Improvement Awareness of Safety Enforcement in Construction Industry for SME
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The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of internal enforcement programmes as a method of approach to improve awareness and safety standards within the organization. It reviews the importance of safety awareness in the construction industry, factors influencing awareness, and the application of enforcement strategy at various levels.
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Review the improvement awareness of safety enforcement in construction industry for small medium enterprise (SME) Name:HHH Nric: Submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements of the BSc (Hons) Degree Safety Health and Environmental Management P a g e1|27
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Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to express my whole-hearted gratitudeto my supervisor Mr _____________ for all his assistance and guidance for the timely completion of my honours project. His intuitiveand critical comments are greatly valuable. I am truly honoured to have him as my mentor who always spares the extra mile to help his students. Secondly, I would like to thank my management from ______________ who approved the research program to be conducted within the organization. Without them, the genuine approach of the study would not be conclusive to assess the improvement awareness of enforcement. Special mentioned to Mr Wilson Tan, my project manager who has permit the study to be carried out while he is aware that it may affect and somehow cause minor impedance to the progress during the data collection. All this is made possible with his beliefthat the research may yearn positive results to continually improve safety. In addition, I am very grateful to Mr ______________WSH manager who has supported me in the data collection development. I truly appreciate the guidance and assistance from him and his team of safety coordinators, supervisor who have facilitate the process of obtaining data from the volunteered workers. Not forgetting the workers and supervisors who volunteered to be part of the data collection process and gave their full commitment to determine the accuracy of the data. Thirdly, ____________________CEO, whom is committed and open to new ideas to improve the safety culture of his company. His great passion and interest to increase the safety standards of V3 construction Pte ltd has motivated me to be more focus and meticulous in the data analysis process. Furthermore, I am greatly honoured thatthe result of the analysis will be greatly considered as part of the counteraction program for the annual management review. Lastly and most importantly to my family, my wife and my 3 sons, who have been enduring the lack of family timewhile I am juggling my work and studies. Thanks to them for make this all possible and achievable task for me. It has been a long yet valuable experience for me. P a g e2|27
Abstract The Workplace Safety & health (WSH) Act is the most crucial part of the framework for cultivating positive safety practices in all individuals which ultimately reinforced a strong safety culture in all workplaces. Since the introduction of the WSH act in March 2006, Ministry of manpower (MOM) the regulatory bodies enforcing it have played a vital role in the improvement of WSH standards nationwide across all sectors. Internally, they have introduce various regulations, established various department and platforms to promote, educate and enforce the acts and subsidiary legislation. Among the three guiding principles of the WSH acts, there is two which I would like to bring to your attention. Encouraging the industries to adopt greater ownership of safety and health and impose higher penalties for poor management safety outcomes, which are related to topic that I would like to bring to your attention. While the four key features on the act focus on placing responsibilities on stakeholders who to control and ensure safety in the workplace, WSH systems and outcomes, facilitate effective enforcement through the issuance of remedial order and imposing higher penalties for non-compliance and unsafe behaviour. It is largely known that the stringent penalties and BUS programme has been an initiative by MOM to uphold the principle and key features of the act. With the regulatory body continually enhancing its deterrence programs, there is a vital need for companies including SME to move parallel forward to implement it companywide and influence its progression. Hence this study aims to review the improvement in awareness of safety enforcement in construction industry for Small medium enterprise. There are two main components in the studyβ¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦. Keywords: Construction Safety enforcement, Small medium Enterprise (SME), Improvement awareness, Enforcement Total word count: P a g e3|27
TABLE OF CONTENTS Title:Review the improvement awareness of safety enforcement in construction industry for small medium enterprise (SME) NoTitlePg Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1Background 1.2Research purpose 1.3Research aims & objective Chapter 2: Literature review Chapter 3: Rationale Chapter 4: Research methods and design Chapter 5: Data collection and Analysis Chapter 6: Results Chapter 7: Discussion Chapter 8 : Proposed recommendation Chapter 9 : Conclusion CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION P a g e4|27
