Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study

This assignment explores the multifaceted impacts of tourism in Tanzania. Students are tasked with analyzing the economic, social, and environmental consequences of tourism, particularly focusing on sustainability. The analysis should include a case study approach, drawing upon specific examples and research findings. Furthermore, students are expected to propose actionable solutions for promoting responsible tourism development in Tanzania.

SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1 UNDERSTAND THE RATIONALE FOR PLANNING IN THE TOURISM
INDUSTRY.....................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Various stakeholders and the gained benefits from planning of tourism development.........4
1.2 Advantages and the disadvantages of the public/private partnership in tourism planning....5
TASK 2 UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................................................6
2.1 Features of Sustainable tourism development planning at different levels...........................6
2.2 Significance of interactive planning system & processes in sustainable tourism
development.................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Different methods to measure the tourist impact...................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Concept of sustainability in tourism development for the Chumbe Island..........................10
3.2 Factors that may hinder the development of sustainable tourism in Chumbe Island..........11
3.3 Analyze of different stages involved in planning for sustainability....................................12
TASK 4 UNDERSTAND CURRENT ISSUES RELATED TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING ..................................................................................................................................13
4.1Methods of resolving a conflict of interest to ensure future well being ..............................13
4.2 Implications of balancing supply and demand.....................................................................13
4.3 Evaluation of moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism..................................................14
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................15
5.1 Current issue regarding development of choose destination and comparison with emerging
tourist destination.......................................................................................................................15
5.2 The future development of tourism in both the destination.................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Tourism industry is largest and the fast growing industry in the world. This industry is
influenced by the various aspects which determine the overall functioning of this industry. They
require the sustainability to carry out its operations. Sustainable tourism help to manage the
functioning and also helps to reduce the impact on the environment and the local bodies in order
to conserve the ecosystem (Cooper, 2008). They try to provide the better and the meaningful
experience to the tourist in order to promote the various beneficial activities for the development
and contribute in the conservation of the natural resources. This report critically examine the
various aspects which provide the rationale understanding of the various aspects for the proper
planning for the development of the tourism industry. With the help of the various approaches
the current issues and the conflicts can be identified. With the help of the sustainability the
suitable methods can be adopted as per the need in order to plan an effective development of the
Chumbe Island by conserving the ecosystem. As it is a self-sustaining island they need to reserve
all the aspects for the development of the Chumbe Island. With the help of the various
techniques and the methods which they adopt in order to properly develop the island in order to
generate the revenues for the various operations.
TASK 1 UNDERSTAND THE RATIONALE FOR PLANNING IN THE
TOURISM INDUSTRY
1.1 Various stakeholders and the gained benefits from planning of tourism development
There are various stakeholder which determines the overall operations of the industry. As
the tourism is very vast and growing industry they are the key essential elements which
determine the overall functioning of the industry (Dickinson, Lumsdon and Robbins, 2011). The
various stakeholder who are associated in order to develop the Chumbe islands are discussed
below:
Government of Zanzibar: They are the bodies which are associated with the overall
functioning in order to properly plan the development aspects in order to rationalize the various
aspects which are associated with it. They have gained benefits by creating the awareness with
the help of the various establishment of the various proposal to conserve the Chumbe Island. As
they are influenced with the preservation of the resources in an effective manner.
4

Political bodies: These are the bodies which consider all the activities and ensure that the
various operations are carried out in an effective manner. It has gained benefit as various
ministry has involved in the development of the Chumbe Island which provide the various
resources for the development and creating awareness (Groote, 2005).
Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd: They are the private bodies which plan its functioning
in such a manner to look after the various operations related to the maintainable of the Chumbe
Island. They are benefited by the development in the tourism industry as they will be able to
generate more revenue from the various operations and will effectively preserve them. They try
to aware the public by conducting the public education program in order to generate more
awareness among the children and educating them.
Tourist: They are the personnel which provide the revenue for the functioning of the
industry. They have gained benefits as they are provided with the various facilities at the
Chumbe Island as the major influence related to the development is to provide them a better
experience (Dredge and Jamal, 2013).
Local residents: They are the essential stakeholder as they provide the best resources
and also preserve them for the future perspective. They are benefited with the development as the
local resources are being used in order to maintain the various operations in the Chumbe Island.
They were also educated with the perspective to understand the importance of the conservation
so that the areas of the Chumbe Island are protected in a proper manner.
1.2 Advantages and the disadvantages of the public/private partnership in tourism planning
There are certain advantages and disadvantages which have greater influence on the
planning for development of the tourism industry in order to generate the maximum revenue and
carry out the various operations which have the greater impact on the economy. Various
advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnership are discussed
below:
 As the government are involved in the development of the Chumbe Island it will result in
effective development of the tourist destination.
 The political bodies will provide the efficient resources in order to carry out the various
operations as it help in providing the various facilities and the services related to the
visitors and the tourist as per their requirement (Edgell Sr, 2013).
5

