Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications Using Powder Metallurgy

This research proposal focuses on the formulation of a new surface modification model of biomedical materials made by titanium alloys to solve challenges like corrosion.

Research Proposal 1
Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications Using Powder Metallurgy
Name
Course
Date

Research Proposal 2
Abstract
This is a research proposal which gives out the procedure to be followed in carrying out a
study in the titanium alloys and their application in biomedicine. These alloys have been found to
be effective in the biomedical field due to the unique characteristics they have. For instance, they
have high resistance to corrosion and also have high ductility. However, despite the many
advantages these titanium alloys have, there are also some setbacks. Therefore, this research has
focused on the formulation of a new surface modification model of the biomedical materials
made by titanic alloys to ensure that some of those challenges like the possibility of corrosion
among others are solved.

Research Proposal 3
Table of contents
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
Table of contents.........................................................................................................................................3
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of the Study.......................................................................................................................5
1.2 Statement of the Problem.......................................................................................................................6
1.3 Research objectives...............................................................................................................................7
1.4 Research questions................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Justification of the Study.......................................................................................................................8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................11
2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Surface Modification of Materials.......................................................................................................14
2.3 Surface treatment to improve the titanium properties..........................................................................15
2.4 Corrosion Improvement.......................................................................................................................16
2.5. Biocompatibility Improvement...........................................................................................................16
2.6 Titanium alloys Use on biomedicine based on current World data......................................................17
2.7 Advantages of using Titanium alloys in Biomedicine.........................................................................20
a) Inert Nature...........................................................................................................................................20
b) Osseointegrates.....................................................................................................................................21
c) Strong but with lightweight...................................................................................................................21
d) Flexibility..............................................................................................................................................22
e) Easy working with.................................................................................................................................22
f) Cost........................................................................................................................................................22
2.8 Disadvantages of using Titanium alloys in biomedicine......................................................................23
a) Irreplaceability......................................................................................................................................23
2.9 Team charter........................................................................................................................................24
3. METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................26
3.1 The starting Materials..........................................................................................................................26
3.2 Material Characterization....................................................................................................................27

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3.2.1 The surface Finishing process...........................................................................................................27
3.3 The density test....................................................................................................................................27
3.4 Roughness...........................................................................................................................................28
3.5 Wettability...........................................................................................................................................29
3.6 The analytical Perspective of the experiments.....................................................................................29
3.7 The Budget..........................................................................................................................................30
3.8 Evaluation of safety and Risks.............................................................................................................31
3.9 Ethical Considerations.........................................................................................................................31
4. CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................31
References.................................................................................................................................................33
Appendix...................................................................................................................................................39

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The selection metals and metal alloys which are used in the biomedical applications are
based on different factors. For instance, the basic characteristics of those metals are one of the
essential factors evaluated during the selection of those metals and metal alloys. To make a metal
or metal alloy effective for use in the biomedical field it should possess the following
characteristics. It should be nontoxic, non-carcinogenic, and should have high corrosion
resistance. Based on these characteristics scholars have not been able to come in common
agreement of which are the best metal or metal alloys to be used for biomedical applications.
The specific selection of those metal alloys for use in the biomedical field is based on the
unique characteristics possessed by the body fluids. For instance, most of the body fluids are
thought to contain high amounts of chloride ions and significant amino acids which make them
have the corrosive phenomena [1], [30]. Also, the fluids can initiate different oxide-reduction
reactions depending on the type of metal alloy used. These oxide-reduction reactions can lead to
ion release in the body. As a result, the patient can experience adverse negative health impacts
like allergies and carcinoma. Therefore, health experts put a lot of emphasizes in the selection of
the metal alloys which ought to be used in the biomedical field.
Titanium alloys have been one of the most preferable to be used in the biomedical field.
Their preference is based on different factors. For instance, through experimental tests, it has
been found that these alloys have a high strength to density ratio [2]. They also have high