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1.1 Background. There are 180,000 local small organization which sums up to 99% of the enterprise in Singapore which contribute to almost 50% of her GDP.(Singapore Business Federation, 2014).The recent business report by Singapore credit bureau on Q3 2017 reportedthat the construction sector continues to be hit hard by slow demand and sluggish payments. While it is hypothetically known that this affected groups contributedtothefigurestabulatedintheWSHnationalstatisticsreport,it sympathize us more to know how the SME balanced out the need for safety in workplace while simultaneously managing their cash flow. Proving that ,a research article by(Sunindijo, 2015), studies conducted in Australia concluded that despite their significant contribution economically to the construction sector, they are incline to have a poorer safety practices than their bigger counterparts due to various factors. In an article by(Ayessaki and Smallwood, 2017)it claimed that inspection and enforcement would increase the overall safety and health attentiveness and the corrective effects will occur more greatly at the specific site.(McQuiston, Zakocs and Loomis, 1998)It is interesting to prove that the claim is rather more applicable for SME which generally have fewer worksite. In a report by WSH council(Council, 2009), the national strategy aims to achieve a country well known for best performances in Workplace safety and health. Launched bytheMinisterLeeHsienLoongandCommitmentfromleadersofdifferent organization, the WSH 2018 sets targets to support the former. In it strategies were developed to make this goal possible. In line with the guiding principle and key features of the WSH acts, one of the main focus in these new stratagems are encouraging the industries to adopt greater ownership of safety and health and impose higher penalties for poor management safety outcomes. The implementation of effective regulatory framework focus on targeted intervention and enforcement based on analysis trends. Therefore there is an urgent need for SME companies whom is also applicable for the improvement to ride and move parallel on this schemes to steer their personnel and direct them on to the common path. Hence this paper seeks to identify the effectiveness of enforcement method as approach and identify the necessary actions and evaluation needed to enhance safety in the Construction industry. In doing so, it will explore the degree of extent this method will be useful to achieve improved level of safety and recognize the advantages and limitations while doing so. 1.2 Research Purpose P a g e5|27
Thestatisticreportedforworkplacefatalities remainstagnantin2016with24 fatalities accounted from the construction industry alone(OSHD annual report 2016, 2016). The figure here raise doubts on the effectiveness of the enforcement action. WhilevariousoperationsandmethodhadbeensteeredbyMOMtoincrease awareness and importance of safety, there is still doubts whether this programmes have reached out to the SME whom theoretically contributed to the ever worrying trend. The purpose of these research is to review the effectiveness of internal enforcement programmes as a method of approach to improve awareness and safetystandardswithinmyorganization.Theresultgainedwillbeapointof referencetocontinuallyincreasethestringencyofsafetyprogrammesinmy organization. 1.3 Research aim and objectives The aim of the study is to determine the effect of enforcement as an action by middle to top management from my company. It aims to evaluate the awareness when such programmes is implemented internally. The objective of this study is to ascertain the efficiency of enforcement as a method of application to improve awareness in my organization which ultimately aims to increase WSH standards At the end of the study, the factual data may be used to justify the need for enforcement to improve the awareness in the ever dynamic state of construction industry for SME. CHAPTER 2: Literature Review P a g e6|27
2.1 Importance of Safety Awareness in the construction industry Awareness defines the ability of one knowledge or perception to a particular situation or fact. In Workplace safety and health context, it is one of thekey actionsthat are essential for result in a positive impact towards safety. In point of fact, a research by (Tam, Zeng and Deng, 2004)concluded that the main factors affecting safety performance is poor awareness from top management downright to the workers who receive insufficient safety information or put to task to reckless operations. Globally, the construction industry is recognized as one of the most hazardous industries due to its distinctive nature(Tam, Zeng and Deng, 2004). The size of the construction company, the economic pressure, management training and culture are one of the findings that were concluded in his research. Awareness is also known as one of the positive action in cultural intervention to promote safe work environments and reduce workers unsafe behaviours which ultimately affect the WSH performance of a worksite.(Chen and Jin, 2015) 2.1.1 Factors influencing awareness Lack of experience and competent workers. The continuous exchange rate of foreign worker affects the WSH performance nationwide. In the report by Ministry of manpower(OSHD annual report 2016, 2016), unskilled workers contributed to more fatal accidents in comparison to skilled workers. The skilled workers undergo a specific skill set of training which integrates safety in their home country before arriving to Singapore to work. Employers shall implement program internally to facilitate the adaptation process of these workers with their experience counterparts. The buddy system greatly helps these new workers to understand and learn faster. Generally the change of relationship factors results in new sets of risk from work environment, technologies and change of workforce.(Ismail, Doostdar and Harun, 2012) Inadequate risk management In the report compiled,(OSHD annual report 2016, 2016)87% of companies failed to carry out comprehensive risk assessment and suitable control measures. The risk assessments conducted were found to be merely paper exercise. There were no communications established to ensure these sets of documents and its contents were implemented effectively. Management factor to provide leadership, direction and prevention planning is crucial to ensure that the employees improve to inculcate awareness(Ismail, Doostdar and Harun, 2012) Lack of Safety and health enforcement. Generally, in most building construction projects the enforcement for safety and health is solely under the responsibility of the safety department. On the other hand, industries like the oil / petrochemical, the other groups function and move together to ensure safety practices are adhered to. As for the construction industry, the project management teams are mostly concerned with inspections from authority bodies and ignore the importance of creating a safety culture at the workplace.(Times, 2016) P a g e7|27