 The tourist get attracted towards the Chumbe Island as they are provided with better
accommodation and the various other facilities which ensure tourist to have the quality
stay.
 With the help of the local residents at the Chumbe Island they maintain the cultural and
the heritage which creates a positive impact in the mind of the people who visit the
destination.
 The CICP is able to measure the performance of the various operations which are being
carried out and creates the value for the investments in order to generate money for the
other operations (Hall and Williams, 2013).
The various disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnership are discussed
below:
 In order to maintain the Chumbe Island huge transactions cost is incurred in order to
maintain the overall operations and the various activities which are carried out there.
 As the government of Zanzibar are involved in the functioning of the Chumbe Island
they creates the overlapping of the rules and regulations related to the various operations.
 Chumbe Island operations are influenced by the involvement of the local bodies as they
implement the various rules and regulations which are not implemented in the tourism
industry (Middleton and Clarke, 2012).
 The private bodies are more concerned with the revenue generation rather than the
quality of the experience to the tourist and the visitors.
 The local residents are raising the various issues related to the cultural dimensions and
the various other issues related to the development of the Chumbe Island.
On the basis of all the above mentioned aspect it can be stated that public or private
ownership proves to be more fruitful for tourist industry. It plays a significant role in the growth
and development of tourists nation and there by creating the wealth for the nation.
TASK 2 UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO TOURISM
PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Features of Sustainable tourism development planning at different levels
The tourism development planning is done in such a way that it effective carry out the
various operations which are related to the overall functioning of the Chumbe Island. There are
6

different levels which are involved in order to properly plan the development of the Chumbe
Island in order to make it more attractive and beautiful to generate maximum revenue out of it.
The levels are discussed below:
International Level: The tourism development plan was designed in order to attract
more tourist to the Chumbe Island in order to perform the various operations at the bigger
platform so that the tourist feels happy in visiting the Chumbe Island which have been developed
in order to increases the tourist. With the proper adaptation of the various marketing strategies
they can involve the complementary development of the various facilities which they provide at
the Chumbe Island.
National Level: At the national level the planning for the tourism development of
Chumbe Island is necessary to manage the overall aspects which mainly emphasize on providing
the better standards of the services to the tourists. They formulates the policies keeping in mind
the cultural dimensions of Chumbe Island in order to ensure that the tourist are provides with the
services as per their requirement (Kozak and Kozak, 2008).
Regional Level: They try to coordinate the various aspects which are related to the
various operations of Chumbe Island. They ensure to provide the effective accommodation and
various other facilities to provide the effective development and also provide the education
related to the importance of the conservation of the Chumbe Island. They adopt the short term
policy in order to develop it as the most attractive destination of the various tourists.
Local Level: They plan the development at the local level as they ensure to provide the
necessary resources which are essential to provide the proper necessities to the tourists by
making them available with the resources such as hotel accommodations, transportation and the
other facilities which also help them to generate revenue for the various operations
(Stakeholders, 2015).
2.2 Significance of interactive planning system & processes in sustainable tourism development
Interactive planning is the system which is based on the various aspects which are related
to the various activities which involves the proper planning for the development of the tourism
industry. The main purpose is to create the future of the Chumbe Island in order to carry out the
present functions with the development of the park by creating the awareness in the minds of the
tourist (Chumbe Island, Tanzania, Coral Park, 2014). It is based on the beliefs and the various
other attributes which they adopt in order to get more and more in the future by assuring the
7

