriculture to mitigate the migration of people from rural to
urban areas in search of jobs and business opportunities. Also, it is the duty of government as
well to build infrastructure, education, transportation, medical facilities, connectivity, housing
and quality of life in the Chomsalinggewogand other villages so that people do not need to
migrate towards developed cities of Bhutan.

CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Methodology in the research is reflected as the selection of the particular procedures or
the tools that are used for identifying, processing, analysing and choosing information about the
specific problem or issue. This section involves application of the appropriate methods for
analysing and conducting the study in a useful way. This segment helps the research in
increasing the validity and the reliability of the study in an effective manner. There are mainly
two methods through which the scholar prepares for the research report that includes qualitative
and quantitative methods.
Qualitative research is counted the method that emphasize on collecting the data by way
of open ended and the conversational communication (Fletcher, (2017)). This method does not
involve any numerical elements or application of the statistical method in order to derive
findings and conclusion. It focuses on the qualitative characteristics associated with the research
problem and provides analysis of such qualitative features effectively and efficiently. On the
other side quantitative method in research is been defined as the systematic investigation of the
phenomena through gathering a quantifiable data and in performing the statistical, computational
and the mathematical tools. Under this research information is been gathered from an existing
and the potential customers by making use of the hypotheses and numerical methods.
In this study an investigator has used qualitative type of research that helps in studying
and understanding all the qualitative features attached with the study. This method allows the
researcher to make in-depth or detailed analysis and furthermore, probing & questioning of the
respondents on the basis of their responses which in turn helps in understanding motivation and
the feelings of the researcher.
Moreover, the two main approaches that the scholar can use in preparing for the research
report involve inductive and deductive approach. Inductive type of approach starts with
observation and the theories that are been proposed towards an end of research process as the
result of an observation. It involves search for the particular pattern from the observation and
development of theories for such kind of pattern through sequence of hypotheses (Wiek & Lang,
(2016)). However, deductive approach mainly concerned with developing hypotheses on the

basis of an existing theory and thereafter designing research strategy for the purpose of testing
hypotheses. This approach includes hypotheses that are been derived from propositions of theory
and is concerned with the deducting conclusions from the propositions or the premises.
Referring to this report, scholar has used inductive approach for the purpose of making
the qualitative study adequately and appropriately. This approach helps in generate meaning
from the data and also in determining the relationships and patterns for building particular
theory. It is majorly applied on the basis of learning from an experience and is observed for
reaching conclusions or in generating the theory (Mohajan, (2018)). It enables in making the
qualitative analysis in an appropriate manner as it is found as the most suitable technique for
conducting qualitative analysis in the research report and making better representation of the
findings within the study.
3.2 Research design
It is depicted as the framework of the research techniques that has been adopted by the
researcher. It is the design that allows the scholar to hone in on the research techniques which are
suitable for subject matter and setting up their studies for attaining success. There are several
types of research design that includes descriptive, experimental, explanatory, correlation etc.
Descriptive design relates to the method in which an investigator is mainly interested in
specifying situation or the case under the study. It is defined as the theory-based method of
design that is been created by assessing, presenting, gathering the collected data. It allows the
researcher in facilitating an insights relating to the reason behind formulation of the research.
Moreover, on other note, experimental design concerned with establishing relationships between
cause & effect of the situation (Ørngreen & Levinsen, (2017)). Correlation designs assist the
scholar in establishing the relationship among the two closely connected or related variables.
Explanatory deign involves using researchers thoughts and thee ideas on the subject for further
exploring the theories.
In this report, researcher has used descriptive design that helps in understanding the
problem appropriately and its need. It is counted as the most effective tool in assessing the non-
quantified issues and in observing an entire phenomenon in natural and the unchanged
environment. It consumes very less time as compared to the quantitative experiments.