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2.2 Enforcement Enforcement is the process of ensuring compliance with laws, regulations or rules. To ensure that sets policies and programmes outreach to the last worker on the ground, enforcement efforts need to be build on strong foundation. Many studies have shown the optimal impact of enforcement(Gray, 1993)(Sherratt, Farrell and Noble, 2012) Consideration shall also be given to the object that of enforcement to yield a better results. Commonly, inspecting the safety management systems, risk assessment and systematic prevention measure has become the main focus of enforcement(Niskanen, 2013) 2.2.1 Application of enforcement strategy at various levels a)International Strategy Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a governing agency of the United States department of labour. Signed by the President, Richard M. Nixon in the 1970s, the occupational safety and health act aims to ensure safe and beneficial working conditions for all by setting and enforcing standards, provision of training, outreach education and assistance.(McQuiston, Zakocs and Loomis, 1998)OSHA follows the classic deterrence theory whereby the agency carries out its enforcement by conducting site inspections. Not to be confused with the OHSAS which is known for British standards for safety management system, the acronyms here differ from country to country. A point to note is these regulatory bodies have a common goal, to prevent accident and injury or ill health. b)National strategy In 2016, there have been 28 workplace fatalities in the first four months. These figures have rose from 22 compared to the same period last year. To arrest the decline in performance, the ministry of manpower, the regulatory body for WSH in Singapore, has introduced stiffer penalties to ensure employers take greater ownership of WSH. -Tightening the conditions to lift SWO. Errant companies who refused to comply with WSH requirements will be put to task. Stop work orders will be issue and MOM itself will steer these companies to improve its conditions.(Swo and Swo, no date) P a g e8|27
Fig 1: List of worksite issue with SWO (stop work order) Source:https://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mom/documents/safety.../stop- work-orders.pdf In the above figure, companies were put to task for failure to ensure compliance or display reasonable standards during the enforcement operation. This information is regularly updated and easily retrieved thru the website. -Strengthening Business under surveillance programs When a worksite is issued with SWO or have workplace fatalities occurred, they will be put to task. There are requirements that they continually have to adhere to ensure that they display reasonable standard of safety in the workplace. P a g e9|27
Fig 2: List of companies under Business under Surveillance programme (BUS) Source: http://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mom/documents/safety-health/reports- stats/list-of-companies-under-bus.pdf The BUS programme helps poor performing companies to improve their WSH performance by ensuring that they develop and implement strong safety and health management system. The companies are responsible to report their action plan progress regularly to the OSHD whom conducts frequent inspections to verify the improvements made. This strategy have somehow create awareness nationwide and known largely for its tedious process -Temporary suspension of access to foreign workers. Companies under the BUS programme, experiencing SWO or had workplace fatalities will have their Man Year entitlement freeze for application. The grants for hiring new foreign workers will be given once they display significant improvement and their systemic issues have been addressed thoroughly. Internal Strategy for SME Ever since its placement in the BUS programme initiated by Ministry of manpower(MOM) in 2016, V3 construction Pte ltd has taken significant step to address the substandard safety performance. With the stiffer penalties and action taken by MOM there is a need for V3 construction to move in line with the enforcement strategy internally.(Gopanget al., 2017)The defence for compromising safety due to its organization scale is no longer justified with the ever stringent rules set by authority. Consequently, improving its performance in this sector can never be done in isolation.(Sunindijo, 2015)(Wanget al., 2018) The assumption that SME has exemption to these strategies is inapplicable to all extent. In a research by(Sunindijo, 2015), it is generally known that the larger counterpartin the industry usually demonstrate good and reasonable performance. He added on that it is equally crucial to focus the improvement efforts of small organization so that on a national level, the overall performance could be improved. This is further proofed that the construction industry is typically dominate by small organisation.Therefore bulk of the figures contributed by the national safety statistics is by SME.(Sunindijo, 2015) Focusing on its enforcements strategies, Internally, V3 construction pte ltd enhanced its safety standards progressively. Kicking it off, the policy was endorsed and committed by top management. The zero tolerance towards high risk behaviour was one of the main actions. She then introduced specific site safety requirements for its contractual requirement for subcontractors. Analytically, It is believe that the related barriers associated with poor performance is failure to indicate safety as an indicator in tender evaluation(Sunindijo, 2015). The safety programmes were then improved to ensure that continual enforcement is covered in most aspect. Collectively, the safety P a g e10|27
