Childhood Obesity and Socio-Economic Factors

The provided assignment is a compilation of research papers, systematic reviews, and online resources related to childhood obesity. It covers various aspects such as the impact of socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary habits on childhood obesity. The documents also explore the association between childhood obesity and adult metabolic syndrome, as well as the socio-ecological predictors of participation in organized sports during childhood. The assignment aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of childhood obesity and its related factors, making it a valuable resource for students and researchers in the field.

Literature Review
(SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF TEENAGE
OBESITY AND OVERWEIGHT)
Table of Contents

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................1
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................1
2.2 Determinants of childhood obesity........................................................................................1
2.2.1 Socioeconomic status......................................................................................................1
2.2.2.1 Parents education.........................................................................................................2
2.2.2.2 Parents occupation.......................................................................................................3
2.2.2.3 Parents income.............................................................................................................3
2.2.2.4 Knowledge gap............................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Dietary behaviour...........................................................................................................4
2.2.2.1 Calorie intake...............................................................................................................5
2.2.2.2 Soft drinks....................................................................................................................5
2.2.2.3 Snack foods..................................................................................................................5
2.2.2.4 Food portion sizes........................................................................................................5
2.2.2.5 Fast foods and fast food outlets...................................................................................6
2.2.2.6 Fruits and vegetables...................................................................................................6
2.2.2.7 Diet frequency.............................................................................................................6
2.2.2.8 Knowledge gap............................................................................................................6
2.2.3 Physical activities...........................................................................................................6
2.2.3.1 Type of physical activity.............................................................................................7
2.2.3.2 Level of physical activity.............................................................................................7
2.2.3.3 Sedentary activities......................................................................................................7
2.2.3.3 Knowledge gap............................................................................................................7
2.2.4 Biological factors............................................................................................................7
2.2.4.1 Age...............................................................................................................................7
2.2.4.2 Sex...............................................................................................................................8
2.2.4.3 Race.............................................................................................................................8
2.2.4.4 Knowledge gap............................................................................................................8
2.2.5 Environment...................................................................................................................8
2.2.5.1 Physical environment...................................................................................................8
2.2.5.1.1 Place of residence.....................................................................................................8
2.2.5.1.2 School environment..................................................................................................9

2.2.5.2 Social environment......................................................................................................9
2.2.5.2.1 Socio-cultural environments.....................................................................................9
2.2.5.2.2 Environment and ethnicity........................................................................................9
2.2.5.3 Political environment...................................................................................................9
2.2.5.4 Knowledge gap..........................................................................................................10
2.3 Approaches to tackling childhood obesity...........................................................................10
2.4 Summary of knowledge gaps...............................................................................................11
2.5 Research purpose.................................................................................................................11
2.5.1 Research question and objectives.................................................................................11
2.6 Significance of the study.....................................................................................................12
2.7 Conceptual model for the study...........................................................................................12
2.8 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The investigator has to conduct an in-depth analysis so for this information should be
reviewed from different published articles and journals. Present section of dissertation represents
different concepts and theories which are related to the current topic. In this, researcher reviewed
different academic literatures so that relevant aspects can be gathered and field of study can also
be carried out in an effective manner. Here, information is collected through various sources like
books, journals, articles, research papers, magazines and so on. Through this, scholar can create a
base for their own research which will help them in drawing an effective conclusion. By getting
the views of different authors, more reliable and valuable outcome can be achieved. Due to
which specified research objectives can be achieved and questions can be resolved in an effective
way. The present research is based on the social and ecological factors which affect the teenage
obesity and overweight. After conducting this it can be identified that how different factors can
affect the health of different individuals. Furthermore, the research gap can be identified on the
basis of outcomes which are derived from different previous literatures.
2.2 Determinants of childhood obesity
Childhood obesity is a kind of condition in which due to excess weight the health of
children is get affected in negative manner. Karnik and Kanekar (2012) stated that obesity can be
diagnosed on the basis of Body Mass index (BMI) and it is measured on the basis of age, sex,
height. There are various determinates of obesity like socioeconomic, dietary, physical,
biological and environment. These are explained in further report so overall field of study can be
carried out in an effective way.