present performance. The major significance of the interactive planning system are mentioned
below;
 It is the system which is implemented in the Chumbe Island project in order to improve
the future aspects by performing the various activities in the present in order to develop
the place so that the tourist are attracted towards it and the high revenues are being
generated out of it.
 It is the continuous process which is carried out in order to make the people aware about
the various resources and the various facilities which is provide to them in order to
conserve them for the future. They make the people aware of the various aspects in order
to ensure that the local residents and the tourist are aware of the various species which are
available at the Chumbe Island.
 Various stakeholders are involved into it in order to make the tourist aware of the various
aspects such as revenue generation, conservation in order to make Chumbe island the
most attractive tourist destination for the tourists (SITTS, 2009).
Interactive planning is the most important and the effective tool which is essential to
conserve the endangered species of the fishes and also the other different species. It is associated
with the national level in order to generate the revenues and increase the contribution to the
economy of the nation. With the adoption of this system they are emphasizes on the present
improvement of the various aspects in order to meet the future perspective by attracting more
tourist.
The need for the interactive planning process in the sustainable tourism industry is very essential
as the process determine the various perspectives of the Chumbe Island.
 This process is needed in order to segment the various groups into the smaller groups so
that the concentration is being focused and the purpose of the conservation is attained in
an effective manner.
 This process helps us to properly identify the needs and the requirement of the tourist in
order to ensure that the development of best services and the products in order to meet the
requirement of the tourists (Interactive planning, 2015).
 This process also ensure to provide the proper safety and the better security to the tourist
who are visiting the Chumbe Island. They ensure to provide the best facilities in order to
make the stay of the tourist very effective.
8

2.3 Different methods to measure the tourist impact
There are different methods which are available to measure the tourist impact on the
tourism of the Chumbe Island. These methods ensure that the development of the tourism is
planned in an effective way and they can be accomplished in a proper manner. The various
methods are discussed below;
Pro Poor Tourism: This is the strategic tool which is being adopted by the people of the tourism
industry at the Chumbe Island in order to alleviate the poverty by implementing this method as
this methods help to reduce the poverty (Hall and Gossling, 2012). They identify the various
strategic aspects so that the benefits are generated directly with the implementation of the Pro
Poor tourism. This provide benefits to the poor people. This approach aims at tapping the various
opportunities which are available in the tourism industry. It can be evaluated in order to measure
effectiveness as it is the support system for the local people as they generate maximum profits
out of it. This lead to the effective management of the various activities which are carried in
order to increase the attraction of the tourist towards the Chumbe Island. This critically evaluates
to measure expansion in the various activities which expands the opportunities for the poor as by
generating employment for them (Jackson, 2008). This approach also evaluates the proper
policies and the procedure in order to adapt the framework which promotes the participation of
the local people in order to generate income by performing various functions and meet the
important element for sustainability.
Cambridge Economic model: This model helps to figure out the continues and the effective
analysis of the various perspective in order to evaluate the various perspective which ensure to
maintain the proper values and the beliefs which are related to the various dimensions of the
tourism industry. This model can be evaluated with the help of the various tools and techniques
which provide the successful implementation of the business by meeting the new opportunities
and enhance the business of the local people (Cortez, 2010). This also attract the new investment
towards the development of the Chumbe Island. This can be evaluated with the number of the
visitor encouraging the tourism at the Chumbe Island.
Environmental Impact Studies: This approach is being adopted in order to create the people of
the Chumbe Island aware about the various activities which are planned in order to increase the
tourism at the industry. It is being evaluated in order to measure the effect of the various
activities which are being undertaken in order to implement the conservation project at the
9

Chumbe Island. They measure and critically evaluates the future risk and the ecological
imbalance in order to avoid the damages which are caused due to the nature.
TASK 3
3.1 Concept of sustainability in tourism development for the Chumbe Island
In general sustainable tourism refers to the use of procedures and methods that focuses on
minimizing the negative impact of activities on environment and local culture. Moreover,
sustainable tourism encourages the development of local society and culture so that better
economic position can achieved (Ashworth and Page, 2011). Furthermore, sustainable
development is the method which guides and manage the forecasting in all the forms of tourism
such as destination, mass tourism etc. The main purpose of sustainable development is to
enhance different field such as: environment, wildlife, economic, social and cultural along with
this it also helps in maintaining ecological balances.
According to Brundtland Commission, sustainable tourism development can be defined
as the kind of development that focuses on meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to their own expectations. While on the other
hand, as per the Tourism Council (WTTC), sustainable tourism development is defined as the
approach of meeting the needs of present tourist, host regions, while protecting and enhancing
opportunity for the future (Gilbert, 2008).
Principles of sustainable tourism development:
There are several principle that the government of destination has to consider in order to
enhance the environment, social and cultural so that people or visitors can be enjoy the place and
revisit for better revenue generation.
 It will help in maintaining the ecological balance by making proper utilisation of the
available resources which indeed is the most crucial elements in protecting the cultural
heritage and biodiversity (Dodds and Graci, 2012).
 Tourism should maintain the level of respect in terms of social-cultural authenticity.
Furthermore, it is important for the Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CICP) to protect the
cultural heritage and traditional values.
 Further, it ensures in making the tourism green and establish the environment
management system.
 Decreases the waste and promotes the cleanliness.
10

