Social Stratification and Social Inequalities: A Literature Review on Poverty of Indigenous People in Australia

This literature review focuses on the social stratification and social inequalities faced by Indigenous people in Australia, specifically poverty. The article discusses the various factors contributing to poverty and the need for education and training to overcome this disadvantage.

Social stratification
and social inequalities

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
The social stratification is defined as the society and social group is based on classification
or categorise in such a way which help to create people into social hierarchy. This all is based on
the various factor which majorly include income, race, education and the power. In this, the
social stratification is also used to refer the system by which the society help to make rank as
according to the class and they varying people with their standard and lifestyle. Moreover, the
social stratification is the process by which the society is usually divided into different class of
which have layer include education, and all. Moreover, social inequalities are an area which is
majorly focus within the aspect of sociology which majorly focus on the distribution of good and
burden towards the society. There is an example which is further discussed as a good example
include income, education and employment the other side is criminality, unemployment and
marginalisation. The selected topic for the literature review and for argument is the poverty of
indigenous people in Australia (Dudgeon and et. al., 2018).
MAIN BODY
This is well defined that the Indigenous people is always a group which is most
disadvantaged and marginal in Australia. As per this, there are some of standard which is best
indicator of the poverty and the demerits, this include that the indigenous people which is based
on emerge which is most socially and economically derived. Moreover, the poverty in Australia
is evident with the all group of ethnic aspect. It is based on indigenous Australian which is based
on appear which is most profound factor which is affected by poverty. In this, from the last 30
years the Henderson inquiry into the context of poverty which is associated with the Indigenous
Australian require worse off than the non-indigenous Australians which is investigated by the
social indicator. In this, there are various number of significant difficulties is used to refer that
help to measure and accountable towards the indigenous poverty (Fincher and et. al., 2020).
Moreover, there are both factor that is lack of data and the data is not reliable. In this, the
measurement of data for the poverty is used to create cultural specific as well as subjective
factor. In the aspect of income distribution statistics several issue has been configuring. In this
the inappropriate use of nuclear family require income which is shared for the living. The
Aboriginal culture place some aspect which extend the behaviour rather than nuclear family
which have strong cultural obligation to share the resources. There are some of the data and
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survey which explain about the collective measurement of poverty in the indigenous people.
However, the most indicator of the poverty which is related with the disadvantage show the
specular behaviour between the two and three time worse than the non-indigenous people in the
Australia. In this, it is estimated that the 30 percent of the indigenous people are in poverty which
show the rate up to 120,000 indigenous people towards the poverty line (Gerard and et. al.,
2019).
It is also analysed that the people of indigenous are facing issue with the enhancing ratio of
employment which may affect the community development employment project contribution. In
they are fully engage with the employment or the education which help to decrease the likelihood
of poverty. Moreover, the indigenous people in the full time employment or the education which
is around 30 percent and more, when it is compared with at least 50 percent of non-indigenous
people in each cohort. In Aboriginal, it is submitted that there is high rate of unemployment, and
lack of engagement which is associated with indigenous people with the nearby market and
concern over the welfare dependency. As per this, the ATSIC indicated that the employment
condition of the people is not satisfied for the number of situation and this originate the situation
for the worse. The instant growth and factor for the working age for indigenous people means the
task of accomplishing the improvement in the ratio of employment that associated with people.
This is maintaining the current level of engagement which sound peaceful and achievable (Jarvis
and et. al., 2018).
In this, the ATSIC consider some need which is best for the economic development and self-
efficiency as the core principal means of improving the welfare dependency and concomitant
social issue and problem which is associated with indigenous social group. ATSIC raise some the
concern which is based on the consideration which help to improve the employment
opportunities for people of indigenous people. It includes some point that there is greater
emphasise need and requirements on the notion of meaningful jobs that is full time salaried based
or the employment which is based on sustainability for the people who is based on indigenous
aspect. In this, the part time job is also an aspect which help to provide the employment in
various social group and communities which help to draw some unique circumstance, based on
skill and resource of the people of indigenous. In this, the management of national park,
sustainable wild life and the harvesting, protection and the rehabilitation of the lands and seas
which is based on aquaculture have considered the potential aspect which is based on
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comparative advantage that is supported with the areas and their constancy with the feature of
traditional values. However, there are some sector which include service based on industries such
as education, administration, financial service and store that all can provide the aspect of source
of employment in the remote area (Parsell and et. al., 2020).
The community development employment project is designed order to provide the
information regards with employment opportunities for the people which is related with the
Aboriginals people. It is referring with the indigenous communities which help to manage their
own affairs and used to get some economic and social equilibrium. In order to participate with in
the scheme, the unemployed member of the social group provide their current entitlement with
the Centrelink. As per this, there are many of indigenous people, who is not able to fully access
the adequate or the affordable housing. Therefore, the Australian bureau of statistic census and
other data has been indicated that the indigenous rate is based on the homeownership which is
around that based on Australia. With this aspect, the 70 percent of people have home and 30
percent people form the indigenous require home. In the recognition of specific housing
disadvantage of indigenous people, in this, the assistance for the housing is provided by under
the other given program which is dedicated towards the hosing funds which is initiated for the
public and community housing by ATSIC community housing and infrastructure program. In
this, the housing and infrastructure, CHIP covers the municipal service is based on the National
Aboriginal health strategy and their elements which provide the funding for the housing and
related with infrastructure which help to improve the environment which have living condition in
the rural and remote indigenous social group and communities.
The indigenous people are usually indicating the disadvantage in the core aspect of
education system. This is also investigated that the indigenous people had no nay formal
education and degree. In this, only two percent of the people is getting the degree of bachelor or
the above, when it is taking comparison with the non-indigenous people it is marked up to 10
percent. The educational disadvantage for the people of Aboriginal lead to create question in
which the schooling is initiated. The extreme poverty in the group of indigenous people is
analysed with the concert behaviour of function that provide the aspect of antisocial behaviour.
In this, the foundation has been taken with the education that help to acknowledge the major
benefits which overcoming disadvantage only with the indigenous children they used to attend
the preschool (Shipstone and et. al., 2020).
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CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is analysed that the improvement in the context with the
indigenous people require education and training that is fundamental factor to overcome from the
disadvantage of people for indigenous. For indigenous people, educational disadvantage starts
with the early age which had a major barrier to complete the school and entering the higher
education and the training. There is various cause which is based on multidimensional and this is
not made during the isolation. The proper improvement towards the health can create the higher
level of student attendance and also used to decrease in hearing and loss of sight issue. In this,
some of the recommendation such as commonwealth work with the state and territories develop
action plan in form of strategies which help to access the indigenous children to early childhood
education facilities.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Dudgeon and et. al., 2018. Indigenous healing practices in Australia. Women & Therapy, 41(1-
2), pp.97-113.
Fincher and et. al., 2020. The complex contexts of Australian inequality. In Creating Unequal
Futures? (pp. 1-37). Routledge.
Gerard and et. al., 2019. Explaining microfinance's resilience: the case of microfinance in
Australia. Globalizations, 16(6), pp.876-893.
Jarvis and et. al., 2018. Indigenous land and sea management programs: Can they promote
regional development and help “close the (income) gap”?. Australian Journal of Social
Issues, 53(3), pp.283-303.
Parsell and et. al., 2020. Introduction to the special issue on welfare conditionality in
Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 55(1), pp.4-12.
Shipstone and et. al., 2020. Prevalence of risk factors for sudden infant death among Indigenous
and non‐Indigenous people in Australia. Acta Paediatrica, 109(12), pp.2614-2626.
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