Research Project (PDF)- Assignment

RESEARCH PROJECT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Project specification ..............................................................................................................1
1.2 identifying the factors which contributes to the procedure of research project selection......2
1.3 Literature review....................................................................................................................3
1.4 Research project specification ..............................................................................................5
1.5 Project plan ...........................................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Matching resources efficiently to research questions or hypothesis......................................6
2.2 Undertaking proposed research investigation........................................................................7
2.3 Recording of data ..................................................................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Research Evaluation techniques..........................................................................................10
3.2 Interpretation........................................................................................................................13
3.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................19
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................19
4.1 Media presentation...............................................................................................................19
REFERENCS.................................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Tourism is recognised as the fastest growing industry in the world. There has been
tremendous growth in a sector in last few years. Travelling is considered to be as main factor in
the procedure of tourism. In tourism sectors tourists or visitors are important stakeholders those
who buy goods or services offered by an organisation. Decision making procedures by tourist
related to travelling as well as selecting the place to visit is considered to be as very complex
procedure. There are many constituents such as personal factors, attractiveness of destination,
previous experience of visitors at particular place etc. Emergence of digital technology has
bought great development or advancement in communication as well as information technologies
which has greatly effected the decision making procedure by visitors. The positive change in an
industry has been possible with the use of advance technology. Emergence of social media
platform or digital technology has provided customer an ease in getting access to information
provided by tour and travel companies. With the emergence of digital technology, it has been
possible for customers to book online tickets and make payment for services avail by them.
Facilities as well as other additional services provided by tour and travel companies have direct
as well as significant influence on decision making procedure by tourist or visitors.
The present report has focus on analysing the influence of digital technology on
consumer decision making in travel; and tourism sector.
TASK 1
1.1 Project specification
Background of the study
Earlier, tourism was confined to travelling for the religious or business purpose. But with
the development in technology has enabled tour and travel organisation to provide additional
facilities as well as suitable services to customers. Emergence of social media sites has provided
firm an opportunity to communicate directly with people and allows business entity to influence
people to travel at particular destination. Growth in technology has provided travel and tourism
company a chance to improve customer service and provide good experience to tourists. As
experience gained by an individual at specific tourist place has major influence on person
behaviour and influence on decision to visit particular destination. With the advancement in
digital technology, there has been change in decision making pattern by customers in hospitality
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sector. Earlier people used to visit travel company office for collecting information about
packages as well booking tickets. It was quite time as well as cost consuming procedure.
Morden Decision making procedure by customer in hospitality sector includes various phases .
At the initial Stage , an individual uses social media or travel company websites for accessing
to the information about the packages offered by an organisation. Emergence of internet as well
as growth in online tourism business has provides customers an ease in comparing the price at
which same tour packages has been offered by two different travel enterprise. Emergence of
internet as well as advancement in technology has provided tourist or customer an ease in
viewing as well as selecting different travelling option. In addition to this Short messaging
services provide a lot of information including booking confirmation.
Aims and objective of research
Aim of the investigation – To analyse the influence of digital technology by customers in travel
and tourism industry in context of TUI company.
Objectives of research -
 To develop the understanding about effect of digital technology on consumer decision
making procedure in travel and tourism sector.
 To analyse the way digital technology or social media influence tourist.
 To identify the decision making process by people in travel and tourism industry.
 To determine the influence of digital services provided by travel company on customers.
 To develop the understanding about what factors influence the choice of tourist or
customer in travel and tourism industry.
 To analyse the way advancement in technology has changes the pattern of decision
making process by client in hospitality sector.
 To develop the understanding about the importance of technology in travel and tourism
sector.
 To suggest marketing strategies which can be utilised by TUI company for influencing
the choice of customers.
1.2 identifying the factors which contributes to the procedure of research project selection
There are many factors has encouraged scholar to conduct study on topic analysing the
influence of digital technology on customer decision making procedure in travel and tourism
sector. One of the important reason is researcher wants to develop the understanding about the
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extend up to which social media sites are utilised by customer during travelling planning
procedure. Another rationale of selecting the specific topic for investigation is increase in the
perceived level of influence of social media in tourist choice related to specific destination.