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inspection by Safety department, observations by project team, compliance audit results were the basis of its enforcement action.(Saurin, 2016)Errant contractors were issue with administrative charges and frequent violators were taken to task. Fig 3. Source:(Wanget al., 2018) Conceptually it began to adopt the approach from all level as in figure 3.It began to formalized its operation and safety practices. Theycontinually adjusted their strategies, evolution behaviour form all levels, dynamic changes in all player behaviour (government, owner and its employees) and ultimately gained reasonable results.(Wanget al., 2018) CHAPTER 3: RATIONALE With the regulatory body continually enhancing its deterrence programme(Saurin, 2016)through more stringent WSH penalties, BUS programme, there is a vital need for companies to move parallel forward to implement the enforcement programme companywide and influence the progression(WSH Institute, 2016) Herewith we would like to ascertain the outcome of internal enforcement to improve WSH compliance, its benefit and limitation to embrace as a tool to develop a robust safety and health management system. The introduction of stringent in house rules and regulation is a common tool to intervene any unsafe act and condition but the question is does it have any effect on the awareness of the workforce. Does poor enforcement have impact on poor safety culture.?(Love, Ding and Luo, 2016) CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN P a g e11|27
Methods (Communication) In the effort to avoid dispute that may arise during the enforcement, a comprehensive list of administrative charges shall be issued to prospective subcontractors as part of their contractual obligations. Internally, the list shall be attached to all employment contract and they are briefed by the human resource department / top management on their obligations as an employee. To avoid miscommunication the enforcement policy and program shall be translated and explained to all foreign workers. Methods β (Selection process) 15 workers will be voluntary selected during the toolbox talk from my company to be involved in the study. Out of the 15, 12 will be from workers and 3 will be from supervisory level. The workers will be from Bangladesh, India and Thai national. The 3 supervisor who formed as the participant will be of Indian national. All the participants selected in this process will be above the age of 21. No underage employment will be selected for the study. It is V3 construction pte ltd company policy to contravene any labour laws. The 15 participants selected will be done on voluntary basis. As the whole study is part of the company implementations, the existing system will be applied to companywide. However the data collection will be based on the response of the volunteered participants. As comparison study after the test, the personnel selected shall undergo a set of questionnaire. The supervisor selected shall not be those with more than 2 year experience to avoid an outstanding performance in the first stage of questionnaire. The workers selected shall only possess CSOC (Construction safety orientation course for workers) to ensure they do not have any background of formal safety or supervisory certification that may affect the result of the study in the early stage. Preferably the new workers shall be selected to ensure reliability of the result Methods (Tools - conducting questionnaire and interview) Basically there are 3 stages for the data collection process.As the method of the study involved comparison on conscious level of employees, those with more than 2 year experience shall be filtered out from the process. The first stage will have 10 close ended choice questions for workers and 6 close ended questions for supervisory level. Stage 2 will consist of 5 close ended interview questions which will be done personally. Interview will be conducted separately with true / false answer prepared to evaluate their understanding in the initial stage. The interview will be conducted personally at a scheduled period. Each interview will last not more than 1hour and will be conducted during work hours. The result of the interview will be used for data analysis. P a g e12|27
Stage 3 consist of 2 parts, the same multiple choice questions and interview question will be tested for both workers and supervisors repeatedly after enforcement action is carried out. The result collected from this part will be used as a comparison against stage 2 to evaluate the performance. Due to limitation of time(Ayessaki and Smallwood, 2017), the type of questionnaire and interview posed will be focusing on the 4 main type of hazard that is reported in the national statistics for the construction industry. Naming Fall from height, Struck by moving object, struck by falling object and crane related which accounts for 75% of the fatalities in the construction industry in year 2016 (WSH Institute, 2016) Methods β (Execution of test - enforcement action) At the beginning all the subject will undergo a comprehensive refresher safety induction course with emphasis on the new enforcement programme introduced after the 2 stagesof questionnaire and interview respectively. Then time frame will be set of which different types of enforcement program will be introduced. Of which scheduled general site inspection, surprise safety inspection, document review and dedicated safety inspection will be carried out. Special attention will be given to personnel subjected for the test to increase their awareness during the specified period Methods β Evaluating awareness after enforcement action. After 3 months of continual enforcement action the similar sets of question will be given to the subject to evaluate their awareness improvement level.