 Enhance culture awareness so that visitors can indulge within the local environment.
In regards to the given case study, triple bottom line method sustainability is applied tin
order to enhance the level of ecotourism within Chumbe, Tanzania. Through the help of this
approach, Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CICP) can easily develop the strategy for sustainable
tourism as well as in regard to corporate social responsibility (Cooper, 2007). Furthermore, by
the means of this strategy Coral Park Ltd can achieve its objective of creating a reef sanctuary
and forest preserve so that it can become one of the last undisturbed coral rag forests around the
globe.
3.2 Factors that may hinder the development of sustainable tourism in Chumbe Island
Considering the present case study, Chumbe Island is a fruitful self-sustaining marine
park and forest reserve coast of East Africa. However, there are several factors that are acting as
a hindrance for the development of sustainable tourism such as: overfishing, overharvesting and
degrading of ecosystems are the factors contributing to the decline of marine area ecosystem.
In context to overfishing, the local residents believed that corals were just rocks and so
fisherman overfished and practiced destructive fishing approaches or methods which at the end
leads to decimating the coral reefs. In this regard, Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CICP) has
started educating not just the fishermen as well as the school children and communities about the
significance of conservation so that they can ensure the local areas to be protected for long
period. In order to overcome this hindrance, Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CICP) enhances the
level of awareness of conserving the local naturals as well as the importance of coral reefs to the
general public.
In context to overharvesting, the poor record of Zanzibar’s government in monitoring and
minimizing the environmental impacts. However, people of Chumbe Island knows the fact that
fish is the source of protein and livelihood and which relies on the coral reef as habitat. Lack of
knowledge regarding securing the local resources has led to overexploitation of natural
resources. Thus, it is considered as one of the major hindrance for the development of
sustainable tourism. Other than this, increasing demand from tourist hotels and restaurants have
also generated several problems for the Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CICP) (Hall and et. al,
2012). For instance, tourist directly damages the coral reefs either by touching, breaking or
stepping on them. Constantly declining fisheries put the livelihoods of estimated 23000 full time
Zanzibar fishermen in danger.
11

3.3 Analyze of different stages involved in planning for sustainability
There are different stages in making the sustainability development planning in the
tourism sector of Chumbe Island Coral Park. Assemble the planning team: Local government plays a vital role in sustaining the
planning of development of the tourism. However, according to the given case study,
public sector partners of Chumbe Island Coral Park Ltd (CICP) are supporting the
growth of sustainable tourism in Zanzibar. As Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar,
and the Zanzibar Ministry of Agriculture and the Zanzibar Ministry of Lands and
Environment have the direct oversight on the project so that its sustainability can be
maintained to a large extent (Pleumarom, 2012). Envision the program’s future: The main purpose of promoting and educating people
regarding ecosystem in Chumbe Island is to secure the natural resources and enhance
the sustainable tourism so that local people can generate better revenues and improve
their livelihood. However, in this tourist operator play a crucial role as their main focus
is to promote sustainable tourism within the destination they operate. Furthermore, these
operators plan the tour or package of the tourist or visitors as per the natural resources
available so that tourist does not damage them as well as Chumbe Island can generate
higher demand for the tourism. Review the Program Sustainability Assessment Tool: Through the help of sustainability
program assessment tool, the authorities associated with the project of Chumbe Island
Coral Park Ltd (CICP) should review the project so that current sustainability capacity
of the program can be evaluated (Cortez, 2010). By the means of this program,
Government of Zanzibar can easily understand the factors that influences the capacity of
sustainability. Further, assess the capacity and make the review so that required
potential measures can be employed to ensure sustainability of Chumbe Island Coral
Park. Prioritize the areas for sustainability: After carrying out the review it will be easy for
the public and private stakeholders associated with the sustainable tourism of Chumbe
Island to prioritize the areas like, minimizing the overfishing, declining of
overharvesting for the betterment of local people as well as enhancing the knowledge of
12