Research Proposal 6
resistance to corrosion and possess unique fracture-related properties. The presence of inert-
oxide layer in most of the alloys of titanium makes them biocompatible thus making them be the
widely preferred compatible metals for the human body. Also, the titanium alloys chemical
compositions make it easy to determine the best biomedical field where they can be applied.
While some have low tensile strength, they possess high corrosion resistance due to the chemical
compositions.
Despite the wide applications and the benefits which the titanium alloys have brought in
the biomedical field, there are also some challenges which come with it. For instance, research
has found that most of the alloys react differently when used based on age. While this is a topic
for discussion since different scholars have diverse ideas on it, it is prudent that medics and other
experts carry out extensive research on the same. This would help in the analysis of where and
when a specific alloy ought to be used for a specific reason.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The use of the titanium alloys in biomedicine is commendable. However, based on the
aging population there is a high demand for research in specific fields. For instance, scholars
propose that extensive research should be done biomaterials made of titanium alloys and which
are used in the treatment of knees, hips, and shoulders especially for the people aged forty years
and above [3]. Even though these alloys have low density, high strength, significant corrosion
resistance, and have good biocompatibility, it has been noted with concern that their use in the
treatment of knees, hips, and shoulders for the aged people may have negative impacts.
However, their applications are still in demand due to the quick response on specific health
issues in comparison to other alloys like steel. This poses a contradiction as to whether their

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application should be based on the quick response or on their effectiveness in the treatment of
specific health complications.
Also, there are other setbacks which are experienced in the use of this type of alloys. For
instance, the frequent release of some ions though in small quantities which affect the biomedical
fluids with possible cytotoxic effects [3], [4], [31], [32]. The harmful effects come from some aspects
which ought to be enhanced. For example, the poor wear and tribological properties, and the
employment of toxic elements in the composition of titanium alloy. Therefore, the research focus
is to improve these concerning properties of titanium alloys. This would lead to more effective
use in the field of biomedicine. There will also be reduced morbidity and mortality when the
advancement will be made.
1.3 Research objectives
The main objective of this study is the designing and development of new modified
titanium surfaces. This new design and development will be achieved through the niobium and
molybdenum diffusion treatments. The research aims at accomplishing the proposed
development for biomedical applications with the main aim of obtaining new titanium surfaces
with more unique characteristics as compared to existing ones. Those unique characteristics
include; increased biocompatibility, lower young modules or wear resistance, and still maintain
the high corrosion resistance. The following are the secondary objectives of the research.
 Design different formulations of surface modification of titanium on different diffusion
treatments.
 Extensive investigation of a reproducible method of deposition based on the aqueous
suspensions and diffusion treatments.

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 To evaluate the unique characteristics of the developed and modified titanium surfaces to
know their functional properties.
 To evaluate the biomedical compatibility of the new titanium surfaces and the best
combination properties.
1.4 Research questions
1. Are the new titanium surfaces with more unique characteristics better than the existing
ones?
2. Can different formulations of surface modification of titanium be effective?
3. Which reproducible method of deposition can be effective?
4. Can knowledge of functional properties of the developed and modified titanium surfaces
be helpful?
5. Can biomedical compatibility of the new titanium surfaces be effective?
1.5 Justification of the Study
Despite having few challenges, titanium alloys have been termed as some of the best in
biomedicine. This is because of their excellent mechanical, physical, and biological performance
[3], [4]. Scholars have argued that these alloys hold the future of biomedicine. However, despite the
high recommendations for opportunities, the challenges which come with the alloys remain
unsolved. For instance, their little release of ions which may interact with the biological fluids
remains a field for research on how to eliminate such instances. After this study, the researcher
findings and the newly developed surfaces for the titanium alloys will solve some of the
experienced challenges. The study will also form the base for further research in solving the

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challenges which come with the titanium alloys; that is the challenges which will have not been
solved by this research.

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1.6 Scope of the study
Since this is an experimental study, it will be conducted within the school premises. This
is because the researcher will use the biological laboratories in the school to study different
behavioral patterns which will be used as the basis for the development of the new titanium
alloys surfaces. The research will only include the concerned researchers and the tutor as the
facilitator. This involvement will make sure that all the analysis has been done correctly so that
scientific reliable results can be produced.

