Respiratory Tract Infection in Bhutan | Essay

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION 1
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION IN BHUTAN
By
Course
Professor
Institution
City + state
date

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION 2
Introduction
Health is the most imperative aspect of one’s life and the basis of the country’s economy.
Healthy individuals are more prolific and vigorously engage in activities of making any country
successful. Equity and justice in ensuring that health services delivery is of proper and sound
manner are paramount. Medical ministry in countries with collaboration to the world health
organization should be with similar aims of eradicating infections. This essay focuses on the best
ways that can be employed in Bhutan as one of the target objectives of achieving global health in
the 21st century especially respiratory tract infection.
Respiratory tract and influenza-associated diseases
Respiratory system health is very vital since it entails all organs that aids in gaseous exchange.
Those organs are very delicate and prone to get damaged from any destructor substances. Bhutan
has experienced a huge burden, particularly due to the hospitalization of individuals with
influenza-associated diseases (Akter, Uddin, and Biswas, 2019). Influenza encumbrance
estimates help convey confirmation to sustenance influenza preclusion and control plans. Bhutan
should consider an obligation to introduce vaccinations for respiratory tract diseases, influenza
being the priority (Holloway et al., 2017). This because proper actions are not put in place;
spreading such infections is possible from country to country. Thus, achieving global health
equality in the 21st century would be a dream, not a reality as it ought to be.
Acute respiratory infections (ARL)
Research shows that a large population of individuals in Bhutan gets hospitalized every month
with acute respiratory infections. Respiratory infections lead to huge spending of the country
since the budget allocated to that sector is large yet Bhutan is a low capital country. Acute

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION 3
respiratory infections (ARI) have conventional far less courtesy in humanitarian respite policies
and plans. This is very worrying since ARL is the major contributor to disability-adjusted life-
years (DALYs) lost as well as the prominent single origin of death among children below five
years globally (Vaideeswar, and Marathe, 2018).
Epidemiology of respiratory infections
Respiratory infections can be classified into two major categories depending on regions infected
as upper and lower acute respiratory infections. Several areas prone to infection are nose, larynx,
pharynx, middle ear, sinuses, lungs, and bronchi (Bhandari and Morawakkorala, 2015). Infection
that occurs in the upper is mild, which is occasionally caused by viruses. The devastating
majority of ARL demise and severe ailment episodes are due to lower infections. Children in
overpopulated areas or those living in quarters fall at high risks of deaths due to lower ARLs, yet
they are hoping for generations' continuity (Lee, and Pradhan, 2019).
Immunization and vaccination level in Bhutan in comparison to other countries
Reports show that in Bhutan, there is decrease coverage of expanded platform of immunization
interpolations, together with pertussis, Hib vaccinations, and measles (Tshokey et al., 2017) All
these vaccinations were previously introduced but no aspects of continuity to take actions are
seen in Bhutan. Other countries have better and more functioning methods of immunization and
vaccine administration from the early ages of life. This disparity in quality of health care
received in different countries, some having the best and other poor medical services, hinders the
objective of attaining equal global heath.

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION 4
Mortality and respiratory tract infections
Respiratory infection is not the only cause of deaths in Bhutan either, but also factors like
exposure to toxic artilleries, psychological stress, high tendencies of low natal weights,
prematurity, and airborne particulates contribute to mortality (Yeshi et al., 2018). These aspects
facilitate the danger of spread and infection, the advancement of disease to those infected,
leading to a severe case like pneumonia.
Aetiology of respiratory tract infections
The aetiology of lower ARL, as well as pneumonia, specifically, is tough to establish. Obtaining
body fluids specimens for use in microbiologic tracing from the organ infected is only possible
to a few individuals. Aetiology research is thus conducted either insensitive and unspecified
strategies like serology, blood culture, or microbiology diagnosis of the higher airways.
Research reveals that about a quarter to half of childhood pneumonia scenarios appears to have a
previously viral aetiologic agent like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in humans (Tshering et
al.,2018). Other agent includes influenza and parainfluenza viruses while more than half of
diseases are due to bacteria which reflects as a secondary attack. HIV infection contributes to the
maximum dangers of attack by hemophilic influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia necessary for
most pneumonia deaths.
Bacteria incidents of pneumonia are seen to be responsible for large severity and incidents of
fatality rates than viral episodes. Additionally, these factors maximize the risks of respiratory
infections in a synergistic manner where pathogens causing such infections become dramatically
increased in number. See the table below, highlighting the level of respiratory viral infection
according to seasons.