Sexual Violence and Reporting Disparities

This paper discusses sexual violence issues faced by both men and women, the reasons why women are more likely to report it, and offers recommendations for prevention. It explores the causes, impacts, and implications of sexual violence on individuals and society.

Social science research methods
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Table of Contents
Topic title 1
Introduction 2
Research questions 3
Hypothesis 4
Research design 5
Methodology 6
Literature 7
Ethical issues and concerns 8
Conclusion of research 9
References 10
Appendix: Expected time scale 11

Topic: sexual violence and why women are more likely to report it than men
Introduction
Sexual violence occurs throughout the entire world. The existing data set indicates that nearly
one in 4 women that is 25% experience sexual violence.33% of adolescent girls report sexual
violence as being forced.
This paper thus discusses sexual violence issues faced by both men and women in the
contemporary society. It identifies the victims, cause, and impacts of sexual violence on both
individuals. This paper also discusses the reason as to why women are most likely to report
sexual violence than their male counterparts (Abbey 2011). As a key strategic framework, this
paper offers recommendation on how people in society and the government can work together to
create awareness and prevent sexual violence issues. It is evident that it can happen any time and
in pace.
Sexual violence is typically defined as sexual misconduct, attempted acts which are against the
person's coercion or against their will regardless of the relationship with the person inflicting the
violence on them. It is evident that women are more likely to face sexual harassment as
compared to men.
Research questions
1. What is sexual violence?
2. Why women are more likely to report sexual violence than men
3. What are the strategic places and instances of sexual abuse?
4. What are the key effects of sexual violence in the personal and social level?
5. What needs to be done?

The hypothesis of the research
According to the research, women are more likely to face sexual violence than women. Women
have greater risks for this issue. There significant effects of sexual violence on a personal level
and society.
Research design
This particular research is qualitative and crosses sectional. This is because it offers important
information of a particular discussion topic like definition, impact, and recommendation of the
problem at hand. It is cross-sectional since it involves a wide range of participants like children,
male and female adults across the social domain. There exist a controlled focus group in the
research design which is randomly assigned.
This particular research design is also field research since it involves gaining data form people.
The research design is advantageous since it incorporates a huge framework of data collection
like field and data asset which is reliable and quality. However, it has a disadvantage since it is
time-consuming to plan and design the research (Ansara, & Hindin,2011).
Methodology
The methodology used is descriptive.in this particular research data collection was done from the
use of focus groups, surveys or face to face interviews.in this case sources of data on sexual
violence issues usually come from police officers, clinical health care settings, articles from
nongovernmental organizations and use off various survey research.

Also, the data statistics are collected from the government sources which is U.S bureau of labor
statistics).information was also collected from previous reports and studies from various
academic and nonprofit organizations.
It is evident that sexual violence has been a typically neglected area of research. The existing
data has been quite scanty and fragmented (Aosved, Long,& Voller,2011). The available police
data, for example, are usually constrained. The surveys of various victims of sexual violence
have been well undertaken in many towns and states through the use of the common
methodology to help comparability and answering the research questions.
Face to face interviews was also conducted on sexual violence victims
The data collection methods are diverse, reliable and accurate.
However, the methods are quite expensive.
Literature
Studies led for the most part in developed nations show that 5- 10% of men report a background
marked by youth sexual maltreatment. In a couple of populace based investigations led with
young people in developing nations. The given percentage of males reporting the victim of
sexual violence is 3.6. Research studies from both industrialized and successful nations
additionally uncover that constrained first intercourse isn't uncommon. Tragically, there are not
many dependable statistics on the number of young men and men assaulted in settings, for
example, schools, detainment facilities and evacuee camps (Balsam, Lehavot, & Beadnell,
2011). Most specialists trust that official measurements limitlessly under-speak to the quantity
of male assault unfortunate casualties. The evidence accessible recommends that guys might be
even more outlandish than female exploited people to report and sexual assault to the specialists.