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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
Titanium alloys are commercially significant in many industries. Majorly these alloys are
used in the engineering and the aerospace industries. Based on history, the application of the
alloys in biomedicine was not immense in the past but in the recent years, it has become of the
main industry where these titanium alloys are used [5], [33], [35]. For instance, commercially pure
(cp) α-titanium is used in the biomedical industry as an orthodontic or orthopedic implant
material due to its good biocompatibility. The high resistance to corrosion and low cytotoxicity
are other characteristics which make this alloy to be used in biomedicine.
The utility and the broad mechanical and physical properties of the titanium alloys are
due to its allotropy in the sold state. It has two crystallographic allotropes. Controlled alloying
and thermo-mechanical processing can create titanium alloy variations based on the allotropy
thus providing different compositions which allow the modifications of the mechanical and the
physical properties [5], [6], [34]. This unique characteristic of the alloys makes it easy to modify them
to fit for a specific application in different industries. As a result, many experts in different
industries prefer these alloys despite being expensive. The preference is due to the unique
characteristics they possess.
One of the unique characteristics of the titanium alloys which makes them ideal for
application in biomedicine is the high strength. Due to phase stability, most of the alloys have
high strength which makes them withstand high temperatures of more than 6000c [5]. The
withstanding of these high temperatures makes them preferable to be used in the making of many
biomedical tools especially those which are subjected to high temperatures. Many scholars

Research Proposal 12
recommend the use of this alloys based on this unique characteristic since they believe that it is
ideal in preventing some errors which occur in the biomedical field due to use of materials made
with poor metals.
In the biomedical field, there are many unique alloys of titanium which are preferred due
to various reasons. For instance, α-type titanium alloy is among the main preferred in
biomedicine. This is majorly the pure (CP Ti) form has some alloys as well [6]. This type of alloy
is characterized by hexagonal close packing of the (HCP) unit cell. Due to this close packing, the
alloys are characterized by good strength, toughness, and weldability. The common alloying
elements are aluminum and tin.
The other common α-phase stabilizers are oxygen and nitrogen. The combination of these
two makes the alloy inert in nature. However, they are characterized by weak formability which
makes them suitable for application in instances which do not need hard alloys but which are
vulnerable to corrosion [6], [7]. Therefore, the α-type titanium alloy is mostly preferred due to its
strength and inert nature. The selection of alloy to be used depends on the alloying elements.
Generally, the alloying elements for this type of titanium alloys are tin, aluminum, oxygen, and
nitrogen. Based on the specific alloying element, the application of the alloy in the biomedical
field can be determined.
The other type of the titanium alloy mostly used in the biomedical field is the (α + β)
type. This class of alloys is characterized by high ductility and due to the vanadium stabilization;
they have high strength [6]. The high ductility makes this type of titanium alloys have high
elongation characteristics. At elevated temperatures, the alloys can undergo elongation of 75% to

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100% [7]. They are preferred in the making of biomedical instruments which can easily respond to
change of temperatures and can withstand high stretches without breaking.
From a clinical perspective point of view, the use of titanium alloys has become essential
in the biomedical field because they allow the repeat of magnetic resonance images. This makes
easy to visualize the soft tissues and neural elements of the body after minor and major surgeries
[7]. The titanium alloys density which thought to be 57% that of stainless steel makes it easy to
maintain tensile strength thus increasing the comfort of the patients who have undergone any
form of surgery. Also, reduce the chances of undesirable osteoporosis which mostly occur after
an implant has been made in the body.
Biologically, scholars claim that bone ingrowth is more effective with titanium alloys as
compared to stainless steel. Even though some scholars maintain the difference is 33% growth
rate, others hold the view that it is between 23% and 37% thus leaving a research gap on the
topic [8], [36]. However, all experts come to a common agreement that titanium alloys are more
effective for bone ingrowth as compared to any other metal or metal alloy. They also make good
bone contact and maintain high stiffness and strength to failure which makes them more
preferable to be used in the treatment of joints and other body parts which rotate.
However, some researchers raise concerns over some clinical impressions. For instance,
some claims that screw-rod construct failures are more common when titanium rods are used in
medication as compared to the stainless steel rods [8], [9], [10]. However, there are no justifications
for such claims even though some claim that it’s due to the unique characteristics which are
exhibited by those alloys at different conditions. These claims have been disputed on the basis
that before those alloys are used, they undergo experimental tests and are subjected to all

