Development of Social Policies in Health and Social Care

This article explores the development of social policies in the field of health and social care. It discusses the historical and contemporary positions in social policy, changes in ideology since 1945, and the process involved in the development of key legislation. The article also highlights the impact of devolution on social policy development.

Health and Social Care
Unit Title and Number: Social Policy Unit 7
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Table of contents pages
Introduction 1
1.1 ……. 2
1.2 …………………………… 4
2.1…………………………………………………………………………….9

2.2 …………………………………………………………………………...10
3.1……………………………………………………………………………13
3.2…………………………………………………………………………..16
3.3 …………………………………………………………………………..22
4.1………………………………………………………………………….26
4.2……………………………………………………………………….28
References……………………………………………………………..29
Introduction
The aim of this units is to investigate the origin of social
policies ,impact,implementation and other factors relating to children Act .
1.1 Important contemporary and historical position in social policy.
British social policy, 1601-1948
Outline of this has show the consecutive
developments in British social policy till
1948.One form or another of the law lasted
for about 350 years,and consequence of
British law account is tends to be control by
the role of government. Other country has not
have similar experience,In a country that
welfare is highly developed through a
combination common provision and other

optional contributions and later supported by
government action.Before the Old
Poor Law
Throughout the Middle Ages, Christian
charity has been the support given to the
poor throughout the Europe. Churches and
monasteries has been the main organisation.
The system of operating charity benefit for
some less privilege once to live. so if they
move to other they can still survive.
In 1883 The old poor law was made for
removal and settlement.
The poor law 1834 including the workhouse
under the New poor law.
1946 National insurance Act introduced.
1948 National Assistance Act:Poor Law got
abolished and the inauguration of NHS.
1971 National insurance invalidity benefit got
introduced.

Heath Government’s proposals for a tax
credit scheme was introduced in 1972.Tax
credits become Conservative policy.
Social Security Pensions Act:State
Earnings-Related Pensions(SERPS)
introduced in 1975.
1976 lone-parent benefits got introduced.
All of these are 20th century also including
liberal Government,the end of poor
law,welfare state inter -law
Tax free child welfare was introduced to
effectively replace various child tax and
taxable allowance 1977-79.
1980 Social Security Act 1 & 2:Instead of
earnings regular payment uprating got
connected to the prices. Education Act:Local
Education Authorities allowed to choose
whether to provide school meals:fixed prices
and national nutritional guidelines got
abolished.
1984 Basic Income Research Group formed.
1991 Child support Act introduced.

1992 Disability living allowance replaces
mobility allowance and attendance allowance
for the under-65s.Disability working
allowance introduced.
2001 Children’s Tax Credit introduced-a tax
allowance for those with children.
2003 Child Tax Credit(CTC)and Working Tax
Credit(WTC)replace WFTC,DPTC and
Children’s Tax Credit.
The retire age was propose and to increase
the retirement age in 2006 by the
government’s white paper security, in 2012
personal savings was increase in line with
2008 welfare reform Act 2007 come in
force.2010 t0 2015 government policy:health
and social care integration
Immigration health surcharge (IHS) 2015.
Increase in IHS from #200 to #400
.

Brexit-The people of Britain exit,or Brexit,from the EU in a historic
referendum on Thursday June 23 2016.
1.2 Explain how changes in ideology approach since 1945 the
ideological approach have impacted modern social policies.
In British social policy POST-WAR PERIOD has became a turning
point to the development.
In 1945-1951 attempt has made to construct socialist commonwealth
:
The general election of 1945, has led to surprise the return of 1st labour
governance of the Britain. In the year 1945, The labour election tends to
manifestly declare that, this is considered to be as the socialist party. In
addition to it, Attlee government in turn has effectively created NHS and
modern welfare state and also nationalised public utilities.
1951 - 1965 conservative response was;In 1951 the victory led to
conservative rule for 13 years. In 1945 debacles conservative was
performance was remarkable and rapidly.

