Human Resource Development and Performance

This assignment delves into the crucial field of Human Resource Development (HRD) focusing on its influence on organizational performance. It analyzes various theoretical frameworks like the resource-based view, positive psychological capital, and team dynamics. The document also explores the evolving landscape of human capital with a focus on intellectual capital and its impact on firm value. Additionally, it touches upon contemporary issues in HRD such as work engagement and the global water crisis.

HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
By
Ovidiu Cernatescu
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................3
Task1................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Learning styles in human resource development theory.......................................................3
1.2 Role of learning curve...........................................................................................................5
1.3 Learning styles and theories..................................................................................................6
more detailed explanation required..................................................................................................7
Task2................................................................................................................................................7
2.1 Compare training needs for Manager, Supervisor and customer service assistant................7
2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of training methods:.............................................................9
2.3 Systematic approach to plan a training and development workshop...................................10
go to Apple.....................................................................................................................................11
Task3..............................................................................................................................................12
3.1 Evaluation of training techniques........................................................................................12
3.2 Evaluation of training event.................................................................................................13
3.3 The success of the evaluation methods used.......................................................................14
Task4..............................................................................................................................................15
4.1 Role of government in training, development and lifelong learning...................................15
4.2 Development of competency movement has impacted on the public and private sectors. .16
4.3 Assessment of contemporary training initiatives.................................................................17
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................20
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INTRODUCTION
Human Resource Development is a process which focuses on development of
employees by increasing their knowledge, abilities and skills by performing task within
the organisation. It helps to train employees and boost their working power to achieve
the goals of an organisation. By performing various tasks with the motivated capacity
they can enhance the value of services of a company and enlarge its brand value in the
market (Fee, 2014). By developing the technologies in the business employees can
work with the high quality demand.
Here the report gives an idea about Apple who is a technology company
develops many new products to make his market on the top. This approach focuses on
the growth of the employees who helps in achieving achieve their targets in a short span
of time. It develops an organisational culture and contributes in encouraging human
being and promotes their services. Companies are satisfying the needs of the
customers by applying latest technology in their product i.e. iPhone, Macbook, iPad.
Provide various facilities to employees by participating in various programmes and
analyse the market needs with an effective approach.
Task1
1.1 Learning styles in human resource development theory
There are various learning styles of learning , which affects the learning of human
resource management of the company. It affects the learning style of people. There are various
learning style which can be defined as follows:
 Vark model: This model has been introduced since long time. It can be said that there are
four parts of the said models that are as:
▪ Visual learning.
▪ Auditory learning.
▪ Read and write learning.
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In this the model has claimed that it has been claimed that the visual learning help the
employees of business organization by enabling them in learning through various methods like
graphs charts etc. also, auditory learning will help the employee to increase their learning
capabilities through effective listening.
 Kolb's model: This model is based on the learning skills which is based on Experience.
This model is consist of two models which can be known as abstract conceptualisation
and concrete experience.
 Honey and mumford: his is an another method which has been developed by adapting the
method of Kolb's experiential learning model. In this model it has been explained about
various learning style which are managed in accordance with the managerial experiences.
It is a behavioural approach followed by the individual to understand the styles of
learning. There are various theories available to be followed by the employees in the
organisation like Kolb's Theory and according to this learning style improves the
development of a person's abilities through various stages. They can covert the
experience into something meaningful and useful by analysing or planning (Armstrong
and Taylor, 2014). There are various stages of learning in the progress cycle that gives
results and focuses on solving the problem. They experiments innovative idea and are
willing to work on new challenges.
Here are four learning styles given by this model:
 Converger: They will find the practical issues to solve them with new ideas by
technical task. They are finding the problem and makes decisions with expert and
technology abilities (Boxall and Purcell, 2011). They experience new ideas and
skills to work with practical issues.
 Diverger: People use the imagination in their working to solve problems. They
concrete many viewpoints and perspectives of different people to collect
information.
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 Assimilating: They prefer to understand the concept rather than to focus on the
people. People will focus on the reading and exploring logical concept which
needs to do in science field.