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conditions and do not exhibit such unique characteristics. This also leaves a research gap which
ought to be evaluated whether the claims are true or not true.
2.2 Surface Modification of Materials
Currently, metallic biomaterials are the most preferred choice for implant devices. They
have replaced the ceramics and polymers due to their unique mechanical and physical
characteristics [10], [11], [37]. Specifically, the titanium biomaterials are the most preferred due to
their high wear and corrosion resistance alongside the good biocompatibility [11]. However, to
some extent, these titanic alloys biomaterials have some setbacks. For instance, the unique
properties they have and depending on the environmental conditions they can have toxicity due
to poor-wear corrosion properties and mechanical mismatches due to poor bioactivity. Different
surface properties are essential. This is because the surfaces play a very vital role in the response
of biological issues and artificial medical devices. Researchers, hold different views on the best
surfaces and thus making it one of the key areas of study in this article.
The existing experiments which have been conducted to upgrade the surface structure
have been based on different criteria. For example, some have done it through the alteration of
the surface chemistry and microstructure while others have focused on the application of coating
[11]. However, despite the extensive trials, the challenge still remains. This is because there is
little knowledge regarding the formation mechanism of the modified layers. Scholars have
focused more on the analysis of the chemical, physical, and the mechanical methods which are
effective in making the new surfaces but ignored the formation mechanisms. Therefore, this
study focuses more on the formation mechanisms so that it can be understood the changes which
ought to be expected at different environmental conditions.

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2.3 Surface treatment to improve the titanium properties
Based on the mechanical properties of the titanium alloys that are; relatively low elastic
modulus, and high specific strength, they are mostly preferred for implants. The preference is
based on the fact that they are not lower enough compared to the bone [11], [12], [38]. However,
scholars ignore the fact that despite these alloys having unique characteristics, they have poor
tribological properties. This makes them have some adverse impacts in the health sector which
impact many patients. For instance, their implants do not excellent durability. Therefore, through
surface improvement, this study also focuses on the improvement of the implant's durability.
Also, with the main aim of making the elastic modulus closer to that of bones, different
medications have a key interest in the modification of the titanium surfaces. Some scientists
follow the diffusion process with Nb (β- stabilizing element) instead of the fully β-Ti alloys with
a core purpose of preserving some important properties of titanium like low density [11], [13], [39].
However, there are contradictions between the former and latter modes of diffusion hence
leaving a research gap on which one is the best and which one preserves more important
properties of titanium.
Also, focused on enhancing the wear properties of the titanium alloys, scientists have also
used different methods to surface modification. For instance, they have used coating extensively
with the application of different elements. For example, nitriding, plasma immersion ion
implantation, oxidizing, and thermal sprays are among the main used elements to modify the
surfaces [12], [13], [40]. These elements are mostly preferred because they lead to good
biocompatibility. However, these coatings methods ought to be improved since they lead to third
part body wear due to delamination.

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On the other hand, physical vapor depositions (PVD) have been used in place of the other
discussed surface modification methods. Ion spraying is the major PVD which has been applied
for surface modification [13]. This method is adopted since it shows some capabilities of
enhancing the strength and reducing wear and tear when used for surface modification [14].
However, it does not also solve the problem of third-party body wear due to delamination.
2.4 Corrosion Improvement
The surface modification also seeks to improve the resistance to corrosion of biomedical
metals. This is based on the fact that the human body is corrosive in nature [12]. Deposition of a
thin coating in the metal alloys is one of the main methods used to prevent the corrosion of the
biomedical metals. Other preferred methods are the development of an oxide layer and ion beam
processing. However, based on the chemical composition of the titanium alloys, these methods
may not be effective in the prevention of corrosion in the titanium alloys. Some scholars argue
that the methods reduce the effectiveness of biocompatibility with the body while others suggest
that they do not fully prevent corrosion. Either way, this study will focus on analyzing the best
methods which can be used to prevent corrosion in the titanium alloy biomaterials.
2.5. Biocompatibility Improvement
Irrespective of the good non-corrosive nature and the other mechanical properties,
biomedical metals should also show excellent biocompatibility. For many years, the titanic alloys
have been considered as bio-inert [14]. However, based on current research, there has been a new
concept called bio-functionalization which seeks to merge biomaterials with biofunctions.
Through this method, it has been found that titanic alloys are not fully bio-inert and thus there is