1.3 Literature review
According to the view of Dalsgaard and Gad, (2017) who has stated that emergence of
digital technology has bought the tremendous change in way of doing business. As per the
opinion of Al Habsi and Rameshkumar, (2016) emergence or development of interactive sites
has made people social creature. He has also stated that people or customer utilise internet in
order to express themselves by communicating directly with an organisation. According to the
perception of SZIVA and et.al, (2017) who has stated that digital media or other advance
technology has gained popularity due interactive feature provided by it. As per the view of
Mangematin, Sapsed and Schüßler, (2014) who has said that sharing experience activity from
one person to another become one of the main influential factor in the decision making
procedure especially in travel and tourism industry. According to the thinking of Coupey, (2016)
The more interactive social media platform or websites allow customer to communicate directly
with travel company and become a part of online community.
As per the opinion of Garcia-Morales and et.al, (2018), advancement in technology in
travel and tourism sector has helped business entities in developing travelling concept and
influencing people to travel. According to the perception of El Azhari and Bennett, (2015) who
stated that the issues faced by travel and tourism organisation presently is new customers those
who are more information oriented. On the other hand Ratten, (2017) has argued that travel
enterprises are facing the issues related to providing the real experience to tourist.
According to the view of Lee and Kim, (2016) who stated that introduction of traveller
community and increasing in travelling activities by people are the important evidence which
shows the positive influence of growth in technology on customers decision making procedure.
As per the view of Gunasekaran, Subramanian and Papadopoulos, (2017) Social medium
platform is a place where people can share their views, experience related to specific tourist
place or travelling. According to the perception of Dalsgaard and Gad, (2017) communities are
created by consumer sharing same interest .
As per the thought of SZIVA and et.al, (2017) who believes that Inbuilt characteristics of
the traveller community is very close to the characteristics possessed by the new travellers,
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which became increasingly have control as well has become an important player in the
procedure of creating and shaping the brand experience. According to the view of Coupey,
(2016) who stated that determination made related to tourism activities is an individual decision,
not the judgement of the group.
As per the thought of El Azhari and Bennett, (2015) who stated that people in society is
living the second phase of internet development. According to the view of Lee and Kim, (2016)
who said that Web suitable online platform when customer in travel as well as tourism can avail
variety of services. As per the thinking of Ratten, (2017) buy using the social media platform ,
customer can provide feedback, suggestions related to the services as well as facilities provided
by travel and tourism organisation.
According to the view of Lee and Kim, (2016) social media platform can be considered
to be as an application with the web base provide interactive facility to customer. He also stated
that by utilising the social media sites users or people can share their experiences or information.
As per the thinking of Windham and Coupey, (2016) who believes that tourists get
empowerment from internet. He also said that by utilising the social media platform, customer
get easily get access to variety of information sources which will further assist them in making
suitable decision related to travelling.
According to the view of El Azhari and Bennett, (2015) who have stated that internet
provides personalization features to people and customer have expectation that marketer or
company will able to fulfil their demand. As per the perception of McCabe,(2009) in travel and
tourism industry customers are the stakeholders those who decide recreational activity which
are to be conducted by travel company at specific destination.
According to the thought of Al Habsi and Rameshkumar, (2016)he fields of customer
behaviour is the study of procedure adopted by an individual, groups in order to select, decide,
use as well as related to purchase of a product, service, experience as well as idea to meet the
demand and impact of the procedure to customers.
As per the perception of Gunasekaran, Subramanian and Papadopoulos, (2017) who have
stated that there are the different series of steps are conducted by customer in travel and tourism
industry in order to purchase goods or services. The decision making procedure involve
identification of problem, searching, alternative evaluation and selection. According to the view
of Garcia-Morales and et.al, (2018), who stated that perception of an individual as well as
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decision is highly influenced by psychological as well as cognitive experience by tourist at
specific destination. As per the view of Lee and Kim, (2016) the emergence of technology has
created a new type of customer behaviour in context of travel and tourism sector. According to
the thought of Ratten, (2017), growth in technology has brought tremendous change in the way
or techniques used by tourist or people for searching information about destination they want to
travel.
1.4 Research project specification
Present study will take support of interpretivism philosophy it will help in involving
theories related to impact of digital technologies. Furthermore, it will apply primary data
collection sources. This would be helpful in gathering real facts related to subject matter.