3.3 Data collection and the instruments
It is the practice through which scholar gathers an information from relevant sources in
order to find results with regards to research problem and in evaluating outcomes or findings.
Data can be collected by using two major sources that is primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources are seen as the information gathered is original in nature as it is directly
obtained from the participant. Scholar collects fresh data or first-hand information for the first
time in case the nature of research issue is unique and no any research has been made on that
particular problem. On other state, secondary sources is reflected as the method under which
already published data or information is been used and is called as the second-hand data. Such
data are readily available from other types of the sources such as internet, articles, books etc.
With respect to this study, scholar has used both the sources by way of structuring the
questionnaire, conducting survey, reviewing books, journals, articles, internet etc. Primary
method provides accurate results as the information is obtained directly from the participant and
is found as expensive and time consuming (Fletcher, (2017)). However, secondary data is less
costly and same time it is available easily but there is a doubt on the authenticity.
Sampling is the process of selecting the group of people, items and objects which are
been taken from the larger population for the purpose of measurement. It is counted as the
representative of population for ensuring that the results could be generalised from sample to an
entire population. It is been classified into two techniques that is probabilistic and non-
probabilistic sampling.
Probabilistic sampling refers to as the technique where sample is chosen on the basis of
probability theory from the large population. However, non-probability sampling means in which
the scholar chooses the sample based on subjective judgements instead of random selection.
In accordance to this study, scholar has adopted simple random sampling that is counted
as the part of probabilistic sampling under which each item within the population has an equal
chance of getting selected in sample. In this selection of item wholly depends on the probability
and thus this technique is stated as method of the chances. The sample of 50 people or
respondents are selected for analysing this issue in an adequate manner.

3.4 Data analysis
It is the practice of evaluating the data by making use of logical and an analytical
reasoning for the purpose of examining every component of data given or facilitated. Researcher
can assess the data mainly by using two major methods that is SPSS and thematic analysis.
SPSS is defined as the statistical package for social sciences and is used by an
investigator for making an analysis of the complex data. Most of agencies use SPSS for
analysing the survey data in order to get appropriate findings out of the projects. On the other
side, thematic analysis refers to the method of assessing the qualitative data which is usually
been applied to set off the texts like interview transcript.
Under this report, investigator has used thematic analysis method in which various
themes are been prepared in relation to the research issue and the researcher closely examines
data for identifying the common themes, ideas, patterns etc that comes up frequently or
repeatedly (Wiek & Lang, (2016)). This technique helps in identifying he responses attained
from the participant with regards to rural-urban migration in the village of Bhutan and through
this a better evaluation has been made of the data which in turn leads to appropriate findings and
conclusion.

CHAPTER 4- DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Theme 1: Strongly agree that there is awareness of concept of migration.
Participant Respondent % of respondent
Strongly agreed 20 40
Agreed 10 20
Neutral 5 10
Disagreed 8 16
Strongly disagreed 7 14
Total 50 100
40
2010
16
14
% of respondent
Strongly agreed
Agreed
Neutral
Disagreed
Strongly disagreed
Interpretation: from the above data and its analysis and evaluation it is clear that the most of the
respondent are clear that they strongly agree that the they are aware of the concpet of migration.
They are clear that the migration is referred to as the going of a person from one place to the
other either in search of the job or for some other growth purpose. But on the other side many of
the respondent states that they are not much aware of the fact that the people are not much aware
of the concept of migration.
Theme 2: Yes, migration of people from one place to another is correct.
Participant Respondent % of respondent
Yes 30 60

No 20 40
Total 50 100
Yes No
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
60
40
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation: with the analysis and evaluation of the above dat ai tis clear that the migration of
people from one place to another is correct. This is majorly becuae of the fact that the when the
people form one country is going ot another then this is for some good and developing purpose
and not for some fraudulent purpose. On the other side some of the repsondent states that they do
not think that the migration is correct as this increases the population and employment
opportunties witihn the other country.
Theme 3: Rural to urban is the major trend in the migration of the people from one place to
another.
Participant Respondent % of respondent
Urban to rural 10 20
Rural to urban 25 50
Both of them 5 10
None of them 10 20
Total 50 100

Urban to rural
Rural to urban
Both of them
None of them
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
20
50
10
20
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation: with the help of the above data and its analysis it is clear that the use major
migration which is taking place is from rural to the urban area. This is majorly because of the
reaosn that in the urban area the development and growth opportunities are more and this attract
the people to go to the urban place. But the other respondent does not agree to this ans some
states that urban to rural is mote andsome states that both the migration are equally important.
Theme 4: 2- 5 years is the maximum time for which the people are living in the areas of
Chomsaling gewqog in Bhutan.
Participant Respondent % of respondent
1- 3 year 5 10
2- 5 year 30 60
5- 7 year 5 10
Above 8 years 10 20
Total 50 100

