Thematic Analysis of Reverse Logistics in Supply Chain Management

This essay provides a thematic analysis of reverse logistics in supply chain management, highlighting the importance of sustainability and eco-friendly measures. The essay discusses various research studies and their strategic design for enhancing reverse logistics, as well as the significant interrelationship between operation, strategy, and marketing based on business value for the consumers. The essay also highlights the key difficulties faced by companies in implementing reverse logistics and the need for efficient models, techniques, or frameworks to mitigate each challenge and yield the opportunities offered by it.

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Running head: Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Assignment 3: Thematic Analysis of
“Reverse logistics” Essay

Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Table of Contents
Essay................................................................................................................................................3
Thematic analysis............................................................................................................................7
References......................................................................................................................................16
Appendix........................................................................................................................................18
Thematic table...........................................................................................................................18
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Essay
Reverse logistics in the supply chain has been an essential part to monitor the life-cycle of the
products after the arrival of the product to end consumer. In addition, it would significantly
integrate the creation of product value after its expiry through reusing or appropriate disposal of
the product after being used. As put forwarded by Sarkis et al. (2010), reverse supply chain
logistics’ strategic application could enhance the reclamation of the products that have ended
their significant life. Furthermore, the impact on the environment has to be a significant concern
for organizations based on recycling, reclamation, and reuse in order to save costs, landfill space,
and fuel. Reverse logistics integrates physical shipping of the returned product, quality testing in
order to identify flaws, documentation of any issues and lastly restocking, dissembling, recycling
or repairing of the returned product. As stated by Salema et al. (2010), the responsibilities of
good producers have increased due to societal awareness which requires effective integration of
reverse logistics. In addition, at present times the competent framework and operation of supply
chains based on return flows have been a serious concern for several organizations.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Fig: 1 (Reverse logistics)
Several research studies have put forwarded significant strategic design for enhancing reverse
logistics in order to maintain sustainability. As opined by Jack et al. (2010), reverse logistics
have important capabilities based on cost savings as well as integrate antecedents for its
successful implementation. Furthermore, based on literature the idea of reverse logistics has
gained major consideration from scholarly authors due to its cost-saving nature by enhancing the
sustainability of companies. On the other hand, Lee and Lam, (2012) stated that there is a
significant interrelationship between operation, strategy, and marketing based on business value
for the consumers as well as the efficiency of reverse logistics. In addition, sustainable strategies
and eco-friendly measures are the primary environmental conscious need which requires
efficient reverse logistics design. In fact, Alumur et al. (2012) stated that profit maximization
modeling framework for reverse logistics network needs to be integrated by the organization in
order to mitigate complex problems such as determination of appropriate sites, collection centers,
recycling plants or remanufacturing facilities. Based on such context, it can be stated that reverse
logistics in supply chain management is a significant aspect in order to reduce environmental
problems as well as to maintain sustainability while delivering effective services to the
customers while maintaining organizational standards.
As stated by Rogers et al. (2012), modeling techniques are also significant to enhance the
effectiveness of reverse logistics followed by efficient supply chain management. Also,
modeling techniques have significant opportunities to reduce the issues of reverse logistics that
are faced due to the simple return of consumer products to a retailer. Carbon footprints due to
poor management of reverse logistics have been a significant issue which requires effective
modeling techniques for maintaining environmental sustainability, Sundarakani et al. (2012). On
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
the other hand, Akdoğan and Coşkun, (2012) suggested that there are significant drivers of
reverse logistics in order to maintain a sustainable environment by companies. In addition,
pressure from both consumers and government to attain efficient framework for reverse logistics
has been critical for manufacturers. A survey performed on Hong Kong businesses by Ho et al.
(2012), provided significant evidence that human resource and financial factors are essential
factors that influence the execution of reverse logistics in organizations. In addition, tangible
resources do not have much influence. In contrary Li and Tee, (2012), stated that each
influencing factors integrating formal and informal waste sectors need to be considered for
efficient reverse logistics model.
