Analyzing Health Care Case Studies

This assignment involves a critical analysis of several health care case studies drawn from diverse geographical contexts – Latin America, Australia, and the United States. The cases encompass a range of topics including the impact of social determinants on health, economic evaluations of healthcare programs, and the pursuit of sustainable development goals within the healthcare sector. Students are expected to delve into these case studies, identify key challenges and opportunities, and evaluate potential solutions based on relevant theoretical frameworks and practical considerations.

Running head: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author note:

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
1.1. Social model of health is defined in a way where there is a scope of different
explorations of various influences as well as interactions which help in providing the
definition of the human experiences and also interrelationship between body, should and
mind. This model believes that health is influenced by a number of factors like
environmental, social, economic, organizational, interpersonal as well as individual
factors. the factors which are mentioned are usually inter-related and also helps in the
understanding of the deeper health which focus on biology, anatomy as well as
physiology of the health (Keyes et al. 2015).
1.2. Biomedical model of health mainly looks upon ill health as an effect of microbial
attack or due to physiological abnormality. It is mainly associated with the procedures of
diagnosis followed by treatment and cure of the ailments. However, this model is
severely criticized as it ignores the social as well as psychological aspects of living. Not
only that it also does not pay attention o the concept of prevention and mainly involves
the importance of diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
2. The main aim of the NSQHS standards is to provide a proper framework which will help
the governing body to control the quality of the services provided by the organization.
they are mainly developed with the motive of congruence level identification between the
different types of best practices and also the quality standards. This framework is
basically helping the organizations leaders to evaluate as well as monitor the performance
and the quality of the work provided by the healthcare staffs and their effects on the
patient satisfaction. Moreover organization also use this to develop effective
communication in patients and also in the management of quality issues in the

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organization’s workforce and the different types of use of quality systems by the
healthcare personnel’s.
3. The healthcare system of Australia is multifaceted which helps in the provision of
different private as well as the government systems with regulatory mechanism. The
responsibility of the delivery of the services in this sectors are containing the important
factors like effective coordination, governance, regulation of the healthcare services and
the work is shared by both the private as well as the public sectors. Two third of the
health spending comes from Australian government and the government is happy to say
that it is progressing gradually with time. The workforce working in both the sectors are
consisting of huge numbers of healthcare systems which include nurses, doctors,
midwives healthcare professionals being the largest groups along with other specialist
and experts in respect domains of healthcare.
4. The south Australian nurses wanted to support their profession and realized that it is
indeed very necessary to develop the nursing education provided to novice. As a result of
this, the Royal British Nurses Association (SA Branch) and Australasian Trained Nurses
Association (ATNA) in New South Wales were formed in 1899. With the support of Kate
Hill, a highly dedicating and expert nurse, in the year 1905, a south Australian branch of
the ATNA was ultimately formed. In the year 1920, Nurse’s Registration Act came into
being. A federal body was therefore established in South Australia which helped in the
registration as well as training, exams of the nurses in the state. They also visited the
Second World War in 1937 and 1939. His body now acts as a professional nursing
organization containing approximately 18000 nurses along with the incorporation of
Australian Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia.

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
5. Nursing profession comprises as one of the main layers of the competitive as well as the
demanding work labors market. They comprise of the maximum workforce in the
healthcare systems. The perspective of nursing has changed over the years as it has not
only remained with caring for patients and giving them medication. Advancement of
science had a major impact on clinical practiced which has made nursing to look over the
traditional methods of book based knowledge (Chambors, Feero and Khoury 2016). An
evolving pattern of intelligence and develop of critical reasoning skills, evidence based
knowledge use and similar others had helped in providing the best service and experience
to patients.
6. The primary healthcare is the first level of care which is provided to the customers
outside the hospital care settings. Community plays an integral role in their type of
healthcare system where they promote health service, disease prevention and also helps
community members to get access to affordable technology and treatment. This mode of
care also believed in client education so that diseases prevention is effectively conducted
and also help in health promotion. This mode of care usually comprises of nursing as well
as medical health professionals. Besides, educators and community health workers also
are important parts (Abrahamson et al. 2015).
7.1. Holistic model mainly believed in providing care for a patient by considering the patient
as a whole and his interaction with the environment and not aiming on the body parts of the
specific illness symptoms. It mainly helps to establish the connection of the body, mind as
well as soul so that the maximum achievement of well being can be ensured. They believe in
well being of the patients along with the functioning of the individuals where they expect

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patients to make lifestyle choices which would help them to develop better quality life (Lee,
Sherwood and Huston 2016).
7.2. The Health-illness continuum model mainly considers a patient’s experiences to be
aligned with the different stages of illness and also helps to fluctuate throughout the lives.
This model says that health is a continual change where the different parts of the body should
be able to adapt it to the various changes which take place during illness and also try to
maintain well being and also health. The effective functioning as well as the adaptation is a
part of the well being and also being acclimatized to the different illness (Drummond et al.
2015).
8. NMBA is mainly responsible for providing the regulatory as well as the ethical and legal
considerations in the context of the different nursing practices and their professions through a
number of policies and professional advices. These mainly help the nurses to follow a
standard of quality expected by the nation and help them as guidelines so that they can meet
the quality standards and requirements for providing the best care services.
ANMF is a board hat mainly is based on the federal union of the nurses, midwives and also
healthcare professionals. Their main aim is to help in the advancement of the different
political, industrial and also professional aspects of the nursing profession for the healthcare
professionals.
APHRA is a body which is mainly governed by expert healthcare professionals. They help to
regulate the national legislation under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme.
Their main aim is regulation of the healthcare professions.