The post - war was settled in 1964 -1979 :
British Politics have a new course in 1960 - Both major parties has a
commitment to have access for entry into European union community
known as European Union, To the conversion to idea of planning, Its
involved a high degree of state intervention in the economy, In relation
between both the recating and control of incomes of relations to the
system. This caused problems which put the authority of government in
question. Both labour and Conservative administrations sought to assert
themselves against the trade unions.
Thatcherism, 1979-1990:
Margaret Thatcher soughted the Post -war settlement that the British have
outside the framework. The paternalistic ethos of churchill and macmillan,
the idea that government could fine-tune the economy to secure full
employment. Margaret Thatcher’s governments encourage the spread of
ownership so that Britain could become a capital owning democracy and
property owning democracy .Thatcherism sometime in accordance with the
trends of social change. and by the end of the 20th century.Britain was able
to be working indualitistic than previous years.
A New Consensus?1990-2000:

The legacy of Margaret Thatcher was the fall of two the contested and
divisive. Under the European economic Policy, the impact of economic
division under conservative party was during 1990, Then star breaking
down . Tony Blair under Labour party was able to embrace some of the
elements of Thatcherism principles.
The census in Britain had a foreign policy angle as well as economic and
social base inside the following a areas:
● Social Security
● National Insurance reform 1946
● Introduction of Nuclear Weapons
● A National Health Service
● Belief in welfare provision for all
● Full Employment
● Nationalisation of industry and public utilities
Some important Acts -Post War:
The 1944 Education Act leading to policies regarding education.
The 1945 Family Allowance Act leading to the development of policies to
support the families.
The 1946 National Insurance Act.
The 1946 National Health Service Act leading to the development health
and social care policies as standard and free health service for all.

Building on Britain’s place in the war:
Britain in turn tends to follow the policies in order to effectively extend the
impact. This in turn was also considered to be as a base for consensus
politics which in turn has been formed at home. For example:
 Britain tends to focus on effectively creating a commonwealth. India
was also given independence in the year 1947. But, the Britain has
strategically used the military base for their own welfare.
 Creation of NATO in the year 1949.
 Getting close to the Europe with the help of Early European
integration.
 Britain in turn has been unsuccessful to join EEC in the year 1963
because of the veto by the French president i.e., Charles De Gual.
On the other hand, when Charles De Gual has left from the power in
the year 1969, at that time, Britain has been considered free to
successfully join after the referendum which in turn has been put by
the Britishers in the year 1974.
The New Right and Thatcherism
Economic policies such as free market,ideology of monetarism,
privatisation and no trade unions,and reduced spending on the NHS were
introduced,Social policies included Victorian values,sceptical about welfare
state concept as wanted everybody to contribute in the economy,anti-gay
rights and anti-immigration policy,and ideology of patriotism.

The New Right,Neo-Liberalism and Neo-Conservatism:
This ideology supported individual freedom,private sector,equality of
opportunity but was against socialism and the post-war
consensus.Therefore,the social policies developed were according to these
ideological approaches leading to development of a stronger economy with
nationalism concept. Evolution and improvement in the New labour's
thinking on the state of welfare in turn argues that, there has been a
paradigm shift on the concerns associated with equality to social equality
and inclusions associated with high degree of opportunity. Social equality
and inclusions all together tends to emphasize on the social obligation,
rather than on the social rights. This tend to speculate on various social
security reforms. In addition, new right in UK is referred to as the strand of
conservatism. Margaret Thatcher in turn conceive that, the return of the
golden age where individuals tend to live in conventional family unit, non-
consideration of divorce, women staying at residential home, various
benefits for parents who live alone, tax allowance for children, etc. are key
elements which helps in solving various set of social problems.
Furthermore, it has been argued that, the women's role, traditional
marriage, traditional values, etc. were in turn considered to be as the key
component in order to hold there society together. The new right thinking in
turn is considered to be very influential at the time of Margaret Thatcher
government during 80's. The key belief associated with the new right was
that, the government must not mediate in individual people freedom and
life. Any intervention by the government will eventually cause various social
problems. The new right of the UK has also focused on differentiating