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a need to look for ways which would make them fully bio-inert. The suggested methods
alongside others are to change the chemistry of surface modification.
While this method gains momentum, there have been contradictions. Some scientists
claim that in the process of making the alloy fully bio-inert through the use of bio-
functionalization, other unique properties of the alloys like density and ductility are also affected.
This means the use of the method enhances only one unique characteristic of the alloys while
damaging all the others. Therefore, there is of evaluating the most effective method of making
the alloys fully bio-inert.
2.6 Titanium alloys Use on biomedicine based on current World data
Based on current medical data, the use of titanium alloys in biomedicine has increased
significantly over recent years. More than 1000 tons of titanium devices are implanted on people
worldwide annually [15], [16]. This number still continues to grow and it is expected to increase by
more than 20% by the year 2021. This is because of the increased requirements for joint
replacements. This demand has been contributed by the reduced death rates due to improved
medical care thus many aged people need implants due to damages incurred in their bodies.
Additionally, people are also experiencing damages through hard sports and other accidents.
Basically, termed as fit and forget, the titanium implants are installed once and there is
not of maintaining or replacing them thus making them most preferable. The effectiveness of
implants and their reliability alongside the quality of medical instruments are some of the
essential factors which help in the saving of human lives [16], [17]. Quality implants reduce pain and
suffering among the patients and thus give them hope of living more.

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On the other side, metallic implants pose great threats since they interfere with the human body.
There is nothing comparable to a metallic implant living into a human body [17]. Their
compatibility with the living tissue makes it a challenge and thus most of the implants lead to
psychological, physical, and mental torture. Also, based on the fact that most of the body fluids
are found on stable organic complexes, these implants may be interfered with by those fluids
thus leading to corrosion which interfere with the systems of human life [17]. Corrosion resistance
as a property possessed by many body implants is not the only aspect which can make those
implants suppress the body reactions which lead to cell toxicity. Therefore, scientists base the
selection of these implants on different factors.
Allergenic elements such as nickel were considered as some of the best in making body
implants. During the Second World War, these were the main implants used in the medical field.
However, they were later found to contain a high rate of corrosion thus making the medics look
for alternative elements to make implants [18]. Fast forward, stainless steel was adopted as a good
element in the making of the implants and accounted for 76% of the total implants in the world
by 1970 [19]. This selection of stainless steel was based on its high strength, recommendable
ductility, and high resistance to corrosion among other factors. With time scholars came up with
divergent ideas that stainless steel caused third-party body wear when used to make implants
thus making forcing scientists to go back in research in search of new elements. However, these
claims were not justified and thus remained a field of research up to now. Additionally, titanium
alloys were also suggested a better alternative.
The natural selection of the titanium alloys was based on the unique characteristics which
were tested through experiment research. As opposed to stainless steel, titanium alloys were
found to have unique characteristics which made it easy to adjust them to fit for a specific need

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[18], [19]. This made many medics to adopt them as an alternative in the making of implants. Some
of the unique characteristics of titanium implants include; high resistance to corrosion, high
damage tolerant, and the high strength. Also, they were found to reduce bone resorbtion. This
made them be adopted in the biomedicine very quickly.
These alloys are majorly used in the treatment of arthritis, knee joints, and hips. Based on data,
more than one million patients are treated for total replacement of arthritic hips and knee joints
annually in the world using titanium alloy implants [19]. The preference of using these alloys in
treatment of the hip joints is because the joints have a metallic formal stem which makes it ideal
to be replaced with implants in case of damage. Since it is hard to do maintenance on those hip
joints, the alloys of titanium are the most preferred since they don’t need any maintenance [20].
Therefore, this shows the importance of using them in the treatments.
Also, a major change has been witnessed in the dental field since the titanium alloys
started being used. It has made the dental field advance and as of now restorative dental practice
can be done worldwide [21]. This means that the dental formula of an individual can be changed
or replaced by the use of these alloys. For instance, there is a titanium root which can be
implemented in the jaw bone and replace all the decaying roots of the teeth. The superstructure
of the tooth can then be done onto the implant to give it an effective replacement.
In the past, the use of the patient's own tissues in the replacement of face damages always
remained futile. Despite the great trials, the tissues were not effective. There was always a need
for artificial tissues to replace some aspects like eating, ability to speak, and cosmetic appearance
[22]. As a result, most patients remained unattended due to lack of these artificial tissues.
However, after the introduction of the titanium alloys and their wide application in biomedicine,