Furthermore, tangible factors also influence the implementation of reverse logistics and impacts
health, economy, and environment. A survey conducted on Malaysian E&E companies by Khor
and Udin, (2012), highlighted the after-effect of reverse logistics product disposition towards
business performance. It is significant to consider restoration of both parts and products practical
traits in order to yield recyclables or reuse the product as energy resources which can maximize
profit. In addition, Hazen et al. (2012) confirmed that companies that adopt green or sustainable
reverse logistics offer huge customer satisfaction that increases loyalty towards the firm and
increase the purchase of the products. The combination of distribution planning and strategic
production of the supply chain can significantly lead to better design of reverse logistics as well
as planning, Das, (2012). In contrary, a survey conducted on Chinese firms based on reverse
logistics by Abdulrahman et al. (2014) forecasted that there are key difficulties to reverse
logistics including lack of logistics experts in the management, financial instability, lack of
systems for return monitoring as well as government laws and economic policies.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Therefore, it can be stated that reverse logistics is a significant aspect in today’s world for
companies as well as for customers for maintaining sustainability and eco-friendly measures. It is
significant for companies to formulate such efficient models, techniques or frameworks that
would fulfill the criteria required for efficient reverse logistics by mitigating each challenge and
yield the opportunities offered by it, Jayant et al. (2012).
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
References
Abdulrahman, M. D., Gunasekaran, A. and Subramanian, N., 2014. Critical barriers in
implementing reverse logistics in the Chinese manufacturing sectors. International Journal of
Production Economics, 147, pp. 460-471.
Aguezzoul, A., 2014. Third-party logistics selection problem: A literature review on criteria and
methods. Omega, 49, pp.69-78.
Akdoğan, M. Ş. and Coşkun, A., 2012. Drivers of reverse logistics activities: an empirical
investigation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, pp. 1640-1649.
Alomar, S. A., Nickel, S., Saldanha-da-Gama, F. and Verter, V., 2012. Multi-period reverse
logistics network design. European Journal of Operational Research, 220(1), pp. 67-78.
Bing, X., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M. and van der Vorst, J.G., 2014. Sustainable reverse logistics
network design for household plastic waste. Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, 26(1-
2), pp.119-142.
Das, K., 2012. Integrating reverse logistics into the strategic planning of a supply
chain. International Journal of Production Research, 50(5), pp. 1438-1456.
Devika, K., Jafarian, A., and Nourbakhsh, V., 2014. Designing a sustainable closed-loop supply
chain network based on triple bottom line approach: A comparison of metaheuristics
hybridization techniques. European Journal of Operational Research, 235(3), pp.594-615.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Grabara, J., Man, M. and Kolcun, M., 2014. The benefits of reverse logistics. International
Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 15(2), pp.138-147.
Hatefi, S.M., and Jolla, F., 2014. Robust and reliable forward–reverse logistics network design
under demand uncertainty and facility disruptions. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 38(9-10),
pp.2630-2647.
Hazen, B. T., Wu, Y., Cegielski, C. G., Jones-Farmer, L. A. and Hall, D. J., 2012. Consumer
reactions to the adoption of green reverse logistics. The International Review of Retail,
Distribution and Consumer Research, 22(4), pp. 417-434.
Ho, G. T. S., Choy, K. L., Lam, C. H. Y. and Wong, D. W., 2012. Factors influencing the
implementation of reverse logistics: a survey among Hong Kong businesses. Measuring Business
Excellence, 16(3), pp. 29-46.
Huang, Y.C. and Yang, M.L., 2014. Reverse logistics innovation, institutional pressures and
performance. Management Research Review, 37(7), pp.615-641.
Jack, E. P., Powers, T. L. and Skinner, L., 2010. Reverse logistics capabilities: antecedents and
cost savings. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 40(3), pp.
228-246.
Jayant, A., Gupta, P. and Garg, S. K., 2012. Reverse logistics: perspectives, empirical studies,
and research directions. International Journal of Industrial Engineering, 19(10).
Kaynak, R., Koçoğlu, İ. and Akgün, A.E., 2014. The role of reverse logistics in the concept of
logistics centers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, pp.438-442.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Khor, K. S., and Udin, Z. M., 2012. Impact of reverse logistics product disposition towards
business performance in Malaysian E&E companies. Journal of Supply Chain and Customer
Relationship Management, 2012, pp. 1.
Lee, C. K. M., and Lam, J. S. L., 2012. Managing reverse logistics to enhance the sustainability
of industrial marketing. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(4), pp. 589-598.
Li, R. C., and Tee, T. J. C., 2012. A reverse logistics model for recovery options of e-waste
considering the integration of the formal and informal waste sectors. Procedia-Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 40, pp. 788-816.
Mousazadeh, M., Torabi, S.A. and Pishvaee, M.S., 2014. Green and reverse logistics
management under fuzziness. In Supply chain management under fuzziness (pp. 607-637).
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Niknejad, A. and Petrovic, D., 2014. Optimization of integrated reverse logistics networks with
different product recovery routes. European Journal of Operational Research, 238(1), pp.143-
154.
