Understanding Human Behaviour through Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
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This essay explores the impact of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory on understanding human behaviour, with a focus on a case study of Tesco and its job cuts. It discusses the personal, environmental, and behavioural factors that influence employee behaviour.
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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3 Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory model..................................................................................4 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8 2
INTRODUCTION Social cognitive theory is a theory of Bandura that consist of four main processes that are self- reflection, self-evaluation, self-observation and self-efficacy(Schunk and Usher, 2019). This theory clearly explains influence an individual’s actions, behaviour upon others and on others overall behaviour. In this essay focus upon explanation of human behaviour through social cognitivetheoryintermsofcontinuousinteractionbetweencognitive,behavioural,and environmental determinants. In this essay focuses upon case study of Tesco have been discussed and ways in which job loss or job cut impacted overall motivation, satisfaction and behaviour of employees and ways in which it brought changes within working environment of employees. In this examination of different factors that impact employees have been discussed using social cognitive theory. MAIN BODY Overview of case study of Tesco This case study is about Tesco who is focusing upon cutting jobs within their superstores. In order to maintain their overall sales and remain competitive in the market as per the changing retail market they had cut down approximately 4500 jobs which helped them to cut down their overall cost base by approximately £1.5 bn. They redeployed most of their customer service roles so that they can focus upon making their stores for convenience shopping. Due to job cut, or losing jobs most of the staff members of Tesco are losing their confidence most of the stores of Tesco are engaging themselves into restructuring themselves in order to survive within the market. This case study also explains that most of the employees working in Tesco are not really satisfied and haply while working in the store. Most of them said that their job in Tesco Super market were really boring, customer made lots of mess and they had to clean that mess after customers leave the mart. Most of the employees were not happy with their job as they had to pretend that they are happy and did not get affected because of overall behaviour of employees. 3
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory model It is based on the social cognitive theory that start with social learning in 1960s by Albert Bandura. It was developed into SCT in 1986 and posits that learning occurs in term of social with representing the dynamic or reciprocal interaction of person, behavior and environment. This type of theory is mainly consider as unique features which emphasis on the social influence on the both internal as well as external social reinforcement. According to this theory, it should consider unique way in which individual person acquire and maintain the better behavior while considering the social environment (Schunkand DiBenedetto,2020). Typically, it takes into account an individual’s experience and identifying own perception on the basis of behavioral action.Throughthistheory,pastexperiencealwaysinfluencingthepersonwithfullof expectations. Thus, it will engage with person in specific behavior and reason for identifying perception of people. For Example- A healthy relationship program has been implemented by healthcare system in which identifying the intervention for people living. This type of program will support on the basis of social cognitive theory. It is mainly used skills building exercise to increase the independence as well as behaviors among different participants. In this way, it can be identified that social theory help to influence personal, environmental and behavior aspects of individual person. Thesearenotonlyidentifyingtheexperienceofindividualbutalso developing understanding to implement suitable strategies. According to the given Tesco Case study, it has been determined the various kind of issue or problem that will increase a lot of complex situation or condition within organization (Beauchamp,Crawfordand Jackson,2019). Usually,itinvolvesnotsupportiveforwomenemployee,lackofdiscussionand communication between employees. These are considered the important common problem which arise during task execution. Sometimes, it would be increasing and directly affecting on the overall business processes. At that time, it should focus on the Social cognitive theory which is always supports for giving the importance of each and every staff members. In order to identify their specific need or requirement. By using social cognitive theory, it would be considered three 4