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now the artificial tissues can be made from them hence making the treatment process very easy
and more effective.
Also, tissues made from these alloys are widely used in the replacement of heart valves.
This is a disease which has been found to affect more than one and a half million people in the
world annually [23]. The unique characteristics possessed by the alloys of titanium make them
ideal for use in the treatment of this disease. Therefore, the use of titanium alloys in the medical
field is very crucial and cannot be disputed. Additionally, these alloys possess unique
characteristics which cannot be found in any other metal alloys and thus basing research on them
for improvement of those characteristics is very essential.
2.7 Advantages of using Titanium alloys in Biomedicine
a) Inert Nature
Although recent studies have shown that titanium alloys are not fully inert to the body
fluids, their high inert nature makes them more preferable alloys as compared to all the others.
Additionally, apart from the inert nature, some studies have proved that the alloys are resistance
to all other body environments [24], [25]. This resistance is also evident even under stress, fatigue,
and crevice conditions. This resistance is caused by the oxide film formed by the alloys. Despite
the fact that other alloys also make oxide films like stainless steel, the titanic alloys have a
unique characteristic which makes them form the protective oxide film even at the presence of
little amounts of any form of oxygen. Also, the oxide formed by this alloys is highly insoluble,
and chemically non-transportable as compared to the alloys of nickel and stainless steel. This

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unique character prevents the alloys of titanium from reacting with the body tissues hence
making it the most preferable.
b) Osseointegrates
Titanium has a stable dielectric constant. As a result, this unique character makes it easy
to bind with bones and other living tissues [26]. Most implants are irreplaceable, therefore, the
selection of those implants should be based on evaluation of the one which has unique characters
which will make them stay longer and eliminate the need to maintain them. Based on research
and evident from the discussed unique character of dielectric constant, the alloys of titanium last
longer as compared to the alloys which are made by materials which need adhesives. The forces
needed to break the bonds made by the titanium alloy are very high such that the body cannot
reach them.
c) Strong but with lightweight
Another unique character which makes the titanium alloys more advantageous over the
others is their strength yet a lightweight. It is lighter than stainless steel and is 56% less dense as
compared to stainless steel [27], [25]. However, titanium strength is twice that of stainless steel and
has a tensile 25% higher that of stainless steel. This characteristic gives it higher strength to
weight ratio which is one of the most important determinants for any metal which ought to be
used in biomedicine. Its density is also almost similar to that of bones thus making it easy to
carry out superior ex-rays when used in treatments.

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d) Flexibility
The titanium modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of thermal expansion uniquely
match those of human bones. This alignment with human bone characteristics eliminates any
instances of implant failure [26], [27], [28]. This makes the alloys of titanium to be widely used as
implants in areas which are always in constant movement. For instance, they are used in the
making of implants of the hips and knee joints. This is because they would have uniform
expansion and contraction with the knee bones thus making it easy to avoid those implants
failure.
e) Easy working with
The processing of titanium alloys and the making of the implants is very easy. This is
because of the unique characteristics of the titanium alloys. For instance, their welding can be
done without vacuum since they easily form oxide film which prevents them from further
oxidation by the outside elements [28]. Stainless steel and other materials for making implants
should be processed in a vacuum since they are easily oxidized by outside elements. Generally,
the titanium alloys have the ability to protect themselves as opposed to the other materials which
need a vacuum for protection.
f) Cost
Since titanium alloys are very flexible, their manipulation to suit in other forms is very
easy. For instance, through isothermal forging, the alloys can be made to meet the strength
specifications needed and the elongation specifications at a cost lower than that needed to make
the same with stainless steel and nickel [29], [30]. This makes the manufacturing of the implants of
titanium alloys cheap. Other methods like powder metallurgy and coatings are also easily
applicable when using the alloys of titanium as compared to the alloys of other elements like
stainless steel.

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g) Availability
Titanium is commercially available in the form of alloys or as a pure metal. The different
appearance is due to the dielectric characteristic posed by the metal. Those alloys each have a
unique characteristic which makes it applicable in a specific area [30]. The unique characteristics
of the alloys include; different ductility, strength, resistance to corrosion among others. This
means the selection of the most preferred alloy can be done based on the analyzed characteristics
thus it is easy to identify the one in need for a specific purpose. Also, the alloys are readily
available in the market even though the pure metal is rare.
2.8 Disadvantages of using Titanium alloys in biomedicine
a) Irreplaceability
Based on research, it is evident that titanium alloys are the best in making implants. This
is due to their unique characteristics which are not common in the other metals. However, the
only main disadvantage of using these implants is that they are not replaceable in case anything
happens and leads to breakage [29]. However, in rare cases does it happens since all their
characteristics align with that of human bone thus unless it is an accident, it is hard for them to
break.
From the analysis, it is evident that titanium alloys are very vital in the biomedicine field.
Therefore, as proposed in this research, their experimental evaluation to enhance the surfaces is
important since it will solve the little challenges which are witnessed while using them.
Additionally, the research will also create a base for further research which will enable other
scholars to focus more on the enhancement and development of other ways to improve the