between the individuals who in turn were considered to be deserving for
welfare services and help to the poor and unemployed people.
Devolution:
Devolution is the statutory delegation of powers from the central
government of a sovereign state to govern at a subnational level, such as a
regional or local level. It is a form of administrative decentralization.
Devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the
area.
Devolution essentially means the transfer of powers from the UK
parliament in London to assemblies in Belfast and Cardiff,and the Scottish
Parliament in Edinburgh.Public votes were held in 1997 in Scotland and
wales,and a year later in both parts of Ireland nation due to historical and
administrative differences.
Many powers were transfer such as education,social welfare,economic
development,health,local government,housing,and social services resulting
into development of social policies to transfer nations independently.
United Kingdom has been transformed by devolution since 1999,It is
process of designed to transfered government and give more powers to the
three nations which,together with England, to make up the UK.The United
kingdom was made of England,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland.
2.1 Analyse the process involved in the development of a key of
parliament.
● First Reading-The First Reading is the basic announcement to
introduce the bill.

● Second reading-It is the debate of the Introduce the first general
principles of a Bill; - It is normally throw in house,However, There are
some issues that arises in the present year which some Bills are not
controversial Example.(Law commission measures). have been
referred to a Second Reading Committee; The party have the second
readings committee and the report was accepted and report was
passed has a formal reading debate. In the house.
● Committee stage -In the House of Lords there are no other
committees . the whole House follow the same procedure The Bills
follow the committee stage, However few of Bills are bound to
committees of different house.
● Report stage -This a type of stage means that changes could be
made during the report stage if any changes should be re -adjust or
to be approved.A report may be delayed. In this case the whole
house will discuss if any adjustment needed or moved.
Third reading- Third reading is considered to be as the phase of legislative
procedure where the bill is read with all amendments and final approval by
the legislative body. This stage is followed after the report phase. It is
considered to be quite short and the bill is effectively reviewed on the final
form which in turn also includes various amendments at the earlier stage.
The final version of the bill is effectively approved and is in turn passed by
the hand which in turn is bound in the green ribbon to the Lords. The time
when the Lord tend to return the bill, then it is bound to be in the red ribbon.

A Bill approved by one chamber is considered by the other:
When the bill tends to begin within the house of common and tends to
approve then it has been sent to the House of Lords and the same process
has been followed. In case, the Lord wants to make any alteration within
the bill, then the same would be returned to the Commons in order to
consider the amendment by the Lord. The law has to be passed to both the
House of common and the house of lord in order to effectively agree on the
shape of the bill.
The Monarch’s ‘assent’ turns a bill into an Act
A bill called “Royal Assent’ also formally approved by the Monarch
regardless of the approval from the Commons and Lords.The Monarch
gives their approval advice to the ministers and then the bill become law
and is described as Act of parliament.
2.2 Evaluate different influences on the development of social policy
and ideologies.
Ideology can be defined as an idea of your own beliefs, attitudes and
opinions that join together to become one team.These form can influence
social policy. Ideology is a political term.so they all belong to same party.
Various pressure groups can influence the formation and implementation of
social policies such as health and social care policies. A pressure group is
a set group that come together impact to government (public) policy or
protect or advance a particular interest.An agenda can be promote by the
set of a group of people to raise a political agenda to a certain or general

