Smoking and COPD

This presentation discusses the relationship between smoking and COPD, including the causes and effects of smoking on health. It also explores the role of nurses in managing COPD and provides recommendations for reducing smoking rates. Find study material and assignments on Desklib.

Smoking and COPD.

 Behaviour/Topic: Smoking
 Disease: COPD

Introduction
 In present era, habit of smoking is increasing
day by day.
 There are many reasons behind the habit of
smoking which includes stress, unemployment,
personal issues, etc.
 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease is one
of the most common health problem which
causes due to smoking.

Definition of smoking
 It is a kind of practice in which some
substances are burned and the result is smoke
which is absorbed into the bloodstream.
 It causes various disease like coronary heart
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary, etc.
 It affects the respiratory system negatively due
to the inhalation of smoke which effects the
lungs.

Target Audience
 Young adults of age group 15 to 25 years of UK
and Essex.
 This group might not be at risk but it is essential
to bring awareness regarding the health issues
in future.

Rationale of the choice of behaviour
 According to the British Lung Foundation, 2013,
smoking is causing 80% to 90% of COPD.
 NICE 2013 found that, smoking is the main
reason of preventable illnesses and premature
deaths.
 In 2013, North East England has the highest
percentage of smoking 22.3 whereas South
East England had the lowest rate with 17.2%

Statistics
 There are more than 8 million smokers are
present in the England in present time.
 In UK, two-third of the smokers starts smoking
cigarettes before the age of 18.
 In Essex adult smoking prevalence is
approximate 18.7%.

Brief Pathophysiology definition of
behaviour/disease
 Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease is characterized by
symptoms of lung conditions that makes a person difficult to
inhale and exhale breathe out of lungs (Edelman, Mandle
and Kudzma, 2013).
 This can lead to shortness of breath or breathlessness.
 It can also be used to describe a person who is suffering
from emphysema or chronic bronchial asthma.

Signs and Symptoms
 The major signs and symptoms of COPD is secretion of sputum, difficulty in
breathing and prolonged cough every time (Cauchi and Mamo, 2012).
 It is very difficult to identify whether COPD exists in different types or not
because it can be divided into emphysema, bronchial asthma or other lung
disease.
 Other symptoms may include high pressure on arteries and lungs, obstructive
air flow and tightening of chest.
 Treatment
 COPD can be treated by relieving the symptoms of disease with the help of
inhaler so that breathing becomes easier for the individual who is suffering
from COPD (Carter and et.al., 2011).
 With the help of Pulmonary rehabilitation, it can improve the capacity of
exercising so that symptoms will be reduced.

Causes and effects of behaviour on
health and disease
 Increased depression and anxiety
 Change in body image
 Change in lifestyle patterns (Rongen, Robroek and Burdorf, 2013)
 Loss of self esteem and confidence
 Impatient behavior

Risk Factors
 Exposure to smoking and chewing of tobacco
 Person encountered with asthma has the habit of smoking (Haber, 2013)
 Exposure to dust
 Genetics and Hereditary
 Age related factors

What is health
 Health includes state of physical, mental and
social well being not simply the absence of
illness.

Health Inequalities
 Smoking occurs various health inequalities such as higher rate of smoking which results to
increase the health risk for the smoker and non smoke (Eldredge and et.al., 2011).
 Passive smoking is also the biggest issue as they also get affected by the pollutant air inhaled by
smoker during smoking.
 On the other hand, some people think that there is economic effect which can reduce the
smoking habit. By increasing the rates of tobacco and cigarettes, adults can quit smoking
(Bauman and Nutbeam, 2013).
 But as per the results, it has been found that adults continue to smoke regardless of increasing
cigarette prices. It only rises the hardship on low income smokers.
Smoking is one of the biggest causes of creating inequalities in the death rates between rich and
poor people of Essex.
 Adults belong to poor families or social groups used to smoke at early stage of their life as
compared to the adults of rich families.
 It has been found that smoking rates are higher in poor people as compared to the rich. This
represents the health inequalities regarding smoking in UK (Prochaska, 2011).