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ANMAC is mainly responsible for protecting the Australian community and ensures that
their health is safe. They also help in setting up a high quality standard for different nursing
professionals and help them in education, training and clinical assessments.
9. Through the last 30 years, the Australian healthcare system had been responsible for
bringing a huge revolution in the type of service provide to patients which are evidence based
and full of compassion and empathy (Sallis, Owen and Fisher 2015). They help in treating
different dangerous diseases like AIDs, chronic ailments and communicable diseases. Their
idea is based on ethical treatments which are based on the equity.
10. The strengths and weakness of the Australian healthcare system are
Strengths: 1. they work based on the principle of justice that is they provide care to patients
irrespective of caste, creed, religion and culture (Freeman et al. 2016)
2. They have introduced Medicare tax facility systems so that individuals can get service
form healthcare at low costs without creating burden on their physical status.
Weakness: there is still need to accommodate more technological advancements at low cost
so that everyone can get access to proper treatments.
2. Concerns regarding the quality of work provided by the nurse and burning of the nurses
due to huge pressure of workload.
11. 1. Immigrant children cannot participate in effective immunization programs like that for
Hepatitis B, Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR), Polio and others (Gwenne et al. 2016).
2. Immigrants converging from the native populations as they complain of chronic ailments
like diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and respiratory disease

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
3. The asylum seekers as well as the refugee people are mentally affected and their quality of
life gets deteriorated due to inhuman tortures and prolonged detention at the detention
centers.
12.1. PHA helps Australians to choose the best healthcare facilities putting their healthcare
needs in priority. It also helps in the promotion of the health insurance alongside working in
collaboration with agencies and different apartments of Australian government to provide
information on policies.
12.2 Centerlink is the delivery point for different services as well as payments which vary
viable for the Australian families. This body usually helps citizens by determining whether
they are suitable for parental leave policy and also give good funding amount to employers
so that they can give PLP to employees.
13.1 Cardiovascular diseases are mostly higher in aboriginals and Torres islander people
where in 2014, about 713000 people have been diagnosed with the disorder. They are found
in remote areas and constitute about 45% in comparison to that of the no remote areas. Their
culture supports them to smoke. They are also obese and have high blood pressure with acute
rheumatic fever that affects their health
13.2. The indigenous people also suffer from high rate of diabetes and their number was
found to be 9% and 11% for type 1 and type 2 in the year 2013.their prevalence rate was 33%
as compared to other populations and their number was three times greater than non
indigenous people.
14. The healthcare delivery to the Aboriginals is not based on equality although exerts are
trying their best to educate nurses to handle such services effectively. They still face barriers

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in getting the best service, have to travel a large instance to get westernized healthcare and
are also not provided with autonomy and dignity while being treated. Their disease rate I
high and they also experience varies to of complexities of chronic ailments. They suffer from
emotional and mental; distress due to their inequality in accessing healthcare.
15. The three environment which would help nurses to provide the best care is the
multiculturism environment where staffs of various cultures safe respected by their
colleagues and also in turn provide culturally competent care. The second one is the
supportive environment where each and every one would help each other in their period of
distress so that the service to patients remains unaffected. The other environment is the
collaborative environment where interdisciplinary tea, would participate to bring out the best
service for patients (Zwar et al. 2017).
16. The role of the interdisciplinary team is to work collaboratively with other experts and
healthcare professionals so that each and every issue of the patient get addressed and cared
for. The second role is to take part in proper communication among the different team
members with the help of planning, meetings, documentation and conferences so that one can
develop strong bonds and hence be sure to provide a comprehensive treatment (Al Sayah et
al. 2014).
17.1. Physical therapist helps patients to handle their physical difficulties and nay barriers
they face in movement of body parts. They help in overcoming disabilities in movement due
to injury, illness and also changes that occur due to aging (Fritz et al. 2015).
17.2. A dietician will make a thorough assessment of the patient’s nutritional requirement
and develop a chart of diet plan for him (Callan et al. 2017). He will also provide him with