 Accommodating: They rely on the information which others provide and making
a report on them. They make a goal and work in a team to complete the task to
achieve their targets (Bratton and Gold, 2012). People prefer a practical
approach which may be on the basis of thought.
Apple has a very large scope in market and focuses on analysing the various
information which can be logical or scientific also. Employees by their innovative ideas
make some report and apply technologies in their product and service. Company carry
out the survey which helps in identifying the customer survey. With the help of this, they
make the desired product available in the market.
1.2 Role of learning curve
It is used by the company to calculate the time required in production and cost
analysis for per unit for a particular operation. Curve shows through a diagram for
analysing the skill and experience of the employees (Crook and et. al., 2011). This it
increases the efficiency and growing experience by developing in the skill and quality.
Employees are working in the improved environment and setting up the objective to
achieve them.
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Significance of knowledge transfer: It helps to the employees to develop their
experience and leadership quality (Daley, 2012). They can take effective decision by
using their skills in the operations. Learning programmes effectively apply in the
company to develop the expertise in the various fields. Apple can encourage its
employees to share their ideas and achieve their best performance. Employees got
motivated by these programmes and bring their efforts to achieve the aim of a company.
They should work collectively to get the best opportunities by various learning
programmes.
Impact of learning curve and knowledge transfer:
By exchanging the knowledge between the employees and managers they can
build their skill and capability to work (Gatewood., Feild and Barrick, 2015). They can
exchange their experience by using various tactics through the communication.
Learning curve shows that where they are lacking in his performance and try to find out
them. They can improve their performance gap according the requirements. Learning
activities increases the working power, effective planning, close to the outcomes and
career power. It gives support to the advance learning activities and supervises the
required steps which need to follow by them. Through various tool they can face many
challenges with the efficiency and could get some achievements with this. Apple follows
this curve and makes necessary improvements according to the adjustments.
Employees face many challenges in the organisation and make new strategies to
complete them.
1.3 Learning styles and theories
Role of learning styles and theories:
It focuses on employee development and improves their competency power.
Methods of many learning styles are applied in the organisation for the successful
execution. It is designed to achieve many targets by which they can evaluate the
individual need (Jackson. Schuler and Werner, 2011). There are many learning theories
available to fulfil the necessity of an organisation
Relationship between learning theory and style:
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 Behaviourist Approach: This assumes that a person has knowing nothing and
enhance his knowledge through various behaviours. There can be various ways
to know about something which can be positive and negative. Every good
experience gives a knowledge to add something in his thinking and a bad thing
gives a negative impact and removes in our knowledge (Jiang and et. al., 2012).
Learning process gives knowledge to change in the behaviour of a person.
 Cognitive Concept: This concept is based on his own thinking process. It is an
idea that human process the information that he receives related within the stored
memory.
 Social learning Theory: Here people learn from various situations and
behaviours through observation also. This involves various steps of motivating
and learning:
i) Attention: A person should give his attention to the various behaviours to learn
something by own.
ii) Retention: People may retain something from all the behaviours to get in his
knowledge.
iii) Reproduction: An individual making production with the retention to improve
the practices (Kehoe and Wright, 2013).
iiii) Motivation: Person should focus on the working with motivation because
there is an important requirement of learning.
Contribution of learning theory and style:
Apple is an organisation who tries to make various improvements in the human
resource by applying the learning styles. They focus on the learning styles and if there is
any shortcoming found then make arrangements for successful activities (Khan. Khan
and Mahmood, 2012). To plan for a operation there will be a search for style which need
to apply and requirements of the organisation. Considering various factors applied in the
company that to be followed and make designs accordingly.
In accordance with this, the company can take many advantages by the effective
learning styles. In this context it has been defined that learning styles effect the
capabilities and skills of employess of an organization namely Apple incorporation. Also,
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through different learning styles the employees and workers of the company can make
decisions effectively and efficiently. Also, employees get the opportunities to learn
different new things through these models and theories which can lead to their overall
development. For an instance the VARK model assist the employees and work force of
the cited company in enhancing their learning styles through visual learnong syles and
also the effective auditory method.