2.2.1 Socioeconomic status
As per the views of Wang and Lim (2012) socioeconomic is a combination of sociological
and economic which is used to measure the work experience of an individual and their social
status as compare to other people. The status and class can be measured on the basis of income,
occupation and education. Through this, economic difference can be established in a society so a
distinctive image can be created. This can be broken into some levels like low, high and medium
which explain that an individual’s family is fall down into these categories. On the other hand, it
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has been stated by Cunningham, Kramer and Narayan (2014) that childhood obesity can be
determined by evaluating the family status of an individual who is suffering from such kind of
health issue. When the education, occupation, income level will be measured than through this
their condition can be determined.
2.2.2.1 Parents education
Gupta and et. al., (2012) stated that education is closely linked with the income of people
as through high education level the current economy outcome can also be improved to some
extent. There is inverse relationship between the childhood obesity and the education level of
parents. If the head of household is highly educated than due to this level of obesity is get
reduced and vice versa. So, it can be analysed that education can highly affect the health of
people in positive way. On the other hand, it argued by Bleich and et. al., (2013) that a research
has been conducted on some families where it can be analysed that 11.8% boys are obese by
obesity where parents are graduated and 21.1% are obese through this disease where household
head is having degree of high school. Along with this, 8.3% girls are suffering from childhood
obesity where family members are highly educated as compare to 20.4% where parents are not
much educated.
Source 1: Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in Children and Adolescents, 2016
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2.2.2.2 Parents occupation
As per the viewpoints of Prentice-Dunn and Prentice-Dunn (2012) occupation is also a one
factor through which socioeconomic status can be evaluated as this is the combination of both
income and education. This is very difficult to evaluate as there are many occupations which are
adopted by people so for this an appropriate scale should be selected. This can also be compares
with social class and this is related to the household earner. Here, it can also be identified that
there is an indirect relationship between childhood obesity and occupation. Like if occupational
skills are get improved then due to which childhood obesity also decreased to some level. So, it
can be analysed that this disease is low in girls and boys who lives in professional household as
compare to unskilled households. Freeman and et. al., (2012) stated that a survey has been
conducted on the people of UK so that the level of childhood obesity can be identified in
country.
Source 2: Child obesity and socioeconomic status. 2014.
2.2.2.3 Parents income
Weng and et. al. (2012) says that income is related to the earning which is received from
different sources and it can also be related to wages, profits. The income can be achieved from
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worker’s compensation, dividends, social security, pension and so on. There is also an inverse
relationship between childhood obesity and current income level of household head. It has been
argued by Cole and Lobstein (2012) that the obesity among children can get affected as per the
income level of their parents. For example, when income level of household is highest then
obesity within boys are 13.0% and within girls are like 9.7%.
Source 3: Child obesity and socioeconomic status. 2014
2.2.2.4 Knowledge gap
After interpreting the graphs and conducting survey in marketplace, it can be analysed that
in past year’s people were not aware about the childhood obesity and its consequences. Some
authors stated that now a days, parents know about the long term obesity effect. So, for this they
take care of children so that their health can be improved.
2.2.2 Dietary behaviour
According to the views of Lloyd, Langley-Evans and McMullen (2012) dietary behaviour
is one of the most important determinant which affects the health of an individual and due to
which obesity has been arise. There are some factors which highly affect the diet of people like
food intake, preferences, choices, responses, expectations and so on. Food intake is the vital
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factor as if a child will not eat properly then due to this their health will get affected in negative
manner. Beside these, choices and preferences of people are also matter that how they give
priority to some food items as compare to other. Along with this, liking of food items can also
affect the diet and due to which health got affected. On the contrary, it has been analysed by Park
and et. al. (2012) that now a day’s childhood obesity rates are get increased and consequences of
these influence the health of people in long term. Due to these, child will not be able to get
developed and grow. So, this needs to be take care by parents so that food can be intake in an
appropriate manner and health can be improved.
2.2.2.1 Calorie intake
In order to maintain health, an individual has to intake some balanced diet so that their
health can be improved in an effective manner. Calorie is used to measure the food items and
their energy level. How much calorie is needed is depend upon some factors like age, lifestyle
and size. For example, a woman needs to consume approx. 8,400KJ and a man needs 10,500 KJ
in a day.