There is an assortment of reasons why male sexual assault is underreported, including disgrace,
blame and increased fear of not being accepted or of being criticized for what has happened.
Various Fantasies and solid prejudices encompassing male sexuality likewise keep men from
approaching the authorities to report their experience.
Forms, context, and scope
A wide scope of explicitly brutal acts can happen in various conditions and settings (Carvalho,
Lewis, Derlega, Winstead, & Viggiano, 2011). These incorporate, for instance: — assault inside
marriage or dating connections; — sexual assault by outsiders; — methodical assault amid
outfitted conflict; — undesirable sexual gestures or inappropriate behavior, incorporating
requesting sex as a byproduct of favors; — sexual maltreatment of rationally or physically
disabled individuals; — sexual maltreatment of youngsters; — constrained marriage or
cohabitation, including the marriage of kids; — forswearing of the privilege to utilize
contraception or to receive different measures to secure against explicitly transmitted infections;
— constrained abortions;
Victims
a. Victims of sexual harassment are people who independently or all in all have been hurt or
harmed, through physical, mental or monetary misfortune, or genuine encroachments to their
basic rights, brought about by a demonstration of sexual viciousness (Chan 2011). The
expression "victim" should likewise apply to the close family and people in whose care the
unfortunate casualty is, particularly to youngsters conceived from sexual assault and people who
have been hurt because of giving help to exploited people or endeavoring to prevent their

exploitation. An individual is viewed as a victim, independent of whether the culprit of the
brutality has been recognized, captured, indicted or condemned.
B. grown-up women and young ladies are especially defenseless against sexual viciousness
because of continuous oppression and discrimination against them. The existing inequality in
legislation which is directed by various cultural customs, traditions, religious contexts and values
make women to be negatively viewed hence facing gender stereotypes and sexual violence. This
makes women more vulnerable to sexual harassment as compared to men. As an outcome, sexual
abuse is related to gender-based violence (Dude 2011). Gender-based violence against ladies is
characterized as any demonstration of viciousness against a lady in view of her sex or sex, or any
demonstration of brutality that influences ladies. This makes women to be more vulnerable to
sexual harassment.
c. Sexual violence likewise influences men and young men and may take explicit structures
planned to influence the manliness or virility of the injured individual as seen by the culprit. Like
sexual brutality against ladies and young ladies, sexual savagery against men and young men is
regularly utilized as a method for commanding, subjecting or embarrassing the person in
question as well as the group to which the injured individual has a place (Enarson 2012).
Because of existing stereotypes related to masculinity, men and young men who are casualties of
sexual violence face specific difficulties in reporting such brutality and getting suitable help.
This issue remains to a great extent under-documented.
Children are especially defenseless against sexual brutality, and young ladies are liable to double
discrimination and separation. Each person beneath the age of 18 years is a youngster. Sexual
brutality against kids incorporates the sexual maltreatment and misuse of youngsters, including
all demonstrations of sexual violence which has been literally recorded in the former passages

just as forced child prostitution, utilizing kids in obscene exercises and scenes or productions,
and delivering, scattering, broadcasting, bringing in, sending out, offering, selling or having
explicit materials including pornographic material for kids. Sexual brutality can be executed
against a youngster by anybody, even a relative or other kids (Hayati, Högberg, Hakimi, Ellsberg
& Emmelin,2011).
Factors other than an individual's sex can expand the powerlessness of people or a particular
group of people to sexual violence issues. These incorporate race, ethnicity or different
sentiments, wellbeing including HIV status, inability, age, religion, culture, financial or wedding
status, outcast or transient status, or some other status, sexual direction, personal identity or
gender-based expression.
Results and implications of research
Sexual violence has genuine ramifications for unfortunate casualties especially women who are
more vulnerable to the harassment. These outcomes incorporate however are not constrained to
long term and momentary physical harm, for example, undesirable pregnancies; gynecological
challenges and genital injuries; vaginal and butt-centric tears, for example, horrible and obstetric
gynecological fistula; unsuccessful labors; constrained premature births; stillborn kids; trauma;
and sexually transmitted infections (STI, for example, HIV. These implications can likewise
incorporate mental implications, for example, post-traumatic stress issue; forswearing; increased
fear of people and mistrust; low confidence; disgrace; blame; uneasiness and depression. The
victim can also encounter sleep disorders, sadness; increased drug misuse and high risk conducts
like having self-harm thoughts like committing suicide; detachment from the society and
families; decline in or loss of sexual pleasure; relationship issues with family, companions, and
accomplices (Jina, & Thomas, 2013). Over the year sit is evident that it has brought about

