Sexual Harassment in Workplace - Literature Review

Running head: SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WORKPLACE
SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WORKPLACE
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1SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN WORKPLACE
Literature review
In the recent years, sexual harassment in the workplace has emerged in large number.
Since 1980 when sexual harassment was declared as a violation of the act, it has been a struggle
for the court to determine the exact acts that would be called sexual harassment. It is important to
eliminate sexual harassment from a workplace for women safety purpose. An unwelcomed
behaviour of sexual nature is called sexual harassment. Sexual harassment comes in types; quid
pro quo and hostile working environment. The quid pro quo is a direct proposal where the
employer is straightforward about his intention with the employee, the employee needs to agree,
or the employee might lose his job. The hostile working environment is an indirect way where
harassment is done through jokes, physical interference with movement, improper interaction or
sexually derogatory comments (Apodaca & Kleiner, 2001).
According to Leskinen, Cortina, and Kabat (2011, gender harassment can be in verbal as
well as non-verbal behaviour. This kind of behaviours is the insulting, hostile and degrading
attitude towards women. Gender harassment is a serious issue and can cause negative personal
outcomes as well as professional outcomes. The author strongly believes that there is a case that
is for interpreting the existing legislation including gender harassment. Nine out of ten women
have faced sexual harassment in her conducted research sample. The data analyzed of the authors
from the two male-dominated environments: the US military- 9,725 women and the federal-
1,425 women. The data shows five profiles of harassment, which are, low victimization, high
victimization, gender harassment, gender harassment with unwanted sexual attention, moderate
victimization. Among the mentioned five it the low victimization and gender harassment that