2.2.2.2 Soft drinks
Soft drink is a type of drink which is served by companies in different forms like glass
bottles, plastic bottles and cans. These drinks contain some amount of alcohol, caffeine,
preservatives and so on. So, these are not good for the health of people.
2.2.2.3 Snack foods
Snaked foods comes in variety of forms like packaging and processing. These are not
regular food items which are not consumed in regular meal.
2.2.2.4 Food portion sizes
This is most vital aspect as children should intake right amount of food as per the capacity
so that overall diet can be managed. In every food item, exact amount of calories and important
vitamin should be included into food so that health will not get affected in negative manner.
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2.2.2.5 Fast foods and fast food outlets
There are several fast food items which are served by restaurants to their customers very
quickly. If child will eat this food too much then due to this, they will face obesity and their
health will also get affected. There are many outlets in United Kingdom from their people can
consume food.
2.2.2.6 Fruits and vegetables
Parents should have focused on the daily meals of their children and it is their
responsibility to make sure that fruits and vegetables should be included into daily diet.
2.2.2.7 Diet frequency
The daily diet should be intake by child in an efficient manner so that their health can be
maintained on continuous basis.
2.2.2.8 Knowledge gap
Some authors stated that child should intake proper diet in an appropriate manner so that
their metabolism can be enhanced. But, in the current project it has been stated that sometimes
when a child consumes fast food, drinks than they have to face obesity.
2.2.3 Physical activities
Prentice-Dunn and Prentice-Dunn (2012) explained that physical activities can be related
to the movement of body in which the person has to use some energy. Childhood obesity has
become a serious issue for the public so for this a survey has been conducted which shows that
physical inactivity and obesity are directly linked with each other. If child will not do such
exercise, then due to which the chances can be increased of present disease which can also affect
their health. On the other side, some factors are there like lifestyle, behaviour which directly
influence people and due to which issues cannot be resolved. Beside these, the metabolism
complications are also get resolved so due to this diabetes and other disease can also be
recognised. So, household head has to ensure that their children should do physical activities so
that all challenges can be overcome and health can be improved.
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2.2.3.1 Type of physical activity
A child can perform some of the activities like walking, playing games and so on. Through
this, people can become more active which can help them in improving their health.
2.2.3.2 Level of physical activity
According to the views of Kellou and et. al. (2014) level of physical activity should be
moderate for children. Through this, they can perform regular exercise and along with this they
can also take some rest.
2.2.3.3 Sedentary activities
Sedentary activities are normal which are performed by people every day like playing
games, laying down on bed, watching television and so on. So, through research it has been
identified that high level of these activities can affect the health and body weight can be
increased.
2.2.3.3 Knowledge gap
In the present dissertation, researcher establishes a link between childhood obesity and
physical activities. Like if an individual will not perform some exercises or activities then their
weight will get increased and which can negatively affect their health. But in other previous
literatures, investigator didn’t mention such factor.
2.2.4 Biological factors
According to the views of Vella, Cliff and Okely (2014) child development can get
affected due to some biological factors like age, sex, race and so on. These different aspects can
affect the growth of child in both positive as well as negative manner. Sometimes, diseases may
impact an individual as per their biological aspects.
2.2.4.1 Age
Age is the most important factors like 7-19 year of child faces childhood obesity more. So,
parents have to take care of their child that how food intake and physical activities should be
performed.
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2.2.4.2 Sex
As per the views of Cooke and et. al. (2013) gender difference plays a most vital role into
the childhood obesity as there are some genes which are same in both girl and boy. But one Y
chromosome is different in the both individuals. So, one individual can learn and develop
differently as compare to other gender.
2.2.4.3 Race
Race is a traditional term which is used to categories people on the basis of some shared
characteristics. There are some biological characteristics on the basis of which people can be
differentiated like skin colour, genes and so on. So, by observing children it can be identified that
they are suffering from obesity or not.
2.2.4.4 Knowledge gap
Some other authors identify that biological factors are the one which can highly affect the
obesity in child. In this, age, sex and gender play an important role in affecting the health of
people.
2.2.5 Environment
As per the views of Freeland-Graves and Nitzke (2013) environment is also an important
determinant as biological. It is considered as an area in which an individual lives and get affected
due to some surroundings. There are three environments like physical, social and political which
explained below in detailed manner.