Research Proposal 24
surfaces of the medical materials made of the titanium alloys. Also, it will lay a base for the
evaluation of the existing methods of making the surfaces.
2.9 Team charter
We are doing this research in a group of five people. Therefore, the division of the work
has been done based on the table below.
Name Student ID Task Accomplished
Synthesis of the research
literature to identify research
gaps
Timeline planning and
budgeting work
Experiment planning
Recoding of the experimental
data
Formulation of the
methodology section
The allocation of the duties was based on different factors. For instance, each member
was allocated the tasks based on his or her interest and within the most competent area. The
members were also given the chance to choose their area of interest.
Also in the completion of the research proposal, we applied an effective communication
strategy. This is because we knew the fact that effective communication is the most essential
method which we can use to do the research. Therefore, the communication strategy involved the

Research Proposal 25
passing of information through different methods. For instance, we made physical interactions
through discussion groups. We also communicated through emails and Skype to make sure that
each member was going on well with assigned tasks. Also, the communications made us feel
more connected hence making the research process more enjoyable. The following table
summarizes the communication strategies laid out during the writing of the research proposal.
Team member Communication
system
Timeline Topic
Group discussion weekly Literature review
Monthly meetings Monthly Analysis of how the
experiments will be
done
Weekly forums weekly Formatting of the
proposal
Personal Emails weekly Progress report
Skype conference
meeting
weekly Evaluation of the
done parts

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3. METHODOLOGY
This is an experimental study. Therefore, the research will be done based on different
experiments which will be conducted by the team members in the laboratory. There will be a
division of the roles so that each member will participate and thus make it easy to finalize the
research within the stipulated time. The materials to be used will first be analyzed and their
availability in the laboratory evaluated. This will make it easy to determine whether the research
can be carried out in the laboratory at the minimum costs as compared to the purchasing of other
reagents which would to lead higher costs.
3.1 The starting Materials
The different powders which will be used in the research to modify the titanium materials
are included in the first table in the appendix section. Two types of titanium powders will be
used in the experiments to produce the substrates which then will be used for surface
modification based on the diffusion route applied. In the case of the Co-sintering route, the green
substrates will be used which are produced from the HDI Ti Powders. Mo and Nb are selected
for the diffusion into titanium substrates. Ammonium chloride is the additive which will be used
for the thermo-reactive diffusion route.

Research Proposal 27
3.2 Material Characterization
3.2.1 The surface Finishing process
After the performing of the diffusions treatments and the attainment of the designed
materials, two routes of surface finishing will be applied. Based on route one, the surface of
modified Ti materials will be prepared so that the loose particles can be eliminated. Soft grinding
with sandpaper will follow a step which will be done carefully to prevent the removal of the
coating layer. The second route will be followed based on the Ti-Nb and Ti-Mo with the main
aim of evaluating the coating properties of these materials. In this process the surface will be
finished after an ultrasound bath in ethanol for five minutes is conducted to eliminate the loose
particles. These materials will be labeled as A for the Ti-Nb coat and B for Ti-Mo coat. Then
these materials will be subjected to cytotoxicity and bioactivity to evaluate their characteristics.
3.3 The density test
To evaluate if the materials have the same density and as well if their density differs from the
existing biomaterials the following test will be done. The Ti substrates will be measured with a
micrometrics accupyc approximately 1330 helium pyconometer. The samples will also be
weighed and the weight recorded. The following formula will be used to evaluate the density of
the substrates which will be used as the basis for the evaluation of the coating surfaces.
Vp = (Vc -Vr )[ P1 P2 ] – 1] where Vp is the volume sample, Vc the cell volume, Vr the
reference volume and P1 and P2 the pressures.

Research Proposal 28
3.4 Roughness
Since roughness is the main determinant of the material topography which affects the
tribological properties, the corrosion rates, and biocompatibility characteristics, their test should
also be done. In this research, it will be evaluated by the use of Hommel tester T 500 on
different roughness levels. The values of the roughness will be recorded as the maximum and the
minimum then their mean will be final findings which will be recorded.