(stage 3) Methods β (Data collection & analysis) The stage 3 questionnaire and interview will be used for data comparison against the first 2 stage. After which analysis will be carried out on the performance and awareness level after the period of enforcement. The result from both the study will be analysed in as system based software. The result of the study will be considered for improvement and shared with the management only. CHAPTER 5: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The data collection process has been undertaken in order to have an idea about the answers that is desired in accordance to this research topic. The data has been collected with the help of questionnaire survey and interview and the process has been segmented into three different stages. The main reason for segmenting the data collection and analysis process is to have an understanding about the pre and post reactions of the respondents after the enforcement have been taken in the system.The data that has been collected from workers and the supervisors separately and the questions that have been asked for them can be divided on multiple choices to understand the idea of awareness. The pre-assessment (stage 1) questions that have been asked to the selected workers have indicated that as a whole the workers are not satisfied with all the processes and the policies that are existent within the organization. Moreover, their awareness regarding the safety issues in construction is to be dealt with their understanding. The questions that have been provided to the workers are all close P a g e13|27
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ended questions with their objective understanding. As far as the workers are concerned, their knowledge is limited. A different set of questions in stage 1 had been asked from the supervisors on situations of safety issues in construction companies. The other set of questions had been forwarded to the three selected supervisors on the close ended questions. Moreover, as mentioned, all three supervisors are Indian national.The supervisors feel that the certain questions that have been asked if taken into consideration and implemented can be effective enough in improving activities of the process. However, these questions are conception based and does not involve any past experiences. Therehave been several processes that can be incorporated by the company and with the help of which they would be able to satisfy their workers and their supervisors. In stage 2, the next set of questions is the interview questions that have been asked to both the workers and the supervisors. While conducting the interview, the responses have been mixed, because the idea of awareness was very minimal. The interview questions suggest that all the measures and the steps that have been asked to the workers and the supervisors are true and undertaking of enforcement can be useful in further aligning the choices they had to select. The last stage i.e. stage 3 comprises of same questions asked in stage 1 and 2 but these questions will be asked after a passage of three months after enforcement. The next set of questions have has been asked after the changes have been incorporated and the results will be explained after the assessment of the data received from the questionnaire. The new set of questionnaire would be helpful in understanding whether the changes are helpful in mitigating the issues and creating a working environment that is bring out better results and would even be helpful in motivating the workers and the employees to work harder and bring out enhanced results. It is seen that there has are key level of changes in the answers and the post survey answers are not matching with the results that have been explained earlier. The overall results needs to be subjective towards changes that the workers and supervisors are understanding the issues highlighted. The aggregate results that has been attained on the other hand, explains that the workers are now satisfied with the results. It is even seen that the workers are mainly from India, Bangladesh and citizens of Thailand. The set of questions that has been provided to the workers this time even comprises of the interview questions attached with it and the workers were asked even to answer them.The answers addressed in the interview questions should hold true and therefore have distinct role to play in the development of the process. The last set of questions has been asked to the supervisors and the questions have been similar to the ones that have beenasked earlier. The results on the other hand should level in accordance to the earlier responses.The new results need to have positive responses and all the supervisors as a whole has expressed that these developments and changes have been essential for them and even for the company with the safer issues.The new results are indicative of improving the process and the activities and the positive outcome will be observed from the perspective of the workers and the supervisors. The results that were attained earlier provide a different result (known by before enforcement scenario) and on the other hand the results that have been obtained from the current research would be completely different (known by after enforcement scenario). The workers and the supervisors explain that there have been changes in the process activities of the company and this would be effective in the development and the management of the operational activities and P a g e14|27