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
suggestions about how to gain or lose weight after diagnosing his different ailments and
medications he takes and take interventions like exercises to keep the right body weight.
18.1. A proper living environment which is hygienic, full of air and sunlight with proper lush
green fields reduces the chance of people being affected. They face less microbial attacks and
also freshness of greenery helps the patients to breathe fresh air. Pollution free environment
lessens down the risk of diseases as well (Fritz et al. 2015).
18.2. Cultural barriers often affect the nurse patient relationship as nurse when culturally
incompetent nurses do not provide care according to cultural preferences of patients. Their
autonomy and dignity gets compromised which hurt patient’s sentiments and hence they
complain about such services.
18.3. Community acceptance is very crucial for every individual as it helps to live in social
harmony with other thereby sharing their moment so happiness and sadness as well as social
inclusion. Those individuals who face a barrier in practicing this like immigrants and others
develop mental and emotional stressed which affect their physical health as well (Calln et al.
2017).
19. Political issues may arise when leaders of the funding departments are not allowing
resources for particular healthcare treatments. Preferences of political leaders over researches
of cancer and similar ailments over palliative care ailments might become difficult for
organizations to accumulate resources to carry on such treatments. Biasness of this type may
be political agendas which affect nursing (Mason et al. 2013).
20. Proper funding to the organizations will help them to appoint a proper number of nurses
with good nursing skills so that the nurse patient ratio is maintained and quality care is

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provided to patients. It would also help the organizations to afford scientific instruments and
technologies so that best evidence based care can be given (Nadri and Guerko 2013).
21. There are 9 important critical issues which are presently discussed by the World health
organization as the national health priority areas. Working in association with the
Commonwealth and State and Territory governments, non-government organizations, health
experts, clinicians and consumers, the healthcare centers are trying their best to address
issues like dementia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer control, injury prevention,
muscoskeletal condition, mental health, cardiovascular health and asthma and arthritis. They
are proposed in response to the WHO global strategy Health for all by the year 2000.
22.1. Higher income and better status helps individuals to but proper houses with good living
conditions. Moreover they can also buy nutritious food. These reduce the chance of being
affected by diseases by larger percentage (Achimdt Gostin and Emanuel 2015)
22.2. Low education level makes one individual develop unhygienic and improper habits
about left hygiene, eating food, lifestyle and improper maintenance of life. Health illiteracy
makes the person practice bad habits which makes them highly vulnerable to be affected by
different disorders (DeAndrade 2015).
22.3. More developed the social support services, patients can easily access healthcare
centers. They can seek for social help if they are physically unable to conduct their daily
activities, of they are incompetent for locomotion, vulnerable to fall and others. Getting
social services also help them o overcome mental and emotional distress as well.
23. Every community has a travel clinic that provided healthcare checkups required by
individuals before they travel. They conduct different diagnostic tests which will help the

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
patient to be safe from being affected by any disorders during his travel. The individuals here
can o for cardiovascular check up and can also seek for vaccines of typhoid so that he
remains safe form the disorders.
24. As per the nursing profession, a nurse always has to be empathetic and compassionate so
that he does not harm the self respect of the patient. Here the nurse should educate the patient
about her disorder and how her taking of Ayurvedic and western treatment may have drug-
drug interaction. However he should not deny the benefits at all of the Ayurvedic and in turn
just state that he would conform the patient after checking its interaction with her other
medications. This would keep the patient happy and contempt without harming her dignity.
25.1. The organization namely Beyond Blue is responsible for conducting integrated
evidence based treatment care which is cost effective. They mainly care for patients who
suffer from discrimination and social stigma. They also provide support to patients to reduce
the impact of anxiety depression and suicide by providing mental and physical support.
25.2. National Bowel screening program has been proposed by the government where they
have developed a framework in order to check the presence or vulnerability of citizens
towards bowel cancer. They also have the aim to reduce the burden of bowel cancer cases for
patients and their families and provide them an all over support.
26. Betty Neuman’s system of model of care is a comprehensive holistic and flexible care
model that mainly aims in handling the actual as well as potential environmental stressors on
patients. They are also based on the utilization of the different types of primary, secondary
and also tertiary nursing interventions for the patient. s interventions mainly remain based on
retention, attainment and maintenance of optimal client system wellness.

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PROFESSIONAL NURSING
27. I should try to calm her down making her understand that not every human beings are
same and stating that the supervisor might have been going though tough times. I will advise
her not to take it o heart and remember the main duty of nursing which is to care for patients.
On the other hand, I would calmly discuss the matter with the supervisor by not directly
stating wrong or harsh words. Rather I will try to make her understand that such comment is
harming others emotional which will affect the quality of her service.
28.1. The universal access to care model guides nurses to provide the best care to patients
irrespective of their caste, religion, culture and creed. Moreover, it also promotes an overall
holistic care with health education and health promotion besides treating symptoms of
disorders an curing them. They look over the overall wellness of the patients.
28.2. Principle of wellness states that nurse should promote wellness or patients by making
them participate in health education and health promotion programs by making them self
responsible, positively empowered and also taking proactive actions with production of
outcomes of good quality lives.

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