2.2.5.1 Physical environment
This environment will include some physical factors like climate, water and supply. For
children, this will act as an environment where they grow and learn. This can affect the mental
well as emotional health of people.
2.2.5.1.1 Place of residence
The residential place of people acts as a physical environment for a child. This is the place
where a child spends their whole time. It is the responsibility of parents to provide a peaceful
environment to them otherwise obesity can affect their health.
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2.2.5.1.2 School environment
Child goes to school which they get different physical environment so this needs to be
ensured by teachers that their students will be able to get a peaceful environment. Through this,
they can understand new things and concepts. This can positively affect the health and well-
being of people.
2.2.5.2 Social environment
Christiansen and et. al. (2013) stated that social environment is a kind of environment in
which people live and develop relations with other individuals. It is also related to some culture,
values, beliefs. In such place, people can communicate with each other via some media tools and
techniques. It is based on some features like a society can never be static as this continuously
changing from one condition to another.
2.2.5.2.1 Socio-cultural environments
This is the collection of some factors which can influence the health of people in negative
way like values, literacy, education, ethical standards and so on. The childhood obesity is also
get vary as per the social cultural factors. If these factors may highly influence the risk for such
obesity and body weight.
2.2.5.2.2 Environment and ethnicity
Devís-Devís, Beltrán-Carrillo and Peiró-Velert (2015) explained that ethnicity is related to
the facts or belongingness to a particular social group who has some common tradition and
culture. Childhood Obesity is get increased in every ethnic group. Some of the reasons are like
genetics, socioeconomic status, culture and so on. These patterns can affect they different
physical activity and eating ability.
2.2.5.3 Political environment
This environment is related to some government, state, legislative policies and there are
some stakeholders who perform their operations in specific environment and influence the
system. The political factors affect the childhood obesity as due to globalization diet of an
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individual is get influenced. When diet will not be maintained than the health of people will
affect in negative manner.
2.2.5.4 Knowledge gap
There are some authors who stated in their articles that positive environment should be
given to a child so that they can improve their health. In the current field of study, research says
political, social and physical environment should be effective.
2.3 Approaches to tackling childhood obesity
According to the views of Paes, Ong and Lakshman (2015) childhood obesity should be
reduced to some extent so that health of people can be ensured. Such kind of issue arises a public
health challenge for all who are living in the country. From a report it can be analysed that if
these currents trends will continue for future than half of the nation will be suffering from this
disease due to their bad eating habit. In the present situation, people are also growing in an
obesity environment where many children are facing health issues. On the other hand, it has been
stated by Haynos and O'Donohue (2012) that there are some issues which needs to be addressed
properly so that challenges can be resolved in an effective way. These problems are like
increased body weight, low power, low energy, metabolism get reduced, high blood pressure,
high cholesterol, breathing problems and so on. So, in order to remove these issues some
approaches should be followed by different organizations and government bodies. By
implementing different methods, all people who are living in United Kingdom will get aware
about the consequences of such kind of obesity and overweight. Along with this, they will also
be able to know about the things which child obesity can be reduced to some extent.
Prentice-Dunn and Prentice-Dunn (2012) explained that in the obesogenic environment,
changes should be implemented so that health of child can be improved as this will affect their
long term development. For this, HENRY which is known as Health, Exercise, Nutrition for the
really young and it was developed 2007. This approach was developed in order to identify some
preventive actions so that childhood obesity can be reduced. In this some nutritional and health
related guidelines are given to public so that their behaviour will get changed and due to this
socioeconomic problem can be resolved. The message which is created on the basis of research
survey is now communicated to each and every individual so they can start their healthy life.
Apart from this, it has been argued by Cunningham, Kramer and Narayan (2014) that a
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supportive ecological system should be adopted so that a child will be able to get effective
services. This has been established with the public health care departments and trusts which
includes some family programs etc. There are many practitioners who take part into these kind of
workshops so that their knowledge regarding to the obesity and overweight can be increased. In
this, sessions are taking by practitioners and local health providers. This is more focused on the
lifestyle of family, parenting, food choices should be changed of child and they should start
following an appropriate chart.
As per the views ofKarnik and Kanekar (2012) it has been stated that a state government
should conduct some health programs, sessions, workshops on continuous basis so that people
will get aware about the consequences of child obesity and overweight. Through this, their
thinking regarding to such problems can be evaluated and health of people will be improved.