the mindset of the workers and the supervisors as well. The developmental activities will be better understood after the collected data is put through several software and tools, which would segment the data individually and thereby provide distinctive results with the help of which the researcher would be able to reach a point and attain the answer that would be useful in concluding the research paper and provide recommendations that can be used by the management of the company in order to develop and improve the process functions of the construction companies. On the whole the data collection process on 3 different stages will underline the aspect of knowledge the supervisors and workers possess earlier and alter in the field of safety issues. Although, this study is cross sectional in nature for a period of 3 months but will yield results based on which conclusions would be drawn. CHAPTER 6: RESULTS The results section will be drawn on 3 stages separately primarily as Stage 1 (Multiple choice), Stage 2 (Interview) and Stage 3 as after enforcement phase on the same set of multiple choice and interview questions underlined before. The 12 workers from Indian, Bangladesh and Thai national will be assessed with 3 supervisors from Indian national. All the respondents will have less 2 years of experience and would be not less than 21 years of age. These are following assumptions that will be undertaken. I.Demographics of the Respondents a)Age of the Respondents (Supervisors and Workers) 33% 33% 33% Age distribution of supervisor 21-25 years26-35 36-5050 years and above 17% 42% 33% 8% Age distribution of Workers 22-25 years26-35 years 36-50 years50 years and above Figure1: Age distribution of Respondents It was seen from the above diagram that there was no supervisor or workers below the age 21 years. The ages of respondents have been varied across different age groups but the prominent being the age bracket of 26-35 years as this is the age when they can actively work in the construction companies. b)Experience of Supervisors P a g e15|27
33% 33% 33% Experience of Supervisors 0-6 months7 -12 months1-2 yearsabove 2 years Figure2Experience of supervisors It was seen from the above diagram that there was no supervisors having experience more than 2 years. One of the supervisors had the experience of 0 to 6 months. While another supervisor had the experience of 7 to 12 months and another supervisor had the experience of 1 to 2 years. c)Nationality of Workers 33% 33% 33% Nationality of Worker IndianBangladeshThai National Figure3: Nationality of workers It was seen from the above diagram that equal number of workers were taken into consideration from Bangladesh, India and Thai National. However, based on 12 responses, each nationality had 4 respondents II.Stage 1: Before Enforcement Scenario- Multiple Choice Questions P a g e16|27
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0 4 8 12 Responses provided by workers yes No Figure4: Response provided by workers Before enforcement actions carried out, 12 workers were asked some questions to check their awareness. Their responses were written as yes or no. It was seen that there were more negative responses as their awareness quotient had been lacking. Overview of negative responses briefly describe that they did not possess much knowledge in safety issues in the construction companies. 00 2 000 33 1 333 Response of Supervisors YesNO Figure5: Response of supervisors Supervisors were asked several questions. Their responses were recorded as yes or no. According to each supervisor, it was necessary to develop fall prevention plan for Work at height activities. Each of the supervisors disagreed about the fact that for efficient work force planning, no banks man required during non-heavy traffic flow. According to their responses they were negligent with the safety quotient and they wished to get the work done without keeping in mind the safety issues. As per P a g e17|27
supervisors, the responses have been not aligned with safety work procedure in the construction companies 12 345678910 2 4 2222 434 1 2 4 12 34343 0 344343 2 344 Responses from Workers that believe in Safety principle more than Awareness India (Yes)Thai (Yes)Thai Figure 7: Responses from Workers that believe in Safety Principle more than Awareness The responses of workers based on their nationality suggest that on each scenario they are more entitles on building their health and safety more. As per the responses, Thai nationals have given more of negative responses because they feel their safety would be endangered if they agree on a debatable scenario. III.Stage 2: Before Enforcement Scenario- Interview Questions P a g e18|27
121114129 34136 Interview Responses TRUEFALSE Figure6: Response of workers and supervisors to interview questions The responses on interview questions had been negative because they think that safety measures had already been implemented in the construction companies. Further to this, they feel that the plan had been reviewed to practice the regulations. In this regard, all workers and supervisors believe to have no knowledge for the safety and health guidelines, risk management and lack of experience and competence in the field. IV.Stage 3: After Enforcement (Comparison of before and after enforcement scenario) In this stage, we have done a comparison analysis for the results after enforcement with before and after period. We have carried out Paired T βtest on randomly selected questions based on all 15 responses from workers and supervisors. The basic hypothesis is given as Ho: Ud=0 (the differences between the before and after enforcement of different strategies remains zero) H1: Ud0 (the differences between the before and after enforcement of different strategies is not zero) a)Analysed on βRegardless of seniority among the lifting crew, the lifting supervisor has the overall responsibility in ensuring a safe lifting operations.β P a g e19|27