1- 3 year 2- 5 year 5- 7 year Above 8
years
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10
60
10
20
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation: with the above analysis it is clear that the time of living in a particular area also
depends over the migration level of the person. This is majorly because of the reaosn that if the
perosn is more attached to the place then the people will not migrate from the place as they will
feel connected to the place.majority of the people states that the people living for the time frame
of 2- 5 years will be more connected and they will not migrate from the place. Some of the
respondent states that the 5- 7 years is more and above 8 years are also high.
Theme 5: All of the above are the major reason for the migration of people from one place to
another.
Participant Respondent % of respondent
More facilities in other
countries 4 8
Growth opportunity 4 8
Purpose of employment 2 4
All of the above 40 80
Total 50 100

8 8
4
80
% of respondent
More facilities in other
countries
Growth opportunity
Purpose of employment
All of the above
Interpretation: from the above data it is clear that there are many different reaosn for the people
to migrate from the country. Most of the respondent states that the all of the above is the major
reason. This is majorly agreed because of the fact that all of the above includes the employment
purpose, growth opportunity and more facitlites in other developed countries. But in against of
this some of the respondent agrees to these fact individually like some agrees to growth
opportunity some with employment.
Theme 6: Majority of the respondents state that rural and urban migration creates positive
impact upon economy
What is the impact of rural and urban
migration over the economy?
Respondents
Positive 30
Negative 10
No impact 10

3010
10
Respondents
Positive
Negative
No impact
Interpretation: Through the primary research, it can be stated that majority of migrant people
are highly agree that due to rural and urban migration, there is a positive impact upon the
country. Such that out of 50 respondents, 30 state that it creates positive impact while, 10 of
them state that it creates negative impact and only 10 of them state that it did not create any
impact upon the country. But it is also supported under literature review that due to rural and
urban migration, there is a benefits in the tourism industry through the development of new air
routes and not only this, this also assist to influence the productivity of local workers as well. this
is also directly shows that it leads to increase the economy rate of the country in positive
manner. Therefore, it can be stated that migration generally have positive impact upon the
country such that it contributed to new ideas and fresh approaches to the firm where they take a
help from local workers in order to get better results and accurate outcome as well.
Theme 7: There are many influence of migration of the people from economy
What is the major influence of migration of the
people from one country to another
Respondents
Growth of country 8
Mix of different social principles 10
Increase in population of country 5
All of these 27

Growth of
country Mix of different
social principles Increase in
population of
country
All of these
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
8 10
5
27
Interpretation: In accordance with the above graph, it is interpreted that majority of the
respondents state that there is a major influence of migration upon one country to another. Such
that around 8 out of 50 state that, it helps in the growth of country, while 10 of them state that it
migration leads to mix of different social principles and 5 of them state that migration increases
the population of country. Among all, 27 of them state that all off these majorly affect the
migration. Thus, it is also supported under the literature review section that migration is assist to
let people know about other’s culture and creates awareness among other’s background.
Therefore, migration plays an important role in the success of the company and that is why, as
per the host country point of view, it is analyzed that it get more diverse culture and also assist to
reduce any labour shortage. But on the critically side, it is also analyzed that it leads to
overcrowding which is a negative cause of the country and their other local labors. Hence, it can
be stated that migration leads to creates direct impact upon the economy of the country and even
migrants are also ready to take on low paid, low skilled jobs which in turn assist to increase the
economic condition of the country and leads to decrease unemployment rate in the country as
well.
Theme 8: Yes, there are other different types of alternative method available for migrating
people
Participant Respondent % of respondent
Yes 40 80
No 10 20
Total 50 100

Yes No
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
80
20
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation: with the help of the above data and its interpetation it is clear that the there are
some of alternative being avaialbe for the people who want to migrate to other places. This is
agreed by 80 % that yes there are alternative which the people can use instead of migrating from
the place. But on the other side some of the respondent states that for growing and developing
there is no other option then migrating to devleoped countries.
Theme 9: All of the above are the alternative methods being available for the person to face
the issue of migration.
Participant Respondent
% of
respondent
Working in more advance manner 10 20
Developing the work in accordance with the technology going
in the market 5 10
Increasing the level of the business by taking into
consideration the latest trend 10 20
All of the above 25 50
Total 50 100