1.5 Projercty plan
TASKS 1st
Week
2nd
Wee
k
3rd
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k
4th
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k
5th
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k
6th
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k
7th
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k
8th
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9th
Wee
k
10th
Week
Aim and
objectives of
research
Writing
literature
review
Selection of
research
method
Draft of
Research
proposal
Preparing
questionnaire
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for gathering
of
information
relevant to
topic
Interpreting
the recorded
data
Analysis of
outcomes
Recommendat
ions on the
basis of
analysis
Amendments
and final
submission of
report
TASK 2
2.1 Matching resources efficiently to research questions or hypothesis
There are various important resources have been utilised by scholar completion of
research project on analysis of impact of digital technologies on customers of TUI group in
travel and tourism sector. Some key resource are mentioned above:
Technical resources: Various technical resources have been used by scholar to carry out
researcher and collection of data in order to make research more reliable and appropriate in
collection of information (Panneerselvam, 2014). Social media application, online websites and
government website are also considered as to get current and relevant information related to
improvement of service after implementation of digital technologies by hospitality industry
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organisation. It is identified that travel and tourism sector enterprise have achieved major
growth by providing satisfaction to customers by providing online facilities and services.
Secondary resources: These are analysed as sources provided data which is already published
in the different articles, journals, books and specific and companies. This method of data
collection has provided supports in framing research questions and also provided support in
carrying out research in appropriate manner. Also there are various important method, which are
useful completion of research in appropriate manner.
Primary resources: Questionnaire has been prepared by scholar to asked questions from 20
respondents related to impact of digital technology on business operations. Various important
articles related to the topic have been analysed by scholar to conduct and achievement of valid
outcomes. Appropriate information related to different types of digital technologies used by
customers and facilities provided by organisation to raise the number of customer in appropriate
manner.
2.2 Undertaking proposed research investigation
Name
Age
Gender
Do you think that digital technologies influence overall operations of TUI?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
How e-commerce impact on travel industry?
 Increase business revenues
 Reduce transaction time
 Direct coordination with tourists
 Global level expansion
Does implementation of digital technologies is beneficial in order to raise profit of company?
 Yes
 No
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What is the major technology that needs to be implementing by TUI for gaining competitive
advantage?
 Mobile technology
 Internet
 Social networking sites
 Others
Do you think that now travellers book their tickets online and gather all detail by using
technologies?
 Strongly agree
 Agree
 Disagree
 Strongly disagree
Do you think that TUI is required to make changes in its practices and have to implement digital
technologies?
 Yes
 No
 Not sure
What are the barriers of implementing digital technologies?
 Increase operational cost
 Poor skills of employees
 No barrier
To what extent advance technologies influence consumer’s decision making process?
 To great extent
 To some extent
 No influence
What is the best strategy to encourage people to buy services of TUI?
 Increase security and safety
 Promotions on social networking sites
 Use of mobile applications
2.3 Recording of data
Theme 1: digital technologies influence overall operations of TUI
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Strongly agree 5
Agree 12
Disagree 2
Strongly disagree 1
Theme 2: E-commerce positively impact on travel industry
Increase business revenues 8
Reduce transaction time 5
Direct coordination with tourists 3
Global level expansion 4
Theme 3: Implementation of digital technologies is beneficial in order to raise profit of
company
Yes 15
No 5
Theme 4: major technology that needs to be implementing by TUI for gaining competitive
advantage
Mobile technology 10
Internet 4
Social networking sites 6
Theme 5: travellers book their tickets online and gather all detail by using technologies
Strongly agree 7
Agree 8
Disagree 3
Strongly disagree 2
Theme 6: TUI is required to make changes in its practices and have to implement digital
technologies
Yes 17
No 3
Theme7: barriers of implementing digital technologies
Increase operational cost 8
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Poor skills of employees 10
No barrier 2
Theme 8: To what extent advance technologies influence consumer’s decision making process
To great extent 12
To some extent 6
No influence 2
Theme 9: best strategy to encourage people to buy services of TUI
Increase security and safety 9
Promotions on social networking sites 6
Use of mobile applications 5
TASK 3
3.1 Research Evaluation techniques
Research Methodology
Research methodologies is mainly analysed as specific procedures or techniques which
are utilized by scholar for identification, selection, process and analysis of information related to
analysis of influence of digital technology by customers in travel and tourism industry in the
context of TUI company. These techniques of research evaluations has its major importance as it
helps in analysis of various techniques that is used for collection of data and information related
to information. Also, there are various important techniques used by scholar for completion of
this research such as:
Research Philosophy
It is analysed as belief of scholar related to the ways through which the data related to
the phenomenon has been collected, analysed and utilized in order to accomplish research on
analysis of various digital technologies that are used by customers in travel and tourism sector.