local fishermen as well as growing children’s regarding ecotourism for attaining better
results in near future.
 Developing action plan: Once the areas of sustainability in Chumbe Island Coral Park
Project is identified. The main responsibility for the authorities to develop appropriate
action plan so that areas for improvement can be addressed effectively and desired
results and outcomes can be achieved (Jackson, 2008).
TASK 4 UNDERSTAND CURRENT ISSUES RELATED TO TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
4.1Methods of resolving a conflict of interest to ensure future well being
Coral Park is located at the Chumbe Island in order to reserve the endangered species of
the fishes and is established in order to generate the revenue for the various operations which are
planned in order to develop the tourism on this Island. The sustainable measures are not easily
adaptable as there are various conflict related to the interest of the development of the tourism.
There are various methods through which the conflict of interest for the future wellbeing can be
resolved with the help of proper planning in order to design the short term and the long term
objectives (Hall and Gossling, 2012). As per the case study they can properly incorporate the
various educational programmes which creates awareness in the mind of the people so that they
build on the knowledge and generate the interest related to the various aspects in order to support
the tremendous development of the Chumbe Island.
As the various stakeholders are involved in order to develop the various aspects related to
the conservation of the project with the help of the local communities in the proper planning of
the project which is being undertaken for the purpose to the ensure the effective development of
the Chumbe island. With the preservation of the Chumbe island it helps to raise the standards of
the living of the local people as these aspects contributes in the income level of the local people
(Kozak and Kozak, 2008).
4.2 Implications of balancing supply and demand
In order to maintain the proper balance between the supply and the demand of the various
resources which are related to the various aspects of the tourism industry which require a proper
balance between the various aspects. The demand and the supply of the tourism industry as the
greater implication as there are number of people who visit the Chumbe Island for the change.
13

The demand for the tourism destinations has been expanding at the greater speed the people at
Chumbe Island ensure to meet the demands related to the quality of the services which they
provide to the various tourist who visit the park (SITTS, 2009). The opportunities are the basic
attractions for the various tourism-related aspects as they are supplying the facilities which are
affordable by thee people who visit the Chumbe Island. The demand of the tourist is expanding
as per the requirement in order to stay and enjoy. The supply of the resources is doe in order to
ensure that the effective goods and services are supplied as per the demand of the tourist.
4.3 Evaluation of moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism
There are various moral and the ethical issues which are related to the enclave tourism of the
Chumbe island as the resorts are increasing day to day they are offering various activities which
influences the various aspects and the offering which they provide to the tourist in order to
expand the tourist number to visit the Chumbe island. The various issues which are related to the
moral and the ethical issues which are related to the various aspects of the tourism are stated
below:
 The local people are able to generate more revenues as the tourist who visit the Chumbe
island purchase the various product which are necessary in order to stay there. This also
contribute in the income generation of the local people (Ashworth and Page, 2011).
 This helps in increasing the cultural dimensions as people from the different countries
come here and stay in the natural surroundings.
 This also generate more revenue for the various operations which are carried out in order
to provide the goods and services to the tourist at the Chumbe Island.
 The also ensure to provide proper safety and security measure as the tourist also stay at
night and also provide proper accommodation facilities so that they visits the place again
and help to generate revenues for the various operations.
With the proper evaluation of all the aspects it is being considered that the success of the
proper development and sustainability of the tourism-related aspect of the Chumbe Island are
ascertained to provide the best so that their stay become happy and cosy (Middleton and Clarke,
2012).
14