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essentialfactorssuch asPersonal, environmentaland behavioral.Asadopting thesocial cognitive theory, it has been determined human actions and consideration of theory where how will consumer personal factors improved. Personal Factor It has been explained the human behaviour in term of three different ways and reciprocal model in which personal factors(Torkan and et. al., 2018). This type of factor encompasses with biological properties of organism. Physical structure, neural system affecting the behaviours which impose constraints on capabilities. By using Social cognitive theory, personal factor can be established the interactive relation with personal characteristics of individual person. It must include all essential expectations, beliefs, emotions and cognitive competencies are development through social influences. As per case study, TESCO as retailer must have focused on the personal need or requirement of their staff members. It can possible due to personal factor which is always influencing towards ability, capability to handle the different business tasks. It is very important for enterprise to interact with employee so that they can fulfill all essential need or requirement (Fifolt,Richardsonand Motl,2020). As per given scenario, it has been already identified that there will be lack of communication or interaction between manager and other team members. So as improving that kind of problem so as require to focus on the preference of individual people and fulfill their personal needs in the workplace. Environmental Factor The cognitive factors partly identify which environment factor will be observed, whether they leave any lasting effects, what emotional impacts and inspiring the power of motivation (Rubenstein and et. al., 2018). According to case study, Tesco is based on the multinational retailer that has already expanding their business within different nations. It has been identified the poor working environment that will effect on the individuals behavior, attitude, sometimes, employee have not concerned about the different organizational activities. It became difficult for enterprisetoidentifyneedorrequirementofpotentialconsumers.Environmentalfactor 5
influences the individual people who have limited participation during discussion meetings, showing a lack of interest within current business project. This can possible because of environment factors which needs to be improved on regular basis. Furthermore, identifying the suitable need or requirement of people so that they can easily fulfill all essential demand. On regular basis, it would be conducting better interaction program whereas each and every members will be establishing connection with each other. By using social cognitive theory, it must include environmental factors that bring more assessment of business and changing into sustainable development. Behavioural factor This theory can help in understanding behavioural changes within an individual. One of the main factors because of which overall behaviour of employees had been affected is due to increasing chances of job loss(Rubenstein and et. al., 2018). Tesco cut down approximately 4500 jobs at 153 high street Tesco Metro supermarkets. Due to tough competition Tesco was majorly focusing upon becoming customer oriented rather than becoming employee oriented. This job cut directly impacted overall motivational and satisfaction level of employees and other staff members because of which overall behaviour of employees weas getting impacted directly. Most of them weren’t happy with their job profile or task they were required to complete. Some of them said when they use to visit storeroom for searching for a product, they would actually wouldn’t search for the product and some of them took rest when they visit storeroom. Some of the said that they had to pretend that they do not hate customers and their overall behaviour. Most of them were not at all happy with the organization and struggled to complete all the supermarket work. In order to sustain within the competitive environment and gain competitive advantage over Aldi and Lidl and for this they are focusing upon becoming customer oriented by becoming convenience shopping. Due to this many employees have lost their jobs which had directly impacted their overall satisfaction level. This change has brought changes which overall behaviour of employees, most of the employees are only thinking of sustaining within the environment. 6
CONCLUSION From the above essay it has been summarized that there are many different kinds of factors that can directly impact an individual and their behaviour in both positive and negative manner. There are many different kinds of theories and models that can be used for evaluation and analysis of factors because of which changes within an individual’s behaviour occur. One of the theory that can be used to understand changes within overall behaviour of a person is social cognitive theory. It is a kind of psychological theory that can be directly used to understand an individual’s experience, change within their behaviour, factors that focused an individual to bring changes. In this essay this theory has helped in understanding ways in which aspects of personal, environmental, and behavioural factors of this they impact overall behaviour of employees. 7
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REFERENCES Book and Journals Beauchamp, M.R., Crawford, K.L. and Jackson, B., 2019. Social cognitive theory and physical activity: Mechanisms of behavior change, critique, and legacy.Psychology of Sport and Exercise.42. pp.110-117. Fifolt, M., Richardson, E.V. and Motl, R.W., 2020. Exercise behaviors of persons with multiple sclerosis through the stepwise implementation lens of social cognitive theory.Disability and rehabilitation.42(7). pp.948-956. Rubenstein, L.D., and et. al., 2018. How teachers perceive factors that influence creativity development: Applying a Social Cognitive Theory perspective.Teaching and Teacher Education.70.pp.100-110. Schunk,D.H.andDiBenedetto,M.K.,2020.Motivationandsocialcognitive theory.Contemporary Educational Psychology.60. p.101832. Schunk, D.H. and Usher, E.L., 2019. Social cognitive theory and motivation.The Oxford handbook of human motivation, p.11. Torkan, N., and et. al., 2018. Relationship of social cognitive theory concepts to dietary habits of pregnant women.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research.23(2). p.125. 8