Research philosophy has been classified in to three types such as positivism, realism,
pragmatism and interpretivism etc (Neuman, 2013). In this context, scholar has to aims to
analyse different kinds of digital technology used in organisation and their impact on consumers.
Interpretivism philosophy is used by scholar for interpretation of elements of the research, thus
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the interpretivism also integrated the human interest in to the study. It helps the scholar in
achievement of aims and objectives of research in appropriate manner.
Research Design
This is analysed as important methodology of research which involves various research
strategies that are related to collection of data and analysis of information. It is also analysed as
the blue of research process which is used followed by scholar for completion of research on
analysis of digital technology used by customers in travel and tourism sector in context of TUI
group. Research philosophy has been classified in to various parts such as explanatory,
explanatory, descriptive and case study.
In present scenario, scholar has utilised the descriptive research design strategy for completion
research project, This strategy will assist the scholar in determining important theories which is
used for development of understanding related to the topic.
Research Approach
These are considered as important method which are utilized by scholar for carry out the
study in appropriate manner. Merely, there are two kinds of research approaches such as
qualitative and quantitative research design. Moreover, qualitative research approach has been
utilised by scholar for completion of research and analysing both aims and objectives in theories.
In this context, researcher has utilized the quantitative research design in order to calculate the
data and information related to analysis of impact of digital technology on customers of TUI
group in travel and tourism sector (Mackey and Gass, 2015). This research approach helps
scholar in testing assumption which are taken for collection of data in order to make research
more relevant. It is also useful for scholar to resolve the research problem related to study and
achievement of appropriate results.
Research strategy
It is considered as step by step plan of action which has provided direction to the
thoughts and efforts, enabling the organisation to conduct research systematically and on
schedule in order to produce quality of results and appropriate reporting (Taylor, Bogdan and
DeVault, 2015). Basically there are two type of research strategy such as qualitative and
Quantitative. In this research, research has adopted both the research strategies as it helps in
collection and interpretation of primary and secondary data effectively. Application of both
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strategies has enabled the scholar to gain correct information and helps in interpretation of valid
outcomes.
Sampling
It can also be explained as the specific principles which is used for selection of member
of population which are to be involved in the research. It is also rightly been considered that
because of many people of interest there are too large to accomplish work with directly,
techniques of statistical sampling which have been developed in order to achieve samples taken
from large number of populations (Lewis, 2015). In this study, researcher has carried out an
analysis on impact of digital technology on consumers of TUI group in travel and tourism sector.
It is mainly divided in to two categories such as probabilistic and Non probabilistic. In this,
probabilistic sampling technique used by scholar such as simple random sampling. It is
beneficial as in this every single member of populations has been provided equal chance
opportunities to be a part of sample. In present scenario, Scholar has selected 20 employees of
TUI groups which helps in collection of relevant data related to research.
Data collection:
It is a process that relates to collecting information from all the relevant sources in order
to find answers to the research questions, testing of hypothesis and evaluation of research
outcomes. This methodology of data collection has been divided in to two categories such as
secondary and primary data collection (Brinkmann, 2014). In this, researcher has carried out
analysis on impact of digital technologies on business activities that relates to the consent of
digital technologies on business activities of TUI group in travel and tourism sector. In this, both
primary and secondary method of data collection has been used by scholar to complete research.
However, questionnaire survey method is selected in which specific questions related to topic
have been asked from employees for gathering data. IN addition, secondary related to research
is gathered from articles, journals, online portals and company websites. This helps in increasing
reliability and accuracy of research outcomes.