Task2
2.1 Compare training needs for Manager, Supervisor and customer
service assistant
Training is the concept in which the employees of the organization are trained
thorugh various training and development sessions through which the entire skills of an
employee are enhanced through which the organizational goals are achieved. Training
needs is the concept in which the HR manager recognises the need and requirement of
training of employees at different level. In an organization there are different and varied
department s and blocks and each of them requires effective training. In the context of
Apple, if effective training has been provided by employees the it will lead to over all
development of the cited company.
Identification of training needs is an another variable of the training and
development concept , in which the HR manager recognises various aspects in which
employees are required to be provided with training sessions. Identification of training in
the context of the cited organization are as:
 Current skills of employees and workers.
 Gap within the business in terms of skills and knowledge.
 In identification of skills by which the employees of the company can make their
organizational goals fulfilled.
In this context managers have a crucial role in deciding regarding which
department needs to be trained effectively so that it can foster the organization. There
are various departments in which the managers are required to enable the training
session in the company which can be characterised as finance, sales, creative
department etc.
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Organisation provides various training sessions at all levels and provides
responsibilities to them. At all level company should monitor the working of the members
and assess the requirement if any.
Apple needs to initiate various training event at all levels in the company-
 Manager: He is the person who knows how to manage the working of a company
by fulfilling all the requirements. They are responsible to formulate the planning
and taking various decisions to implement. Apple analyse the lacking power of
them and motivate them through new ideas and technologies (Knowles., Holton
and Swanson, 2014). They should trained to have a detailed information about
the product and innovation which can apply strategically. They should concern
about the employees and their preferences by achieving the outcome of a
business.
 Supervisor: They need to decide that how could they make their working so
effective to enlarge the objectives. Company making strategies and follow them
to get the desired achievements. Apple focuses on the innovation and making
smart services which give worth to his product. Modernisation in their product
and services will make differ from other product available in market and this will
attract the customer.
 Customer service assistant: To deal with a customer there are many services
providing to them effectively. They can have better interaction to them and make
happy environment in our organisation (Kraaijenbrink., Spender and Groen,
2010). Apple facilitates the customer with many services which are more effective
to create a lead from other company. Services providing at the time of sale and
after sale services gives a good impact on the customer. Making connections
with the customer to increase their sales by making long term relations. If any
query and problem with the product then solve it within a short time by giving
smart services.
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2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of training methods:
Training always requires for a business to increase the knowledge and skill of the
employee and enhance the quality of product. It plays a very important role for making
their functions and services reaches at a standard level. Apple target is always to train
its team members and develop in their skills to increase the level in the market.
There are various methods which can be characterised as on the job training and on
the job training methods.
On the job training method: It is the method in which the training has bee
provided to employees which are provided to the employees while their working in an
organization. This is the method which enables an employee of the cited organization to
learn specifically and particularly about each job and tasks
Off the job training: It is another method in which the training has been provided
to employees out side the job.
There are different types of on the job and off the job training methods and
variable which can be defined as follows:
On the job training methods: there are various methods by which training can be
provided which can be featured as :
▪ Coaching.
▪ Mentoring.
▪ Job rotation.
Also, there are various methods which can be characterised as off the job training
methods:
▪ Lectures .
▪ Vestibule training.
▪ Simulation exercises.
▪ Sensitivity training.
Advantages of on the job training methods:
 It enable to give immediate feedback on the performance.
 Swift remediation in case if the assigned task has not been performed.
Disadvantages of on the job training methods:
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 it can lead to destruction in the work force of trainer.
 Also, it leads to slow process of work force.
Advantages of off the job training method:
 Through this method, the wider range of ability and qualifications can be attained.
 Employees can be more confident at the time when they start up the job.
Disadvantages of on the job method:
 it is more expensive.
 Requires lot of time and latent stimulation.
Training
methods
Advantages Disadvantages
1) Discussions It helps to provide the knowledge
and solve the query if anyone
has regarding the topic.