political agenda and have different opinion when are campaigning, They
also operate locally, internationally and regional level including EU.
There are many such as cause or promotional groups, interest or sectional
groups, insider groups. in the parliament Pressure group can also have
impact. if a member of a group is compassionate to the group. MP’s
bonding to pressure groups must consider the interest when speaking on
behalf of the group. Insider groups should be involved in the decision
making process by being on committees with ministers, mp’s and civil
servants, while the outsider groups have an opportunity to lobby politicians.
Therefore, pressure group can influence the policy development process in
the parliament.
All the political parties are obsessed about getting national newspaper on
its side. Think about The Sun moving from Labour back to Tories in the
2010 election. The scottish Sun backed SNP instead of labour in 2011
Scottish election. Think about the impact of programmes such as
Dispatches, Panorama and News night which all effectively hold the
government to account. Newspapers are allowed to be bias and openly
support a party. This makes them important to political parties. The Sun
has the highest circulation in the UK. News international owned by Rupert
Murdoch- very influential person who parties want to please. The daily
Record against loan sharks who are illegal lenders and often target low
income and desperate families. Scottish press backed andrew’s law to get
tighter restrictions on airguns in Scotland. The Daily Record supported the
campaign against the bedroom tax and helped draw attention to the

unfairness of this policy. Therefore, a strong media play pressurise the
government to shape its policies accordingly.
3.1 Analyse how social policy is implemented by organisations and
practitioners .
Policy implementation in health care, The analysis of barriers and
facilitators to practice change.
The problem of policy of the first generation implementation analysts was
discovered, the pending relationship between implementation and policy
programs and portray its wide framework’. The 2nd generation has
effectively begun to take out the implementation procedure and to 0 in
order to gain relation between practice and policy. Altogether, investigation
tends to generate large number of crucial lessons associated with practice
and policy. These lessons tend to focus on framing conceptual challenge
on the implementation of 3rd generation analysis in order to integrate macro
and micro - world of policy makers and individual implementers.
Ministers, policy makers, and organisations like the NHS or DoH all are
involved in implementing the H&SC policies. For example, 2010 to 2015
government policy: health and social care integration is implemented as
below by the government/DoH.
First of all key stakeholders related to the implementation of social policy as
depicted in the diagram below are identified.

To implement 2010 to 2015 government policy: health and social care
integration, following process is adapted. Usually:
The number of people in England who have health problems requiring both
health and social care is increasing. Patients are not getting the type of
care and services they actually need. This in turn results in high degree of
risk of infection and harm. Tax payer's money has not been effectively used
, where health care practitioners are missing out on opportunities to provide
effective care services to the patients.

Government / DoH wants every individual to have access to the integrated
care who in turn are seeking for care services. Helping localized
administrative unit to effectively comply with the care needs of the patients.
For example by making sure that care services know what help somebody
needs in their home when they leave hospital. To do so an important step
is finances. Doh / government is giving 2.7 billion to local councils to help
them join NHS and social care services. Another implementation step is
allowing people to choose what services are right for them. For example, it
is more efficient for people to have control over their own budget for health
and social care, because they are less likely to duplicate services or
choose services that are not right for them. Therefore, government / Doh is
giving people personal health budgets.
Coordinating people’s care is another important step in implementing the
policy.Sometimes people find it difficult to understand the care
system,particularly if they have complex o needs.so,a care plan to be
allocated a named professional who oversees the case (care coordination)
and who can answer questions.
Providing better information on people’s health and care needs is also
important to implement this policy effectively.For health and social care
staff to work together,they must be able to share information about a
person’s assessments,treatment and care.Government intends to create
an electronic database that will provide information support for people
moving from one service to another is another implementation related

action.It is important that people don’t lose support when moving from
service to another,for example moving from children’s to adult’ s services or
moving from hospital to home.
3.2 Explain how the impact of social policy on users of health and social
care services can be measured.
Methods of measuring the impact:
The examination of of implementing of this policy context was research into two
studies,They are established after one other, the HBHC policy
enhancement.The main methodology used in this study was a cross-sectional
survey.
How impact can be measured
Information can be shared according to deepness of it.It depend the
amount of information they provide and the length of which the information