20
10
20
50
% of respondent
Working in more advance
manner
Developing the work in
accordance with the
technology going in the
market
Increasing the level of the
business by taking into
consideration the latest
trend
All of the above
Interpretation: with the analysis and evaluation of the above data it is clear that there are many
different alternative which the people can use. The majorty of the participant states that all of the
above is the major method other than migrating. This is because of the fact that all of the above
includes working in advance manner, develping the working in accordance with the latest
trechnology and doing business by considering the latest trend. This is majorly because of the
reaosn that all these three points will bring some or the other business opportunites for the people
and they will not have to migrate to other palces. But in against of this some of the respondent
states that cworking with latest technolgoy is more better option as this will include the use of
technolgoy and this will definatly bring success.
Theme 10: Some of the recommendation for the people who are migrating from one country to
another.
Interpretation: from the analysis and evaluation of this data and its interperetation it is clear that
there are many different types of recoomeded measure which the country or the government can
take to mitigate or decrease the migration. This can be done by developing the new busines
opportunities witihn the country so that the local people can find the growth and development in
those business and will not migrate to the other countries. Also, another major recommendation
given by the some of the respondent is to organize some skill and personality devlepment
courses for the people of the country. This is majorly because of the reaosn that this will hlpe the
people in learning new and advance skills and other attributes and this will help the people in
ncreasing their perosnality and ability to work. Thus, this will build up a good personality of the
people and they will become knowledgeable and expert.
CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION

In the end from the above whole discussion it is clear that the migration is a major
concept which needs to be handled and studied in proper and effective manner. Also, from the
discussion it is clear that the migration is generally taking from the rural population to the urban
population. This is majorly because of the fact that in the urban areas there is more growth and
development and because of this the people living in rural areas get attracted towards this and
they want to go there and live. Also, it is seen that the major reason for the migration is either the
education or for the purpose of employment. Thus, the migration cannot be stopped and this will
affect the country in which the people are going which from Chomsaling gewong to other place.
The present research stated about the different reason for which the rural to urban
migration takes place and this affects the working of the country to a great extent. This affect the
other country as here the people will come and stay and this will increase the population of that
country and also if the people will be coming in other country for the purpose of employment
then the unemployment within the country will also increase. This is majorly pertaining to the
fact that it is not possible that as the migrant come from the Chomsaling they immediately gets
the job. Hence, the country here has to take care of the migrant people as well who have come
from the other countries.
The current research project started by the formulation of the aims and objectives as the first
stage or the basis of research. This is majorly because of the fact that if the aims and objectives
will not be formulated in proper and effective manner then the researcher will not be able to find
or reach to the research results or the outcomes. The aim and objective is formulated before as
this helps the researcher in getting the way or path in which the research will be conducted.
Further with help of the other chapter that is the literature reviews the views and thoughts of the
different authors and scholars was outlined. This was done in order to research in more detail
related to the migration of people from Chomsaling.
Furthermore the analysis and details of the research methods which was used in the
completion of the research was discussed. This was essential that these research methods are the
basis of the success of the research. It is majorly because of the reason that when the research
methods are discussed in advance then the researcher knows which methods to be used. Thus,
this makes the research more effective and easy to be completed. Further after this the collected
data was analysed with help of the thematic analysis under the section of analysis and