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t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.60.933333 Variance0.2571428570.066667 Observations1515 Pearson Correlation-0.21821789 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df14 t Stat-2.091650066 P(T<=t) one-tail0.027589246 t Critical one-tail1.761310115 P(T<=t) two-tail0.050178492 t Critical two-tail2.144786681 Table1Paired t-test The following results were found after conducting the research. It was essential to test whether it is safe to work at height even when senior is not present. In this regard as per the results, the statistics is -2.09 which is valid and p value being 0.050 which is less than p<0.05. Hence, null hypothesis had been rejected that there had been significant level of difference in responses of the respondents as they believe that it is not important that seniority must be present regardless of being senior in the group. Everyone in the group has equal responsibility in ensuring safe lifting options at the construction companies. After enforcement the results have improved significantly. Therefore, the null hypothesis had been rejected with 5% significance level. b)Analysed on βYou may operate the scissor lift when you are trained by your supervisor and your project manager instructed you to do soβ P a g e20|27
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean00.666666667 Variance00.242424242 Observations1212 Pearson CorrelationNA Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-4.69041576 P(T<=t) one-tail0.000330157 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.000660314 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 Table2Paired t-test The following results were found after conducting the research. It was essential to test whether it is safe to use scissor lift when you are trained or instructed to do so . In this regard as per the results, the statistics is -4.69 which is valid and p value being 0.0006 which is less than p<0.05. Hence, null hypothesis had been rejected that there had been significant level of difference in responses of the respondents as they believe when trained you should know the use of scissor lift only when one is confident to take it forward even if instructed. In construction companies, scissors lift hold to be used only with proper instructions and prior knowledge with experience. After enforcement the results have improved significantly. Therefore, the null hypothesis had been rejected at 95% level of significance emphasizing that if the tests are repeated with same number of employees, 95% results would be statically significant. c)Analysed on βNo PTW at height is required for works more than 3 meter when there is a safety supervisor providing full time supervision and the area is made safe by the project managerβ P a g e21|27
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.4166666670.916666667 Variance0.2651515150.083333333 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation0.254823596 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-3.31662479 P(T<=t) one-tail0.003436152 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.006872303 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 Table3Paired t-test Paired t-test was conducted to test if any PTW at height was required or not for works more than 3 meter when there was a safety supervisor providing full time supervision and the project manager made safety of the area. P-value for the test was 0.006 and level of significance was taken as 0.05. Hence, it was seen that p value is less than 0.05 and t statistic being -3.31. It was also to be noted that observed t-value is more than the tabulated t-value. Hence, the stated null hypothesis will be rejected that there is need of PTW at height even if it is less or more than 3metres with the safety supervisor for all time supervision. On the contrary, workers believe with a supervisor, safety quotient would be assessed properly while project manager ensures the safety of the area. d)Analysed on βIn accordance to the in house rules , no banksman is required for movement of any slow moving vehicle of less than 10 km/hβ P a g e22|27
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t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.250.666666667 Variance0.2045454550.242424242 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation0.40824829 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-2.803059553 P(T<=t) one-tail0.008590244 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.017180487 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 Table4Paired t test In accordance to the in house rules, no banks man was required for movement of any slow moving vehicle of less than 10 km/h. It was stated as the null hypothesis for the test. Banks men were required for movement for any slow moving vehicle of less than 10km/hours. It was the alternative hypothesis for the test. Paired t test was applied. P-value for the test is 0.01 at the level of significance. It was also observed that observed value of the t-statistics is -2.83 which are greater than -1.96 (table value of t). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected stating that banksman is required for movement of any slow moving vehicle of less than 10 km/h to ensure health and safety enforcement. e)Analysed on βFor any short minor works at the driveways. The truck drivers have a clear overview of the traffic thus it is safe to work without reflective vest.β t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.250.916666667 Variance0.2045454550.083333333 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation-0.522232968 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-3.545621042 P(T<=t) one-tail0.002293601 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.004587203 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 P a g e23|27