TASK 5
5.1 Current issue regarding development of choose destination and comparison with emerging
tourist destination
According to the given scenario, India has been selected because it is an emerging nation
as in which Cola Beach of Goa has been selected as the sustainable development destination.
However, one of the major issues that has been witnessed that that different tourist have different
expectation and desires from the place and it is the duty of local operators to make sure that each
and every need is satisfied. In this regard, some of the tourist seeks to the beach for peace and
relaxation while on the other hand some of them are entertained through water sports and other
adventures. Therefore, it becomes very difficult for the companies to understand the need and
satisfy them with effectiveness. Along with this, another major concern that has been faced by
the tourist is regarding the government rules and regulations regarding the beaches. However,
local government of Goa is very strict in order to maintain the safe and secure environment for
the people at Cola Beach (Cooper, 2008).
Apart from this, Arambol Beach is considered as one of the merging tourist destination of
Goa as local and international crowd have higher demand for the destination. The major issue
regarding this place is that it is far away from the Cola beach as well as several cases of theft and
robbery has been identified at this beach. However, due to this people are still having fear of not
visiting such place. Thus, it is important for the local authority of Goa to make sure that there is
better security for the visitors so that they can enjoy.
5.2 The future development of tourism in both the destination
The most required area for improvement in both the destination is transport. It is
important for the government to provide suitable transport facilities to the local as well as
international tourist so that they can move from one place to another in effectively way. Along
with this, domestic as well as international flights are causing several issues for the environment.
In addition to it, local authorities can provide sea route for both the places so that it will help in
increasing the sustainability as well as improving the adventures for the tourists (Ashworth and
Page, 2011). Lastly, local security team should be employed as well as the safeguard so that rate
of crimes and water incidents can be minimized and both the beaches can be developed as the
better place for the visitors.
15

CONCLUSION
In conclusion to the above report it has been observed that, the main purpose is to create
the future of the Chumbe Island in order to carry out the present functions with the development
of the park by creating the awareness in the minds of the tourist. It is based on the beliefs and the
various other attributes which they adopt in order to get more and more in the future by assuring
the present performance. Furthermore, with the proper evaluation of all the aspects it is being
considered that the success of the proper development and sustainability of the tourism-related
aspect of the Chumbe Island are ascertained to provide the best so that their stay become happy
and cosy.
16

REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Ashworth, G. and Page, J. S., 2011. Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current
paradoxes. Tourism Management. 32 (1). Pp. 1- 15.
Cooper, C., 2007. Tourism: Principles & Practices, Enhanced Media Edition. Trans-Atlantic
Publications.
Cooper, C., 2008. Tourism: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall Financial Times
Cortez, L. S., 2010. Strategies for the development of sustainable tourism in the Amazon
rainforest of Bolivia. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 2(2). pp. 136 – 143.
Dickinson, J. E., Lumsdon, L. M., and Robbins, D., 2011. Slow travel: Issues for tourism and
climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 19(3).pp. 281-300.
Dodds, R. and Graci, S., 2012. Sustainable Tourism in Island Destinations. Routledge.
Dredge, D. and Jamal, T., 2013. Mobilities on the Gold Coast, Australia: Implications for
destination governance and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 21(4).
pp.557-579.
Edgell Sr, D. L., 2013. Managing sustainable tourism: a legacy for the future. Routledge.
Gilbert, D., 2008. Government Intervention in the Marketing of Tourism Products. International
Journal of Public Sector Management. 3 (2). pp.17 – 25.
Groote, D. P., 2005. Economic & Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games. Tourism Review.
60(3). pp. 20 – 28.
Hall, C. M. and et. al., 2012. Safety and Security in Tourism: Relationships, Management, and
Marketing. Routledge.
Hall, C. M. and Gossling, S., 2012. Sustainable culinary systems: local foods, innovation,
tourism and hospitality. Routledge.
Hall, C. M. and Williams, A., 2013. Tourism and migration: New relationships between
production and consumption (Vol. 65). Springer Science & Business Media.
Jackson, L., 2006. Ameliorating the negative impacts of tourism: a Caribbean perspective.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 18 (7). pp.574 – 582.
Jackson, L., 2008. Residents' perceptions of the impacts of special event tourism. Journal of
Place Management and Development. 1 (3). pp.240 – 255.
17

Kozak, N. and Kozak, M., 2008. Information sources available to visitors: a segmentation
analysis. Tourism Review. 63(4). pp. 4–12.
Middleton, V. T. C. and Clarke, J. R., 2012. Marketing in Travel and Tourism. Routledge.
Pleumarom, A., 2012. How sustainable is Mekong tourism?. Sustainable Tourism. pp.140.
Online
Chumbe Island, Tanzania, Coral Park, 2014. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.esc-
pau.fr/ppp/documents/featured_projects/tanzania.pdf>. [Accessed on 14th December
2015].
Interactive planning. 2015. [Online]. Available through:
<http://usaidlearninglab.org/library/interactive-planning-0>. [Accessed on 14th December
2015].
SITTS, S., 2009. Tourism and Economic Development in Tanzania. [Online]. Available through:
</UA015.012.075.00017.archival.pdf>. [Accessed on 14th December 2015].
Stakeholders. 2015. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm>. [Accessed on 14th
December 2015].
18