community destruction and increased mortality rates of the victims especially the women. Sexual
violence additionally has social and budgetary implications which can incorporate leaving school
activities, employment loss, low training sessions, having financial difficulties during treatment,
having a lot of societal stigma and increased social exclusion among the victims.
It is seen that women stereotypical issues and cultural prejudice makes them to be more
vulnerable to sexual harrasment.women are also seen as weak individual physically hence can
easily become victims of rape in a more vulnerable manner.
Recommendation
Awareness-raising campaigns
They should enact feminist campaign to deal with these issues since women are more likely to be
sexually harassed. States should carry out campaign programs in order to create increased
awareness – giving specific consideration to the most helpless populaces – about the reasons for
sexual viciousness, the various structures it faces and its results (Manchikanti Gómez, 2011).
These program campaigns must address the main drivers of sexual viciousness, battle sex-based
generalizations, bring issues to light of the unsatisfactory idea of this sexual violence issues, and
help people to comprehend that it speaks to a grave infringement of the privileges of exploited
people, particularly those of grown-up women and young ladies.
They should likewise give data on the instruments accessible to report demonstrations of sexual
brutality just as the measures to ensure, help and support the sexual violence victims.
These existing awareness-raising campaigns efforts should likewise concentrate on averting the
implications of sexual violence (Mitra, Mouradian, & Diamond, 2011). They should battle the
discernment that such activities speak to an offense to the respect of an individual, their family or

network, and should battle supposed assaults subjected to the specific victims. These battles
should likewise give data on the negative impacts of settlements between the group of the person
in question and the assailant, and on the emotional results of having the unfortunate casualty wed
the culprit of the brutality.
These government and feminist based awareness programs must be scattered all through the
whole national domain, including provincial regions; open spots, particularly open
transportation; medical clinics; army installations and police headquarters; higher education
organizations, including schools; and business firms (Ramjee, & Daniels,2013). States must also
conduct awareness-raising program in the various home in the society.
States must teach advertising experts, writers, and different specialized authorities, incorporating
faculty working in popular culture media and network radio, to battle sexual viciousness, its
causes, and outcomes.
Increased education and other policies guidelines
States must make educational projects and materials approach that advance sex equity, fight
discrimination issues, and sexual violence against ladies, and challenge chauvinist and gender-
based stereotypes (Randle, & Graham, 2011). These projects and materials must incorporate
explicit modules on sex training, all types of sexual savagery, its causes and outcomes, and
sexual and conceptive wellbeing.
The educational approaches should likewise incorporate strategies to assess the projects and
their materials. They should be given at all instructive dimensions in all schools and colleges and
in other instructive settings, for example, preparing foundations, sports focus and culture and
recreation focuses.

Identifying unsafe areas
States must lead assessments to distinguish territories that are not safe for women and young
ladies and to set up where they are increasingly vulnerable to getting to be casualties of a sexual
assault. States must take the vital measures in spatial arranging, open advancement and security
(expanding police nearness and improving community lighting, filling in empty lots.) to lessen
the danger of sexual abuse and urge ladies and young ladies to take responsibility for public
spaces.
Support for civil society organizations
States must help common society associations that lead programs averting and tending to sexual
viciousness and its outcomes, including awareness raising measures (Rothman, Exner,&
Baughman, 2011). Any obstructions that block their work, including legitimate legal boundaries,
must be evacuated, and they should be secured against assault or recriminations.
Ethical issues
Some of the ethical standards involved include transparency, confidentiality, and honesty in
providing the data required in the research.
Conclusion
According to the research, it is evident that sexual violence is a vice that affects the wellbeing of
victims and society as a whole. It is also evident that women are more likely to face this sexual
harassment challenge than men. This is because of the existing women stereotypical issues and
cultural prejudice. As seen, women are also more vulnerable to sexual harassment because they
are deemed physically weak. They are also likely to face domestic violence hence becoming