interpretation. Also, the analysis of the data was done with help of the charts and then the
findings of the data were discussed. Also, in the end some of the recommendations for the
improvement will be outlined as this will assist the researcher in improving the study. Also this
recommendation will help the people of Chomsaling to know that other than migration what all
steps can be taken by them instead of migrating from the place.
RECOMMENDATION
In the end after all the discussion it is clear that the migrants affect the working of the
country in which they go and migrate. Thus, this affects the economy of both the countries that is
the country in which the migrant is going and the country from which they have come. Hence,
there are some of the recommendation for the people and the government of the countries to take
some measures in order to take some steps which are as follows-
The first and foremost suggestion is for the government of the country as they can take
initiatives in order to provide the people of the country with some opportunity of growth and
development. This is because of the fact that because of this opportunity the people will not go
from the place to some other countries. Also, the government of Chomsaling must provide the
resident of the country with the advance and latest educational courses so that the people not go
away from the country to some other country.
Also, the government of Chomsaling and Bhutan must take initiative to promote the
agriculture industry of the country. This is majorly pertaining to the fact that agriculture industry
is very growing and booming in Bhutan and nearby places. Thus, with some hard work and
initiation this can be converted in many different employment opportunities and the will
motivate the local resident to not go to some other places.

REFERENCES
Books and journal
Chand, R., (2017). Social Ecology of Immigrant Population and Changing Urban Landscape of
Thimphu, Bhutan. Journal of Urban and Regional Studies on Contemporary India. 4(1).
pp.1-12.
Chand, R.,( 2020). Changing Agricultural Landscape and Immigrant Population in Thimphu,
Bhutan. In Urban Food Democracy and Governance in North and South (pp. 249-272).
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Dendup, T. (2018). Agricultural transformation in bhutan: From peasants to entrepreneurial
farmers. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 1-8.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets
method. International journal of social research methodology. 20(2). 181-194.
Herberholz, C., & Phuntsho, S. (2018). Social capital, outpatient care utilization and choice
between different levels of health facilities in rural and urban areas of Bhutan. Social
Science & Medicine. 211. 102-113.
Lakey, L. and Chophel, S., (2019). Agricultural Research and Development: Policy and Program
Priorities in Bhutan. Agricultural Policy and Program Framework: Priority Areas for
Research & Development in South Asia. p.72.
Lethro, D. and Akita, T., (2019). The roles of education in expenditure inequality in Bhutan: an
analysis in an urban–rural context. Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science. 3(2). pp.465-
485.
Mohajan, H. K. (2018). Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related
subjects. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People. 7(1). 23-48.
Ørngreen, R., & Levinsen, K. (2017). Workshops as a Research Methodology. Electronic
Journal of E-learning. 15(1). 70-81.

Pelzom, T. and Katel, O., (2018). Youth Perception of Agriculture and potential for employment
in the context of rural development in Bhutan. Development, Environment and
Foresight. 3(2). pp.92-106.
Vilà-Vilardell, L. and et.al., (2020). Climate change effects on wildfire hazards in the wildland-
urban-interface–Blue pine forests of Bhutan. Forest Ecology and Management. 461.
117927.
Wangdi, S. and et.al., (2018). Demystifying the link between Rural Urban Migration and Human
Wildlife Conflict: A case of Gangzur and Kengkhar, Eastern Bhutan.
Wiek, A., & Lang, D. J. (2016). Transformational sustainability research methodology.
In Sustainability science (pp. 31-41). Springer, Dordrecht.

APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Name:
Gender:
Age:
1. Are you aware of the concept of the migration?
 Strongly agreed
 Agreed
 Neutral
 Disagreed
 Strongly disagreed
2. Is the migration of people from one place to another correct or not?
 Yes
 No
3. What is the major trend in the migration of the people from one place to another?
 Urban to rural
 Rural to urban
 Both of them
 None of them
4. Since how long are you living in the areas of Chomsaling gewog in Bhutan?
 1- 3 year
 2- 5 year
 5- 7 year
 Above 8 years
5. What are the major reasons for the migration of the people from the Chomsaling gewog
in Bhutan?
 More facilities in other countries
 Growth opportunity
 Purpose of employment
 All of the above

6. What is the major impact of the rural and urban migration over the economy of the
country?
 Positive
 Negative
 No impact
7. What is the major influence of the migration of the people from the country to another?
 Growth of the country
 Mix of different social principles
 Increase in population of the country
 All of the above
8. Is there any alternative method for the people other than migrating from the company?
 Yes
 No
9. What are some of the alternate method to be used by the person to address the issue of
migration?
 Working in more advance manner
 Developing the work in accordance with the technology going in the market
 Increasing the level of the business by taking into consideration the latest trend
 All of the above
10. What are some recommendations for the people who are migrating from one country to
another?