Employees cannot get the
actual idea where he both party
is not available at same place.
2)Apprenticeship Trainees got the stipend during
their training period on the job.
Apple adopt this which gives a
less amount during their training
period.
3) Induction Members got the idea about the
targets, opportunities and
challenges of a company
(Meredith, 2011).
Sometime employees got
demotivated with the conditions
of a company.
4)Demonstrations Trainee must know the
technologies through the
practical implementation of
Where the decision is making
then no practical issues gives
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them. They can put any query
related to the topic and solving
with many examples by trainer.
any idea about this.
5) Case study
method
In this type of session they gives
a case study on a topic and ask
for their review about conditions
of the topic.
It has no effect on this level and
cannot apply to the workers
who are working.
6) Lecture
method
Apple conduct various lecture by
the experts who has better
knowledge about the software to
provide them quality in their task.
There is no scope for medical
demonstration for the trainees.
2.3 Systematic approach to plan a training and development
workshop
Systematic approach is the concept in which the determination of viability of a
project or a process which has been based on the application of the experience of
intelligibly defined set goals and appropriate steps along with the correct evaluation of
steps. The main aim of this approach is to examine the most efficient and effective
means for generation of the consistent and optimum results.
Training and development provides by the company to enhance the skill and
develop the human resource. This stage comes after completing the training programme
to implement the objectives in a company (Ployhart and Moliterno, 2011). Apple after
this training session focuses on the targets of a company for their employees.
Step1- Organisation's Aim:
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Apple has the aim to make the market through various innovative techniques by using
many strategies. To minimise the cost and improve the quality of product gives an
additional benefit to the company. Many organisations follow the method to reduce their
price and gives satisfied product to the customer.
Step2- Setting up training need:
The company need to conduct various sessions for worker and member to accomplish
the goals. If members have no knowledge about the process of the work then provide
them knowledge of the product.
Step3- Designing training strategy:
Apple trains its members to make the product in a very effective manner and enlarge
them to do the process in a strategically manner (Werner and DeSimone, 2011).
Communicate with them about the customer need and their feedback with the product
and activities.
Step4- Implementing the training programme:
Apple implements the actions in their working and gives them within a sufficient time.
Company follow all the rules and review given by them.
Manager and employees are both observing the environment and management
by ideas and implementation. By observing the needs of a business company follow the
aims and targets to achieve by the employees. It can be measured with the planning
teams to complete the objectives effectively (Luthans and et. al., 2010). Apple works to
make their customer happy and provide best service by managing the programmes of a
company.
There are two approaches of training that can be characterised as modern and
traditional approach of training. Traditional approach of training involves the concept in
which the manager of an organization is of view point that there is no need of training
and managers are made , they are born. On the other hand, the modern approach of
training is a concept in which the corporate training needs has been defined in the
context of employees.
In respect of Apple incorporation, the management has adopted the modern
approach of learning. In this case, the company is of the opinion that the training should
be required at each and every level of business organization. The company conducts its
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training sessions and needs through on the job training methods. It has been proved as
effective modelm as it encourages its employees to perform better.
Task3
3.1 Evaluation of training techniques.
Company need to do evaluation at every part of the training programme. It can
use the planning and decision-making in their working. Thorough various methods they
get the objectives and measures various outcomes. The different evaluation techniques
need to be filled by the colleagues regarding the session provided to staff for enhancing
their skills. They evaluate the training session and compare with the outcome of the
target.
What? What type of training individual staff within the retail organisation is getting
that support them in attaining the required skills.
Why? Second aspect include assessing why the training is been provided to the
staff.
When? Third aspect includes assessing when the training is been imparted to the
staff so that it may benefit the self-development as well as attaining growth
among the individual.
Who? The last aspect includes who are the staffs to whom different training is
applied.
There is the need to evaluate the requirement and how the event will fulfil the need:
Observation: Assess the working process and make successful implementation by
various tools to evaluate them. After observing the needs clarify the areas and
improvement with the help of event.