exposed to sexual harassment. Therefore, States must make without toll emergency number that
is accessible 24 hours per day, seven days, to cause it workable for sexually exploited women or
some other individual to report instances of sexual viciousness, to get data on the most proficient
method to get to assurance and bolster administrations for unfortunate casualties, and get
referrals to the suitable services (Stemple, & Meyer, 2014). Medical intervention needs to be
included.
According to the research, these spots of security for women must offer help and guidance to
unfortunate casualties on the most proficient method to get to suitable administrations. They
ought to give an inviting space, free, highly confidential and well support issued by trained
experts who can handle these particular issues. The gender stereotypes based on women violence
should be reduced to reduce the cases of sexual violence on women. According to statistics
women rape cases are higher than that of men
It is also imperative to likewise take the vital measures to guarantee the involvement of social
workers who offer guidance and counseling.The research however suggest that it is better to
prevent than cure. Hence through us use prevention strategies, the society will be a better place
for mostly female since they will be free from sexual violence since women are more vulnerable.

References
Abbey, A. (2011). Alcohol's role in sexual violence perpetration: Theoretical explanations,
existing evidence and future directions. Drug and alcohol review, 30(5), 481-489.
Ansara, D. L., & Hindin, M. J. (2011). Psychosocial consequences of intimate partner violence
for women and men in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(8), 1628-1645.
Aosved, A. C., Long, P. J., & Voller, E. K. (2011). Sexual revictimization and adjustment in
college men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(3), 285.
Balsam, K. F., Lehavot, K., & Beadnell, B. (2011). Sexual revictimization and mental health: A
comparison of lesbians, gay men, and heterosexual women. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 26(9), 1798-1814.
Carvalho, A. F., Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Winstead, B. A., & Viggiano, C. (2011).
Internalized sexual minority stressors and same-sex intimate partner violence. Journal of
Family Violence, 26(7), 501-509.

Chan, K. L. (2011). Gender differences in self-reports of intimate partner violence: A
review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 167-175.
Dude, A. M. (2011). Spousal intimate partner violence is associated with HIV and other STIs
among married Rwandan women. AIDS and Behavior, 15(1), 142-152.
Enarson, E. P. (2012). Women confronting natural disaster: From vulnerability to resilience (p.
245). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Hayati, E. N., Högberg, U., Hakimi, M., Ellsberg, M. C., & Emmelin, M. (2011). Behind the
silence of harmony: risk factors for physical and sexual violence among women in rural
Indonesia. BMC women's health, 11(1), 52.
Jina, R., & Thomas, L. S. (2013). Health consequences of sexual violence against women. Best
Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 15-26.
Manchikanti Gómez, A. (2011). Testing the cycle of violence hypothesis: Child abuse and
adolescent dating violence as predictors of intimate partner violence in young
adulthood. Youth & Society, 43(1), 171-192.
Mitra, M., Mouradian, V. E., & Diamond, M. (2011). Sexual violence victimization against men
with disabilities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41(5), 494-497.
Ramjee, G., & Daniels, B. (2013). Women and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS research and
therapy, 10(1), 30.
Randle, A. A., & Graham, C. A. (2011). A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate
partner violence on men. Psychology of men & masculinity, 12(2), 97.

Rothman, E. F., Exner, D., & Baughman, A. L. (2011). The prevalence of sexual assault against
people who identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual in the United States: A systematic
review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(2), 55-66.
Stemple, L., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). The sexual victimization of men in America: New data
challenge old assumptions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), e19-e26.
Appendix A: Expected time frame
year Activity Duration Budget in $
1 Topic identification
and overview
2-3 months 2,000
2 Research design
Data collection
5 months 34,000
3 Launch and
implementation of
research programs
2 months 50,000
Gantt chart

Fig 1.1 Female victims by age according to year 2014-15
Fig 1.2 Impacts of sexual violence