is collected that may be expanded to a broad communities. A way to select
a suitable measurement approach,The deepness may be necessary to
weigh up to the significance versus expand,or the two Combination
approaches can be composition of both.
Health care setting policy of implementation is provider commitment.
Professionals, social people and organization tends to come together in ord
er to effectively achieve successful implementation of the policy. Health
care policy in turn is considered to be very crucial because it helps in facing
various societal and financial health inequalities and problems. Policy
makers in the organization tends to respect experience and knowledge of
the provider in order to effectively develop policies which in turn leads to
positive change within the society. A consumer right in turn tends to play a
key role on the absence of accountability of the provider. Policy makers
must in turn support and value the act of policy entitlement. There is a high
degree of possibility to effectively comply with the consequence of failure of
the policy. On the contrary, implication of policy in turn might also have
positive impact on the implication of policy. This in turn helps in carrying out
the activities in an ethical and desirable manner. In case of any challenges
associated with the implication of the policy, then both practitioners and
policy makers tend to come together in order to find the best way to
effectively implement certain policy. Understanding the strength to help social
impact design measurement. At the time when impact measurements tend to
control the process, there seems to be a high degree of danger to lose site of the
goals. It is considered to be very useful when the tools tend to measure the
social impact of the organization in order to compare and allocate the
comparison magnitude of time period.

● Patient panel
● Focus groups and panels-engaging patients or cares in
discussion
● Voice of customers
3.3 Evaluate the impact of a specific policy on users of the relevant
health and social care service.
This diagram below show the Every child matter

Every Child Matters policy was introduced in 2003 as a result of the tragic
death of child Victoria Climbie who was brought to the UK for a thriving
future but lost her life as a result of physical abuse.Victoria Climbie’ s
injuries remained unidentified by the police,social care worker,and the GP
that became an important factor for her death.Every Child Matters policy
was supposed to protect the children in the UK from physical,mental,and
sexual abuse.However,the recent statistics do not favour the effectiveness
of this policy.For example,in 2006,three years after the development of
Every Child Matters policy,10 months old Neo Craig lost his life due to
abuse and police,GP,and social worker could not save him despite a
number of warnings.Later,in 2007,one month Luigi Askew was beaten to
death by his violent father.The failure was again associated with the police

and social workers.Similarly,it is reported that in 2016,58000 children were
identified as needing protection from abuse in the UK,54000 sexual
offences against children were recorded in the UK in 2015/16,and it is also
reported that 1 in 20 children in the UK have been sexually abuse.The
graph below depicts a similar picture where a slight decline can be seen in
the child abuse and neglect in the UK after 2003 but then from 2007/08
there was a gradual rise in such cases.
This diagram below show the Recorded cruelty and neglect children under
16.
While collecting these data statistics the cultural background of various
communities must be kept in mind.However,it is important to examine how

true thes facts and figures are as UK is a multicultural society,particularly
London,birmingham,Leeds,Bradford andt,manchester.For instance,nigeria
and Asian culture that is collectivistic in nature,smacking the child is a
norm but in British school system it is taught to the child to report even if
the parent has yelled at him or her,Therefore,sometime the children report
sometimes misinterpret by the law enforcing agencies.As
police,teachers,and social workers do not trust the parents due to the
sensitivity of child abuse issue in the UK,this may lead to increase in the
statistical figures.Therefore,redefining the abuse and teaching children in
the schools what is abuse and what is not abuse is important.It might be
possible that perhaps actual abuse is reducing after 2003 but minor things
are misunderstood as abuse that increase the false statistics.However,this
discussion does not mean that all the statistics are false and there is no
child abuse in the UK,
The users of Every Child Matters policy include children,young
people,parents,and carers/guardians.
This the key 5
outcome of
children.