2.4 Summary of knowledge gaps
There are some literatures which are conducted in past on the childhood obesity so that
socioeconomic inequalities can be identified in the weight status of young people. Along with
this, some authors identify the behaviour of parents towards the issue of such kind of obesity.
But here, in the present dissertation some socioecological determinates have been identified of
childhood obesity and overweight. When these factors are identified than through this preventive
measures can be take place which will help them in resolving such problems. Now, this field of
study will act as a base for another investigator who will conduct the research in future on some
topic of childhood obesity and overweight.
2.5 Research purpose
The investigator has to set some goals and objectives so that they can conduct the research
in an effective and efficient manner. For this, they have to perform planning as through this they
can set an appropriate direction for the other people who are associated with current field of
study. Some objectives and questions are stated below which define the purpose of current
research.
2.5.1 Research question and objectives
Research question: What are the social and ecological indicators that influence overweight
and obesity among teenagers?
Research objectives: Some objectives are there like:
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 To investigate the social factors that influence obesity and overweight in teenagers
 To examine the ecological factors (such as environmental, behavioural and biological
factors) that influence obesity and overweight.
 To investigate the major social and ecological factors that predicts obesity and
overweight in teenagers.
2.6 Significance of the study
The significance of current field of study can be evaluated on the basis of its importance
and purpose. The current research is beneficial in both practical manner as well as theoretical
manner. The present evaluation is very helpful for the parents and child as they both will get to
know about the problems which are associated with childhood obesity and overweight. In
theoretical manner, all people will be able to know about the concept of early obesity in child
and how it can be prevented in an effective way. By conducting a survey, government will also
be able to identify the issues and problems which are faced by people while handling the obesity
among their child. So, in this way knowledge can be gained and effective measures can be take
place.
On the other hand, practical experiences can also be gained by implementing some
workshops, sessions and healthcare related programs. When knowledge of parents will get
improved then they can handle their child efficiently so that they can get overcome and their
long-term development or growth can be improved. When people practically implement
preventive measures then they can get overcome and perform well. The current field of study is
more effective for overall population who are living in United Kingdom and through this
awareness regarding to childhood obesity can be increased. So, current field of study is based on
the purpose like how socioeconomic factors can affect the childhood obesity and overweight.
2.7 Conceptual model for the study
The conceptual framework can be made by the researcher so that it can be easily identified
that how some factors like social, behavioural, environmental can affect the individual. By
analysing the current model, it can be easily identified that how many factors are there which can
enhance childhood obesity and overweight of child. Some social factors are like parent’s
education, occupation and behavioural are there like dietary, physical activity. Along with this,
environmental factors are there such as neighbourhood safety.
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Figure 1: Conceptual framework
Socioecological model is used to prevent some health related issues by establishing a
relationship between many personal and environmental factors. The weight and height of an
individual can be measured by practitioners so that it can be effectively identified that how they
are obese due to some extra fat and weight. The health of a child is directly depending upon their
family members and their education & income level. When relationship between different factors
is get established then the health of people can be improved in country. It is also based on some
behavioural aspects that a behaviour can affect the diet and daily activities. If child will not
intake proper meal, then due to their health will get influenced in negative manner. There are
various other aspects like environment which is neighbourhood safety as this is necessary in
order to get healthy. So, after this it can be analysed that how the health of an individual can be
enhanced by focusing on several factors.
2.8 Conclusion
After collecting the data from various secondary sources it can be analysed that childhood
obesity can be measured on the basis of Body Mass Index which is an indicator. In some
previous studies, it is identified that this obesity is raise within an individual in their early days.
There are some determinants which can increase the obesity within children like socioeconomic
status, dietary behaviour, physical activities, biological factors and the environment in which an
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individual live. Along with this, it is evaluated that childhood obesity is inversely related to the
parent’s income, education and occupation. So, it is the responsibility of family members to take
care of their child so that they can grow and developed without facing any issues. There are some
preventive actions which needs to be taken by state government like HENRY and other training
practices. Through this, people who are attending such kind of workshops and sessions will be
able to know about the childhood obesity and harmful impacts. Furthermore, family members
will be able take care of their children so that their long term health can be improved in an
effective way.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journal
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