Data Analysis
This is a process related to the inspection, cleansing, transforming and modelling of data
with the goal of analysing useful information. Informing conclusions and supporting the
decision making. There are basically two prominent methods of data analysis such as
qualitative and quantitative (Silverman, 2016). Each and every method has its own important
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techniques, interviews and observation which are in the form of qualitative research while
experiments are surveys are quantitative research. In this context, thematic data analysis method
has been used by scholar for determination outcomes obtained through questionnaire survey
method. Themes are prepared to clearly determine the outcomes research in appropriate manner.
This method is useful for scholar as it helps in making research more reliable and determination
of outcomes by suing various charts and diagrams.
Ethical consideration
In order to carry out research, it is essential for scholar to analyse the importance of
ethics. In this study, the researcher has also followed the ethical codes and also conducted to
carry out the research (BNS and HV, 2011). Moreover, the participants of research has also been
appropriately informed by about the topic and motive behind completion of study. Full consent
has been taken from the participants.
Research Limitation
While completion of research, there are certain specific limitation has been faced by
scholar in completion of research as it has increased both the time and efforts. Due to lack of
knowledge and understand, scholar has also faced difficulties in framing questions related to
topic of impact of digital technologies on consumers of TUI group in travel and tourism sector.
It has faced issues in data collection and analysis, because of there various methods available for
data collection.
3.2 Interpretation
Theme 1: digital technologies influence overall operations of TUI
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Interpretation: From the above data it is found that 12 out of 20 respondents have viewed that
they are agreed that use of digital technologies can influence operational performance of
company to great extent. On other hand 5 out of 20 answerers have replied that they are strongly
agreed with this point. Whereas there are 2 out of 20 participants those who are disagreed that
digital technologies can influence operational performance of company. From the above study it
can be concluded that if TUI implements digital technologies then it would be better for its
growth because by this way entity will be able to raise its profit and will be able to attract more
travellers towards the brand. These technologies are helpful in providing amazing services to
consumers and resolving problems of buyers immediately.
Theme 2: E-commerce positively impact on travel industry
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Interpretation: From the data analysis it is found that 8 out of 20 answerers have viewed that e-
commerce is more effectively and helpful in raising revenues of business unit. On other hand5
put of 20 participants have replied that use of this medium can be helpful in reducing transaction
cost of company. Whereas 4 out of 20 respondents have said that this can support entity in
expanding their business globally. From the above data it can be interpret that maximum people
have viewed that e-commerce is most beneficial element for the TUI because by this way
enterprise will be able to minimize its cost . This may reduce its expenditures and will support in
raising its net profit. By this way TUI would be able to gain competitive advantage. This is the
best way of expanding business globally because by entering into e-commerce entity can b able
to make connection with international client which would be beneficial in raising profit an d
accomplishing organizational objectives.
Theme 3: Implementation of digital technologies is beneficial in order to raise profit of
company
Interpretation: from the above study it is found that 15 out of 20 respondents have viewed that
implementation of digital technologies is beneficial for company in order to increase profit of
business unit. Whereas 5 out of 20 answerers have replied that it cannot enhance revenues of
entity. From the above evaluation it can be interpreted that digital technologies are helpful for
raising profit of company because by this way entity can make connection with mass audience
and can attract them towards the brand. Use of social media supports in making healthy
15

relationship with travellers by this way TUI can make them aware with products and services of
entity and can make them positive towards the brand.
Theme 4: major technology that needs to be implementing by TUI for gaining competitive
advantage
Interpretation: From the above analysis it is found that10 out of 20 answerers have viewed that
mobile technology needs to be implemented by TUI because this can help in making strong
connection with travellers and make them aware with products and services of company. This
will be helpful in gaining competitive advantage to business. On other hand 4 out of 20
respondents have said that 6 out of 20 respondents have replied that social networking site are
best digital technology because this supports in interacting with international clients. By this way
company can become able to expand its business globally. From the above research it can be
interpreted that mobile technologies and social networking sites are more effective digital
technologies that can support entity in attracting more buyers. By this way entity can make them
aware with products and services of business and can offer them high quality services. These
technologies are helpful in raising profit of business and influencing operational performance of
travel industry.