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Understanding: Understand the theories for the employee and apply them to justify
it. How much they understand the programme and apply in their working (Ostrom,
2011).
Impact on performance: For the long term of the project they might get assessed
the performance and its impact is good or not. Apple measures that how much efficiency
employees put in their service by evaluating the sale growth in the company after the
training sessions.
3.2 Evaluation of training event.
This is a very effective way to identify the problem and get practical experience
from this. Company take this for decision making to reach on a decision with the
programs. It encourages the participant to work in a learning programme. Company
need to know the requirements of a business and design various programmes for their
training sessions and workshop. Apple analyse its plan and make them successful by
using various techniques in the company. Company should take place the type of
evaluation:
a) Formative: It is a source of data which focuses on the planning and improve the
training programmes. At development stage they need to conduct various approach by
making surveys. By using this they can estimate the cost and make various suitable
arrangements to achieve the goals. Apple apply this evaluation through formative
because it is working for the next.
b) Summative: It focuses on the effectiveness of the programmes and made it to
conclusion. Apple can be used for the analysing the programmes and make
recommendations to continue in the future (Gennaioli and et.,al, 2013).
Summative is not better because they cannot help for the next time only for the
same time. Formative is quite good because it works for the next time also. It can get
the information about the impact of the training overall on organizational culture. Apple
can get systematic approach and well organised programmes because they are
specially working for them.
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3.3 The success of the evaluation methods used.
There are 3 methods which have been used as evaluation methods of training
and development that are as follows:
 Kirkpatrick Model
 The CIRO Model
 ROI Model
1. Kirkpatrick model- This model is consist of the way in which training of
employees of Apple company, can be evaluated .the four levels of Kirkpatrick
evaluation model essentially measure:
▪ Reaction of employee- it means the way or feeling they had about training
procedure of Apple company (Human Microbiome Project Consortium,
2012). it means that it is necessary to obtain views and opinions of
employees who have attended the training session.
▪ Learning- it is the concept which means the process of increase in
knowledge or capability.
▪ Behaviour- it also measures the behaviour of employees and their
capability improvement and its implication.
▪ Results- it includes the effects of business of Apple UK which results from
the trainee's performance (Maditinos and et.,al, 2011).
2. The CIRO Model – the CIRO model focuses on the measurements that have
been taken by the management of Apple Company before and after the training has
been carried out. this method of evaluation has been used by the cited company
because it identifies the needs based on collecting information about performance
deficiencies of employees and set objectives thereafter.
3. The ROI Model – ROI is an important method of evaluation of training as it helps
the HR department of Apple Company by avoiding it for cost cutting in the next
economic downturn. It also improves the design of training that has been conducted by
the management of company in order to enhance the skills in employees. It basically
measures all the economic returns that will generate from an investment in a training
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and development program by Apple company (McShane and et.,al, 2011). This impacts
the environment of business in a positive manner as the employees are better at their
jobs and more motivated and satisfied and also not likely to leave organisation.
Task4
4.1 Role of government in training, development and lifelong learning
Government focuses on various programmes to improve the capability of
employees and develop their skills in all field of employment. By providing many
opportunities they will help to remove the barriers which people facing in their
employment. Government promotes the development programme through many
initiatives to increase their quality in their work.
By using many promotions learning process promote the class training and
create a successful environment. Person who has lack in their skill will be able to
achieve the aim through many learning promotions. They focus on the employability of
the member and scratch their skills which are useful at workplace for quality work.
Apple gives its employees guidelines to follow them to make the sustainable
development through using their skills. Government invest in various training and
development programme to enlarge their area of knowledge. This will create economic
benefit to the country by encouraging the learning programmes. Employees working in a
environment where team members work with vision to achieve their targets successfully
(DillonWu and Chang, 2010).
Politicians also invest in many campaigns to make their member qualified and
give best outcome. Apple boost economy by supply his product to satisfy huge demand
of people from different country. They are working for the best technology who will
change the market motivation and enlarge their profit. This will create impact on the
global education and improve social, economic and technical needs. To stable a
economy must satisfy the need of the people who are surviving for the employment and
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create good impact on the system. Government provide funding to the companies who
benefited to the country and by effective use of resources. This establishes growth of a
country by making relationship between learning and employment. It will create
corporate contribution to maximise the job opportunities.