Ramos, T.R.P., Gomes, M.I. and Barbosa-Póvoa, A.P., 2014. Planning a sustainable reverse
logistics system: Balancing costs with environmental and social concerns. Omega, 48, pp.60-74.
Rogers, D. S., Melamed, B. and Lembke, R. S., 2012. Modeling and analysis of reverse
logistics. Journal of Business Logistics, 33(2), pp. 107-117.
Rubio, S. and Jiménez-Parra, B., 2014. Reverse logistics: Overview and challenges for supply
chain management. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 6, p.12.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Salema, M. I. G., Barbosa-Povoa, A. P. and Novais, A. Q., 2010. Simultaneous design and
planning of supply chains with reverse flow: A generic modeling framework. European journal
of operational research, 203(2), pp. 336-349.
Sarkis, J., Helms, M. M. and Hervani, A. A., 2010. Reverse logistics and social
sustainability. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 17(6), pp. 337-
354.
Senthil, S., Srirangacharyulu, B. and Ramesh, A., 2014. A robust hybrid multi-criteria decision-
making methodology for contractor evaluation and selection in third-party reverse logistics.
Expert Systems with Applications, 41(1), pp.50-58.
Shaik, M.N. and Abdul-Kader, W., 2014. Comprehensive performance measurement and causal-
effect decision-making model for reverse logistics enterprise. Computers & Industrial
Engineering, 68, pp.87-103.
Soleimani, H. and Govindan, K., 2014. Reverse logistics network design and planning utilizing
conditional value at risk. European Journal of Operational Research, 237(2), pp.487-497.
Sundarakani, B., De Souza, R., Goh, M., Wagner, S. M. and Manikandan, S., 2010. Modeling
carbon footprints across the supply chain. International Journal of Production
Economics, 128(1), pp. 43-50.
Suyabatmaz, A.Ç., Altekin, F.T. and Şahin, G., 2014. Hybrid simulation-analytical modeling
approaches for the reverse logistics network design of a third-party logistics provider. Computers
& Industrial Engineering, 70, pp.74-89.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Appendix
Thematic analysis
1. Thematic analysis of Sarkis et al. (2010)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Reverse logistics  The strategic
application could
enhance the
reclamation of the
products that have
ended their
significant life.
 Sustainable
indicators
 Environmental
implications
Sarkis et al. (2010)
2. Green and reverse
logistics management
 Implications of
recycling,
reclamation, and
reuse to save costs,
landfill space, and
fuel.
 Social and ethical
considerations
Mousazadeh et al.
(2014)
2. Thematic analysis of Salema et al. (2010)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Generic modeling  Sustainable
planning and
 Environmental Salema et al.
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
framework design of supply
chains
issues
 Efficient design
and operation of
the supply chain
(2010)
2. Integrated reverse
logistics networks
 Simultaneous
design and
planning of
reverse logistics
of supply chain
 Conventional
concepts
 Management
perspective
 Tactical planning
Niknejad and
Petrovic, (2014)
3. Thematic analysis of Jack et al. (2010)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Capabilities of reverse
logistics
 Cost savings measures
 Enables retailers to
improve their return
policies
 Overall cost
position
Jack et al. (2010)
2. Sustainable reverse
logistics system
 Resource
commitments
 Contractual
obligations
 Factors
impacting
reverse
logistics
Ramos et al. (2010)
4. Thematic analysis of Lee and Lam, (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
1. Sustainability of
industrial
marketing
 The green and
sustainable
operation for reverse
logistics
 Development of
sustainable
design
Lee and Lam,
(2012)
2. Hybrid multi-
criteria decision-
making
methodology in
reverse logistics
 Adding value to
customers
 Efficient operations
 The balance
between
economics and
ecology
Senthil et al.
(2012)
5. Thematic analysis of Alumur et al. (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Integration of
multi-period
reverse logistics
 To resolve complex
problems including
appropriate sites,
collection centers,
recycling plants or
remanufacturing
facilities
 Reduce
environment
al problems
Alumur et al. (2012)
2. Performance
measurement and
causal-effect
decision-making
 To detain component
commonality within
different products
 Potential
benefits of
using the
model in
Shaik and Abdul-
Kader, (2014)
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
model for reverse
logistics
 Flexibility for tackling
product returns
reverse
logistics
6. Thematic analysis of Rogers et al. (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Modeling of Reverse
Logistics
 Reduces the issues of
reverse logistics
 Enhances the
effectiveness of
reverse logistics
 Efficient
management
of reverse
logistics
through
modeling
efforts
Rogers et al. (2012)
2. Reverse logistics
network design and
planning
 Issues such as the
simple return of
consumer products to
a retailer
 New
managing
technique
Soleimani and
Govindan, (2014)
7. Thematic analysis of Sundarakani et al. (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Caron footprints due
to supply chain
 Environmental
consciousness
 Analysis of
carbon
footprint
Sundarakani et al.