Theme 5: travellers book their tickets online and gather all detail by using technologies
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Interpretation: From the above data it is found that 8 out of 20 answerers have viewed that they
are agreed with the point that travellers book their tickets online and they search about location
and travel packages online. On other hand 7 out of 20 respondents are strongly agreed that
tourists search online and reserve their tickets online. From the above study it can be interpreted
that maximum people have vied that consumers are more educated and they first search online
and compare products of companies. After collecting all information they book their tickets
online.
Theme 6: TUI is required to make changes in its practices and have to implement digital
technologies
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Interpretation: From the above research it can be interpreted that maximum people have viewed
that TUI is required to make changes in its existing practices. Company need to implement
digital technologies. This will be beneficial for the company in order to make effective
connection with consumers and providing them immediate services.
Theme 7: barriers of implementing digital technologies
Interpretation: From the above research it is found that 10 out of 20 answerers have replied that
people do not have adequate skills to operate this technology that is why company is unable to
implement these techniques in workplace. On other hand 8 out of 20 respondents have replied
that this can increase operational cost of business. From the above data it can be interpreted that
poor skill of employees and increase costing are two major barriers due to which TUI can face
difficulty in implementing digital technologies at workplace. But if company manage its
resources well and control over unnecessary expenditure then it would help the firm in
implementing these digital technologies effectively. Furthermore, firm is required to give
training to staff so that they can work on these techniques properly.
Theme 8: To what extent advance technologies influence consumer’s decision making process
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Interpretation: from the above research it is identified that 12 out of 20 respondents have viewed
that advance technologies can influence consumer decision making to great extent. On other
hand 6 out of 20 answerers have replied that it can impact on customer’s decision making to
some extent. From the above study it can be concluded that TUI can influence decision of
travellers by using these digital technologies at workplace.
Theme 9: best strategy to encourage people to buy services of TUI
Interpretation: From the above data it is identified that maximum people have viewed that
improving security is the best way to encourage people to buy services of entity online. Most of
people do not use digital technologies because of fear of fraud. But if entity offers them amazing
security then they will take inters and will buy services of business. On other hand by using
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social networking sites TUI can become able to interact with consumers effectively. This will
help in identifying needs of travellers so entity will be able to offer them goods and services
aspen their requirements.
3.3 Recommendations
 TUI should take support of social networking sites. This will be beneficial in making
effective communication with consumers. This will help in identifying needs of travellers
and providing them goods and services accordingly.
 Entity should provide mobile application to consumers, by this way travellers will be able
to get all detail about their trip, flight time etc easily. By this medium clients can ask any
quarry and entity can resolve their issues on this mobile application soon. This will
enhance interest of consumers and they will buy products of travel firm.
TASK 4
4.1 Media presentation
Covered in PPT
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REFERENCS
Books and Journals
Al Habsi, R. D. H. and Rameshkumar, G. R., 2016. Design and Fabrication of 3-Axis Computer
Numerical Control (CNC) Laser Cutter. International Journal of Multidisciplinary
Sciences and Engineering. 7. pp.7-16.
BNS, R. and HV, R., 2013. An overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research
methodology. Nurse Researcher (through 2013), 20(6), p.17.
Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of critical psychology (pp. 1008-1010).
Springer New York.
Coupey, E., 2016. Digital business: Concepts and strategies. Routledge.
Dalsgaard, S. and Gad, C., 2017. Digital Unbounding of the Polling Booth: Ethnography in
Small Places. Ethnos. pp.1-16.
El Azhari, J. and Bennett, D., 2015. Omni-channel customer experience: an investigation into the
use of digital technology in physical stores and its impact on the consumer’s decision-
making process. In XXIV AEDEM International Conference, London. UK.
Garcia-Morales, V. J. . and et.al., 2018. Influence of social media technologies on organizational
performance through knowledge and innovation. Baltic Journal of Management.
Gunasekaran, A., Subramanian, N. and Papadopoulos, T., 2017. Information technology for
competitive advantage within logistics and supply chains: A review. Transportation
Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 99. pp.14-33.
Lee, D. Y. and Kim, S. G., 2016. Determinants of Technology Transfer for Convergence
Management Strategy of Small and Medium Enterprises. Journal of Digital
Convergence. 14(3). pp.83-94.
Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.
Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475.
Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design.
Routledge.
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