4.2 Development of competency movement has impacted on the
public and private sectors
Competent movement impacted on other business also because of various
development techniques. To increase their ability in the market private company
investing more and more. Firms are working to maintain the high quality product,
effective services and efficient production etc.
Apple as an well-known company who always investing in various training and
development to encourage them for best quality product. They provide learning
initiatives to the employees to work in a happy and entertaining environment. Member
also motivated with these programmes and work for the company with full of dedication.
Their confidence also increases to work with the competitive advantage (Kulzhanov and
Rechel, 2016).
It will create impact on the economy of a company and the performance of the
employees who are working in private sector. Public bodies increase their growth by
improving the quality in their work. Apple always working in a environment where many
competitors are exist and make his product best in the market with the latest technology.
Companies are working with their learning performance to follow the growth in
the market. Competent companies always working for the new and its employees only
are the hope to achieve their brand value.
These days many companies survive in the market but only few will stay for a
long time because of large competition. A better product gives the firm an influenced
power to stay in the market for a long time. Employees are motivating through various
development campaigns and follow his responsibilities according to their efficiency.
Company growing in the market through development and make effective their
product within the people. Competent movement is the essential part of the learning and
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motivation of the firm members (Bakker, 2011). It provides learning expertise in the
team members to make effective services. All are working together to train the
employees and develop the technologies in the market.
4.3 Assessment of contemporary training initiatives.
There are lots of training initiatives which can be adopted by business
organizations to make sure about the productive workforce etc. It also involves human
resources to be invested in training and development sessions that make them effective
and efficient. Different types of training initiatives are as:
 To Directly learn about a particular task or a topic.
 For effective support to young people.
UK Government starts an initiative of contemporary training to small and medium
industries to improve in their working. It creates stability in the market and develop the
economy of the country. People get to know about the different areas of a business and
develop their working experience. UK Government providing different training
programmes for different firms according to their structure.
According to the various needs of the business Government makes effort to
enlarge their performance. It creates a sustainable environment where all ethics and
conduct must be followed by them. There are many industries who are working with the
productivity to make their conditions better in the market by various development plans.
Role of contemporary learning:
To gaining the competitive advantage there is successful facilities for their
employees. It will give employees to create a changing environment where they can use
their more quality. Training give the idea to the members that how to make successful
their planning in a business. They will evaluate the customer need their interest for the
various factors and imply in their working. Team member can adopt modern strategy in
the company and make differentiation with structure of the work (Hanjra and Qureshi,
19

2010.). They analyse the market conditions and give them suggestion for the planning in
the market.
Employees of a company can participate in the learning activities and
implement in the organisational structure. It is a evaluation techniques that can adapt in
the business with the working and behaviour of employees. Colleagues can improve
their capability by various activities which gives development in their skills. Government
focuses the area of development and companies influence to work in these areas. Apple
gives expert knowledge about the computer, mobiles and any other device to their
employees to follow best practice in their working.
CONCLUSION
Company bring many facilities to their employees to develop their skill in the
business environment. Apple is a leading technology company which deals in many
products and having a high brand value in the market. It helps the company to give a
high competitive advantage which gives its customer satisfaction and growth in sale. By
providing various learning session employees can perform actively in the market with
good quality.
Identify the need of the market and train them to work accordingly to get the
best result. It creates a force toward the achieving goals of an organisation by applying
various techniques. It is a long term benefit to the employees to focus on their skill and
quality by developing their knowledge.
Government also takes part in investing the various activities which create
growth in the economy. By taking various initiatives they can improve their productivity
and makes a healthy and happy environment.
By evaluating various models they can improve their target making strategy. It
facilitates the training campaign for all the level of the members by coordinating their
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working structure. Company need to identify the issues to solve the problems which
come from various practice.
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