Poster

Existing Policies and Campaigns
Global
 ICC campaign (International COPD coalition)
 Tome Un Respiro Campaign (Breton and De Leeuw, 2011)
 European Respiratory Campaign
UK
 COPD awareness campaign in North Tyneside (Prochaska, 2011)
 COPD awareness campaign in North Somerset
Regional
 Living Well COPD Campaign
 Herts County council spearheads Campaign (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2013)

Role of Nurse
 To educate patients by providing proper information about the impact of
smoking on health.
 To communicate and discuss openly with the patients for knowing their
expectations and needs.
 Nursing includes care, compassion, competence, communication, courage
and commitment (Breton and De Leeuw, 2011)
 Care: proper treatment with the patients
 Compassion: emotion more than empathy
 Competence: constant updating of knowledge and skills
 Communication: effective communication with the service users and
healthcare professionals
 Courage: Handling risks and challenging health problems
 Commitment: Looking after the own health along with the health of patients
and following the code of conduct.

Holistic Approach
 Adults are given all the information about the smoking, its
relation with the physical and mental factor, how it effects
on the emotions, health and thinking, etc
 Doctors can help adults in exploring the
interconnectedness of the health disease like chronic
obstructive pulmonary in a larger context of their lives
 They can also enable adult patients in healing their
symptoms by developing in-depth understanding of the
underlying life struggles.

Nurses Managing health
 Daily check-up
 Proper emphasis to the patients and his/her health
 Joins various health related programmes for improving
managing health skills (Edelman, Mandle and Kudzma, 2013).
 Joining to the different health regarind programmes for the
improvement of health management skills (Edelman, Mandle
and Kudzma, 2013)

Health Promotion Models
 Aim is to change behaviour of people and influencing them to get healthier
lifestyle
 The stages which help individual to change his behaviour are:
 Precontemplation
 Contemplation
 Preparation
 Action
 Maintenance
 Downie and et.al., 1990 gives three overlapping circles of activity for health
promotion. These are
 Health education
 Health protection
 Prevention

Summary
 Smoking and related disease COPD is increasing.
 There lies various health inequalities in the society and legislations.
 Health promotion model can help care workers in improving their
condition by quitting smoking.
 Nurses play an important role in proper care and recovery of patients.

Recommendations
 Rate of smoking in Essex is high but low as compare to other
UK nations.
 It causes complex and high risk disease like COPD.
 Proper training to nurses for using health promotion model can
help patients in stopping their habit of smoking (Prochaska,
2011).

References
 Agaku, I.T., King, B.A., Dube, S.R. and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014. Current cigarette smoking among adults—
United States, 2005–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 63(2). pp.29-34.
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2013. Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged≥ 18 years with mental
illness-United States, 2009-2011. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 62(5). pp.81.
 Tindle, H.A. and Shiffman, S., 2011. Smoking cessation behavior among intermittent smokers versus daily smokers. American Journal of
Public Health. 101(7). pp.e1-e3.
 Eldredge, L.K.B., Parcel, G.S., Kok, G. and Gottlieb, N.H., 2011. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach .
John Wiley & Sons.
 Bauman, A. and Nutbeam, D., 2013. Evaluation in a nutshell: a practical guide to the evaluation of health promotion programs . McGraw
Hill.
 Edelman, C.L., Mandle, C.L. and Kudzma, E.C., 2013. Health promotion throughout the life span. Elsevier Health Sciences.
 Cauchi, D. and Mamo, J., 2012. Smoking health professional student: An attitudinal challenge for health promotion?. International journal of
environmental research and public health. 9(7). pp.2550-2561.
 Carter, S.M., Rychetnik, L., Lloyd, B., Kerridge, I.H., Baur, L., Bauman, A., Hooker, C. and Zask, A., 2011. Evidence, ethics, and values: a
framework for health promotion. American journal of public health. 101(3). pp.465-472.
 Rongen, A., Robroek, S.J., van Lenthe, F.J. and Burdorf, A., 2013. Workplace health promotion: a meta-analysis of effectiveness. American
journal of preventive medicine. 44(4). pp.406-415.
 Haber, D., 2013. Health promotion and aging: Practical applications for health professionals . Springer Publishing Company.
 Prochaska, J.J., 2011. Smoking and mental illness—breaking the link. New England Journal of Medicine. 365(3). pp.196-198.

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