(2012)
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
2. Hybrid simulation-
analytical modeling
approaches
 The efficient design
of reverse logistics
supply chain
 Numerical
approach
Suyabatmaz et al.
(2014)
8. Thematic analysis of Akdoğan and Coşkun, (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Drivers of reverse
logistics
 Pressure from the
government and
consumers for
environmentally
sustainable
measures
 Decision-
making
linkages
Akdoğan and
Coşkun, (2012)
2. Logistics selection
problem
 Environmental
friendly measures
initiating from raw
materials
distribution to its
production and
recycling
 Analytical
hierarchy
process
Aguezzoul,
(2014)
9. Thematic analysis of Ho et al. (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Influencing factors  Human resource and  Investigation of Ho et al. (2012)
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
to implement
reverse logistics
financial factors hypothesis for
evidence
2. Sustainable reverse
logistics network
design
 Tangible resources
do not have much
influence
 Statistical
analysis
integrated
Bing et al. (2014)
10. Thematic analysis of Li and Tee, (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Waste management  Collection of e-
waste for recycling
 Integration of
Formal and
informal
sectors
Li and Tee,
(2012)
2. Challenges to
reverse logistics
 Address issues
including health,
economy, and
environment
 Reverse
logistic model
Rubio and
Jiménez-Parra,
(2014)
11. Thematic analysis of Khor and Udin, (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Demand for
equipment for
managing waste
 Generation of
electronic waste
 Reverse
logistic
product
Khor and Udin,
(2012)
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
disposition
2. Robust and reliable
forward–reverse
logistics design
 Business performance
affected due to
financial instability for
disposal, repair,
recycle or recondition.
 Integration of
environmental
management
system ISO
1400
Hatefi and Jolai,
(2014)
12. Thematic analysis of Hazen et al. (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. The reaction of
consumers towards
green Reverse
logistic
 Consumer loyalty
 Repeat purchases
 Perception of
customers
Hazen et al.
(2012)
2. Sustainable closed-
loop supply chain
network in reverse
logistics
 Competitive
advantage
 Customer satisfaction
 Growth in revenue
 Integration of
innovation and
resource
advantage
theories
Devika et al.
(2014)
13. Thematic analysis of Das, (2012)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Strategic planning of
supply chain
 Initiation of Mixed-
integer
 Integration of
Reverse
Das, (2012)
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
programming for
strategic planning
and distribution
logistics
2. Reverse logistics
performance,
institutional
pressures, and
innovation
 The two-way
communication
channel for
enhancing product
recovery system
 Cost
optimization
Huang. and
Yang, (2014)
14. Thematic analysis of Abdulrahman et al. (2014)
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Barriers to
implementing
reverse logistics
 Lack of logistics experts
in the management,
financial instability, lack
of systems for return
monitoring as well as
government laws and
economic policies
 Regulations and
laws impacting
reverse logistics
Abdulrahman et al.
(2014)
2. Benefits of
reverse logistics
 Critical issues based on
the implementation of
reverse logistics were
confirmed
 Integration of
contingency
effect of
ownership
Grabara et al.
(2014)
15. Thematic analysis of Jayant et al. (2012)
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
No. Key Themes Description of key theme Dominant concepts References
1. Perspectives of
reverse logistics
 Sustainable waste
management
 Barriers to
implementation
 Impact of economic
issues and environmental
issues on reverse logistics
 Analysis based
on literature
Jayant et al.
(2012)
2. Role of reverse
logistics
 Effective design and
development of strategies
for reverse logistics
 Integration of
interdisciplinar
y and multi-
functional
approach
Kaynak et al.