Research Proposal 29
3.5 Wettability
This characteristic is termed as one of the main factors affecting the biocompatibility of
any metal material. This test will be done through the evaluation of the contact angle between the
modified materials and a drop of water. If the contact angle will be more than 900 c then it will
mean that the material is hydrophobic and if the material will show less than 900 c then it will
mean that the material is hydrophilic.
3.6 The analytical Perspective of the experiments
The three experiments are designed to test whether the modification of the surfaces of the
materials made by the titanium alloys will have any significant change, whether positive or
negative. For instance, the density test will evaluate if there is any significant change in density.
This is because if the modification would lead to a change in density then it will mean that the
alignment of the biomaterials which have been modified have become different with the human
bone thus increasing the risk of failure of the implants which would be made by the surface
modified materials.
The roughness test aims at evaluating if there is any change in the unique characteristics
of the alloys after modification. The expected changes are based on either increased or reduced
resistance to corrosion as compared to the other un-modified materials, the change in solubility
and ductility. This will lead a conclusion of whether the modification process is effective or non-
effective depending on the characteristics which it will show. Based on these findings, it will be

Research Proposal 30
able to determine whether the modification process applied is effective in increasing the
effectiveness and efficiency of the biomedical materials.
Also, the wettability test aims at analyzing the impacts of the modified metal alloys based
on their solubility with the body fluids. This test will determine whether the modified materials
will be more effective in maintaining high resistance to solubility thus increasing the life span
and the effectiveness of the materials. If there is a reduced solubility rate then it will mean that
the modified materials will have a longer life span as compared to the others which have been
modified using different methods. This means that the method will be more effective and
recommendable for implementation to be used as a surface modification method.
3.7 The Budget
Cost Activity
$250 Adding the missing experimental materials
$200 Travel, managing conferences both online and
the physical meetings
$ 150 Buying of any research materials required and
freely available
$150 Addressing any other issue outside the set
budget

Research Proposal 31
3.8 Evaluation of safety and Risks
Despite the importance of the titanium alloys in biomedicine, these materials are highly
corrosive and hence they should be handled with care. Also, they emit radioactive rays which are
dangerous since they are risk factors of cancer. As a result, the experiments will be done in a
highly ventilated room to ensure that the materials do not come into direct contact with sun rays
so that there will be no emission those radioactive rays. Also, the other reagents like ammonium
chloride are also corrosive hence they will be handled with care. The experimenters will use
plastic gloves to avoid skin contact with the reagents to ensure so that there will be no injuries.
These safety precautions will ensure that research is done effectively.
3.9 Ethical Considerations
Since this is clinical experimental research, ethics will be followed to the latter. We will
seek permission from the school management so that we can be given the go-ahead to do the
experiments in the laboratory. Also, we will seek assistance from health bodies to ensure that all
clinical guidelines are followed during the analysis so that the achieved results will be reliable.
Additionally, the research will be conducted within the school guidelines and the instructions
given by the tutor. It will be original research and there will be no copy-pasting of already done
researches.
4. CONCLUSION
This paper has discussed the proposed research strategies which will be used in carrying
out the research on the proposed topic. The research is based on the titanium alloys and their use
in biomedicine. Despite their wide application, it has been found that they have some challenges
even though they are better as compared to the other elements used. As a result, the research

Research Proposal 32
focuses on carrying out experiments which will minimize the discussed challenges. It will be
carried out within the proposed research objectives so that the results will be scientifically
reliable and give room for further studies.
.

Research Proposal 33
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Research Proposal 34
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Research Proposal 35
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Research Proposal 36
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Research Proposal 37
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Research Proposal 38
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Research Proposal 39
Appendix
Table 1 Substances used for the manufacture of the changed Ti surfaces and their main
characteristics according to suppliers.
Powders Additive
Ti HDH
(grade 4)
TiH2 Mo Nb NH4CL
Supplier Advanced
Powders and
Coatings
AP&C Inc
GfE metals
and Materials
GmbH
Sigma
Aldrich
Alfa Aesar Alfa Aesar
Particle size
[μm]
≈ 45 <63 1 – 3 1 - 5 ----
Purity [%] ---- ---- 99.9 99.8 99.5
Density
[g·cm-3]
4.51 3.90 10.28 8.57 1.53
Melting 1668 2623 2477 338

Research Proposal 40
point [ᴼC]
Crystalline
Structure
Hcc (α) Hcp Bcc Bcc (CsCl)