Table5Paired t-test For this particular test, the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis were designed as follow. For any short minor works at the driveways, the truck driver does not have a clear overview of the traffic without reflective vest. It was proposed as the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis stated that the truck driver must have a clear overview of the traffic for any minor works at the drive ways.Paired t test was applied. P-value for the test is 0.004 at the level of significance. It was also observed that observed value of the t-statistics is -3.54 which are greater than -1.96 (table value of t). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected stating that after enforcement, the truck driver must have a clear overview of the traffic for any minor works at the drive ways to ensure safety measures while driving. f)Analysed on βIt is not necessary to clear the excessive accumulation of debris immediately. To improve work efficiency, housekeeping activity shall be reserved till the end of work day.β t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.250.833333333 Variance0.2045454550.151515152 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation0.25819889 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-3.924283374 P(T<=t) one-tail0.001187644 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.002375288 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 Table6Paired t-test The null hypothesis of the test was to notnecessary to clear the excessive accumulation of debris immediatelywith housekeeping activity until the end of workday. Alternative hypothesis of the test was to improve the efficiency of the work by reserving the housekeeping activity till the end of workday.P-value for the test was 0.002 and level of significance was taken as 0.05. Hence, it was seen that p value is less than 0.05 and t statistic being -3.924. It was also to be noted that observed t-value is more than the tabulated t-value. Hence, the stated null hypothesis will be rejected highlighting that it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the work by reserving the housekeeping activity till the end of workday. On the contrary, workers believe continuous completion of work, efficiency can be achieved daily. P a g e24|27
g)Analysed on βIt is correct to store material at building edge as long as it is light and does not cause danger to others.β t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.1666666670.5 Variance0.1515151520.272727273 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation0.447213595 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-2.34520788 P(T<=t) one-tail0.019407046 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.038814091 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 Table7Paired t-test Paired t test was adopted to test if It was correct to store material at building edge as long as it was light and did not cause danger to others versus it was not correct to store material at building. The p-value of the test was 0.03 and it was less than the level of significance at 95% level. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. Therefore, it was concluded that after enforcements activities store material at building is not correct irrespective of light or not as this may cause unwanted events. A proper safety manual for the inference is needed to carry forward activities without causing danger to others. h)Analysed on βIt is safe to commence lifting operation using mobile crane without permit as long as there is the lifting crew and the load is less than 500kg.β P a g e25|27
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t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.0833333330.833333333 Variance0.0833333330.151515152 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation0.134839972 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-5.744562647 P(T<=t) one-tail6.47008E-05 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.000129402 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 Table8Paired t-test In this paired t test, the alternate hypothesis after enforcement had been accepted becausep-value of the test was 0.0001 and it was less than the level of significance at 95% level. Moreover, t β statistics is way more than tabled value of (-1.96). Therefore, it was concluded that it is not safe to commence lifting operation using mobile crane without permit as long as there is the lifting crew and the load is less than 500kg. This may cause loss soul and property in construction companies leading to troubles for others working. Also, a proper guideline are required for undertaking such activities. i)Analysed on βA tower crane operator of more than 15 years of experience may carried out the tower crane operation without the rigger and signalman as long as he has a clear view of the lifting zone.β t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PrescorePostscore Mean0.1666666670.833333 Variance0.1515151520.151515 Observations1212 Pearson Correlation0.2 Hypothesized Mean Difference0 df11 t Stat-4.69041576 P(T<=t) one-tail0.000330157 t Critical one-tail1.795884814 P(T<=t) two-tail0.000660314 t Critical two-tail2.200985159 P a g e26|27
Table 9 Paired t-test The null hypothesis of the test was given as follow. A tower crane operator of more than 15 years of experience may carry out the tower crane operation without the rigger and signalman as long as he has a clear view of the lifting zone. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis stated that a tower crane operator having the experience of more than 15 years might not be able to carry out the tower crane operation without the rigger and signalman.The p value was calculated as 0.00066. It was less than the level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Therefore, it was concluded at alpha=0.05 that a tower crane operator having the experience of more than 15 years might not be able to carry out the tower crane operation without the rigger and signalman. Further suggesting a proper experience and health and safety measure is required for carrying out a heavy exercise using tower crane. It can be said that the results have been favourable after enforcement on comparison from the level of workers and supervisors. This has leaded to substantiate awareness since the time the workers answers the questions from the pre enforcement scenario. The workers seem to understand the health and safety procedures with adequate risk management areas that need to be addressed while taking activities. Hence, the results are favourable after enforcements. CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSION CHAPTER 8: PROPOSED RECOMMENDATION CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION P a g e27|27