(2014)
Thematic table
1. Sarkis, Helms and Hervani, 2010
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Integration of
reverse logistics in
the supply chain
Strategic application Indicators for
sustainable measures
Sarkis, Helms and
Hervani, 2010
2. Dimensions and
problem
Enhancing the
environment and
business operations
External
considerations
Sarkis, Helms and
Hervani, 2010
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
by eco-friendly
measures
Aguezzoul, 2014
2. Salema, Barbosa-Povoa and Novais, 2010
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Multi-product and
multi-period
network
Improvement in
operations through
effective designs
Tactical planning Salema, Barbosa-
Povoa and Novais,
2010
2. Reverse logistics
network
Sustainable
planning and
design
 Environmental
issues
Salema, Barbosa-
Povoa and Novais,
2010
Bing, Bloemhof-
Ruwaard and van
der Vorst, 2014
3. Jack, Powers and Skinner, 2010
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Positive influence Contractual
obligations and
Resource
Sustainable design Jack, Powers and
Skinner, 2010
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
commitments
2. Network techniques Cost savings
measures
Overall cost position Devika, Jafarian and
Nourbakhsh, 2014
4. Lee and Lam, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. The balance between
economics and
ecology
Value to customers Managing reverse
logistics
Lee and Lam, 2012
2. Benefits Green and
sustainable operation
Sustainable design Lee and Lam, 2012
Grabara, Man and
Kolcun, 2014
5. Alumur, Nickel, Saldanha-da-Gama and Verter, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Environmental
problems
Resolve complex
problems
Integration of multi-
period reverse
Alumur et al. 2012
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
logistics
2. Forward–reverse
logistics network
design
Flexibility for
tackling product
returns
Multi-commodity
formulation
Alomar et al.2012
Hatefi and Jolla,
2014
6. Rogers, Melamed and Lembke, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Analysis Improvement in
operations
Managing technique Rogers, Melamed
and Lembke, 2012
2. Reverse logistics
analysis
Mitigating issues Modeling efforts Huang and Yang,
2014
7. Sundarakani, De Souza, Goh, Wagner and Manikandan, 2010
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. An analytical model
for analysis
Design Numerical approach Sundarakani et al.
2010
2. Role of reverse
logistics
Environmental
consciousness
The intensity of
carbon footprint
Sundarakani et al.
2010
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
Kaynak, Koçoğlu
and Akgün, 2014
8. Akdoğan and Coşkun, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Drivers Government and
consumers pressure
Analytical hierarchy
process
Akdoğan and
Coşkun, 2012
2. Green and reverse
logistics
management
Eco-friendly
measures
Impact on decision
making
Akdoğan and
Coşkun, 2012
Mousazadeh, Torabi,
and Pishvaee, 2014
9. Ho, Choy, Lam and Wong, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Influencing factors Factors affecting
reverse logistics
Evidence-based on
the hypothesis
Ho et al. 2012
2. Integrated reverse
logistics networks
Influencing factors
analysis
Statistical approach Niknejad and
Petrovic, 2014
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
10. Li and Tee, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Multi-objective
linear programming
Recycling Informal and formal
sectors
Li and Tee, 2012
2. Sustainable reverse
logistics system
Mitigating the issues Model Li and Tee, 2012
Ramos, T.R.P.,
Gomes and Barbosa-
Póvoa, 2014
11. Khor and Udin, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Managing waste Electronic waste
integration
Product disposition Khor and Udin, 2012
2. The hybrid multi-
criteria decision
method
Affecting Business
performance
ISO 1400 integrated Khor and Udin, 2012
Senthil,
Srirangacharyulu
and Ramesh, 2014
12. Hazen, Wu, Cegielski, Jones-Farmer and Hall, 2012
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Reaction of
consumers
Consumer loyalty Customer view Hazen et al. 2012
2. Performance
measurement and
causal-effect
Growth of
companies
Innovation and
resource advantage
theories
Hazen et al. 2012
Shaik and Abdul-
Kader, 2014
13. Das, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Strategic planning Initiation of Mixed-
integer programming
Cost optimization Das, 2012
2. Reverse logistics
network design and
planning
Two-way
communication
Integration of
Reverse logistics
Soleimani and
Govindan, 2014
14. Abdulrahman, Gunasekaran and Subramanian, 2014
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Barriers to Lack of logistics Government laws Abdulrahman,
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Thematic Analysis of "Reverse logistics."
implementing
reverse logistics
experts and finances Gunasekaran and
Subramanian, 2014
2. Hybrid simulation-
analytical modeling
Issues Contingency effect
of ownership
Abdulrahman,
Gunasekaran and
Subramanian, 2014
Suyabatmaz, Altekin
and Şahin, 2014
15. Jayant, Gupta and Garg, 2012
No. Key Themes Description of key
theme
Dominant concepts References
1. Efficient reverse
logistics
Mitigating each
challenge and yield
the opportunities
offered
Based on the
literature
Jayant, Gupta and
Garg, 2012
2. Challenges for
supply chain
management
Sustainability and
eco-friendly
measures
Multi-functional and
interdisciplinary
approach
Jayant, Gupta and
Garg, 2012
Rubio and Jiménez-
Parra, 2014
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