In summary, the policy is working but it’s implementation is not yet
effective enough and socio-cultural elements are not yet being considered
that make the picture disturbing more.
4.1 Evaluate a recent development in health and social care
policy. The immigration health surcharge (IHS ) was introduced in
2015 to ensure that temporary, non – European Economic Area
migrants contribute to the NHS in line with their immigration status.
It’s objectives include to ensure that all users of the Tier 2 route of
the Points Based system are treated equally with respect to the IHS
and to provide greater clarity in the operation of the IHS in relation to
a range of issues The benefits of this recent development in the
policy claimed by the ministers are as below;

Health Minister James O’Shaughnessy said:“Our NHS is always
there when you need it, paid for by the British taxpayers. We
welcome long- term migrants using the NHS, but it only right that
they make a fair contribution to its long term sustainability. “
“By increasing the surcharge so that it better reflects the actual costs of
using health services, this government is providing an extra £ 220 million a
year to support the NHS.”
Migration Minister Caroline Notes said:
“It is only right that people who come to the UK should contribute to the
running of the NHS. The surcharge offers access to health care services
that are far more comprehensive and at a much lower cost than many other
countries.
“The income generated goes directly to NHS services, helping to protect
and sustain our world class healthcare system for everyone who uses it”
The government plans to make the changes later this year in order to better
reflect the actual costs to the NHS of treating those who pay the surcharge.
IHS has been introduced to help fund the NHS, and will give migrants the
same access to the NHS as UK citizens. Recruiting Overseas worker to
pay thousands to NHS doesn’t help. A year ago Government plan to
increase £200 to £400 as a surcharge to double the immigration health .
The increase is not as steep as the tripling of the health surcharge
promised in the Conservative Party 2017 election manifesto. Still, the
government estimates that the increase may raise an extra £220 million a
year for the NHS. So it’s ironic that while it may add a couple of hundred
million to NHS funds, it also makes it harder for trusts to recruit much
needed health workers from overseas. Yet in reality it’s actually people
from outside the EU applying for visas to move to the UK longer- term (six

months or more) to work, join family, or study who have to pay the
surcharge ( there is a discounted rate for students ) .Those paying it are
often doing so to join their spouse or partner or take up a skilled job in the
UK. Of course, those skilled workers and many of spouses and partners
will also make tax and national insurance contributions to funding the NHS
on top of the surcharge.
.
4.2 Analyse the differences in formation an adaption of social policy
initiatives in the UK devolved nations are similar or dissimilar.
In 20th century the Health and social policy has been initiate together in Uk,
To support a civilised society of welfare benefits to the citizens.To give
them free health service .The aim for universal health service, pensions
and state education.
The private & occupational insurance schemes are with the state playing
no part. In Japan is also happen.
Western Europe:
In Western Europe Healthcare are run by Government and private sector
under same insurance schemes.
The UK:
In the UK,devolved nations such as in Wales maintains the patient centred
focus and responsible to all citizens of the state. A Welsh document it is
based on the thought of community to improve community capacity
struction. But it is absent in Scotland & English documents.it involve the
community in the development of healthcare policy.Many healthcare
problem are prevented before it is escalated.
Scotland—In Scotland the Government plan is a contract between the
individual citizen.
England—in England, The policy is straightforward.It ensuring that the
healthcare is improve the health service rather than the policy itself. It is a
contract between government service & the customer. Hence in England
as compared to other devolved nations in the UK, the health and social
care policies are focused around improving the service but policy
improvement is not considered.

Therefore, if a policy is formed ineffectively then by focusing on the service
improvement the gaps related to the poor policy formulation would not
remain there and this may damage the service in the long run.
England versus Wales— In comparison between Wales.in wales it
maintains the patient centred focus and responsible to all citizens of the
state. The Welsh document is based on the thought of community
improvement capacity building. But it is absent in England ( English policy
document) This means that in England the policy formation is not very
service user focused that is against the basic principles of support.
Conclusion
Policy is process sometimes insufficient to have ability to practice changes in
health care.Implemented policy is a tool for practice to change the practice and
must be thoughtfully absorbed Professional organisational and social
context.Implemented of this policy contexts can either blocked,The general post -
partum program provides an example of various implementation of a mutual
policy planned to change postnatal care practices that reflects the various impact
of context on implementation.
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