Strategies of Addressing Smoking in Males between Ages 25-29 Years

This paper investigates and reports strategies that could be used to address the high, increasing rate of male smokers between the ages of 25-29 years. The strategies will cover three different levels that are upstream, middle stream and downstream among the affected.

Running Head: ADRESSING SMOKING
Strategies of Addressing Smoking in Males between Ages 25-29 Years
Student’s Name:
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Clinical Intervention Strategies.............................................................................................................5
2.2 Smoking Bans and Restrictions Strategy...............................................................................................6
2.3 Mass Media Campaign Strategy............................................................................................................7
2.4 Community Intervention Strategy..........................................................................................................8
3.0 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................8
4.0 References...........................................................................................................................................10

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1.0 Introduction
Previous global surveys indicate that smoking is a worldwide practice as over 945 and
176 million of both adult men and women are active the users, and is expected to increase in
future (Brath et al., 2016). Countries such as China, India Bangladesh, and the United States
record the highest number of smokers globally. However, developing countries such as Ethiopia,
South Africa, and many others, comprises about 73% of the global smokers (Gianino et al.,
2017). The rate of smoking has resulted into a high number of preventable deaths globally, for
example, 80,000 deaths in England, 2,300 deaths in Northern Ireland, and 13,500 Scotland
deaths were attributed to smoking in 2014 (Kaleta et al.,2015). The high rate of smoking
increases the number of smoking-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer that
leads to high percentages of hospitalization of young males in various countries and has made
smoking global health hazard (Jawad et al., 2018). For example, about 1.7 million admissions as
in England in 2014-2015 were attributed to smoking that eventually led to the high percentage of
premature deaths.
These deaths result into high economic costs to the respective countries, for example in
the United Kingdom, smoking about $ 5.2 billion in 2005-2006 in treating smoking-related
diseases and this has negative impacts on both the economic and social well being of a country
(Feirman et al., 2016). Therefore it is upon every country’s government, public, and private
organizations to place strategies to address smoking habit as well as avoiding the high mortality
and mobility rate (Kollins et al., 2013). This paper thus investigates and reports strategies that
could be used to address the high, increasing rate of male smokers between the ages of 25-29

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years. The strategies will cover three different levels that are upstream, middle stream and
downstream among the affected.
The demographic distribution of smokers ranges from adolescents to adults, with highest
smokers being the adults. Research indicates that smoking prevalence increases from 12 years
old with averagely 6 % among the 15 -18 years old, 12% among the 18 years old ,15% among
the 20 years old, 22% among 25-29 years old and then dropping to 18 % among the old adults
(Baker & Chang, 2016). Smoking habit begins at childhood stages and establishes during
adolescence, with about 9 out of 10 smokers say that first experience was between the age of 18 -
19 years and advance with age, increasing the risk factors too, thus quitting also becomes
difficult.
To be able to identify the best strategies that can be used to address smoking among the
males between ages of 25-29 years, various factors that attribute to the adoption of smoking
habits among the men must be identified (Dusseldorp et al., 2014). These include social and
physical environments such as media advertisements on tobacco use as a regular activity,
surrounding and influences by peers and the parental nature of smoking. Biological and genetic
factors such as smoking during pregnancy increase the likelihood of the child being a smoker in
future. Lower socioeconomic status such as lack of enough education and income, mental health
such as depression, anxiety, and stress, inadequate support from the parents and accessibility of
the tobaccos are also some significant contributors.

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2.0 Strategies applied
Most of the strategies used tend to target the risks and protective factors buttressed by
psychological, sociological, ecological, and educational theories attempts to change the use
behaviors. Several methods and models have been developed to address smoking such as the
Theory of Triadic Influence: that encompasses on the development of smoking behaviors that are
integrated into two dimensions, that are causative and a stream of influence. The TTI base on the
assumptions that variable and theories are into their different stream, that is: upstream, middle
stream and downstream.
2.1 Clinical Intervention Strategies
Healthcare providers are in the best positions of helping the young male adults between
the age 25-29 in preventing the smoking initiation and quitting from smoking. Several national
guidelines developed by various health organizations such as American Medical Association
recommend that all the young adults visit healthcare services to receive confidential preventive
measures as the addicts are rehabilitated. One of the suggested methods that aimed at delivering
brief tobacco-related and cessation services was known as the “5 A’s” model (Martinez, 2017).
The model had five steps that are Asking the patient whether he/she uses tobacco, Advising the
patient who smokes to quit the habit. Assessing the patient’s (smokers) willingness to quit
smoking, Assisting the willing patient to quit by counseling, conducting pharmacotherapy and
providing appropriate referrals and Arranging a follow-up a program through telephone calls and
home visits.

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Nurse-family partnership program is also a healthcare intervention that aims at
addressing both the social and health needs of the smokers. It is evidential that male between the
ages is the economic core of every country and therefore, the high efficiency of smoking on the
age set has paramount negatives results in the economic status. This program is mostly
applicable to individuals and family that have low incomes. The nurses always paid home visits
to such individuals to enhance their economic self-efficiency that is a significant factor leading to
the adoption of behavioral risks such as smoking. The nurses bring together all the family and
relatives of the addicts and advise them on ways they can assist the victim in combating the
smoking habit.
2.2 Smoking Bans and Restrictions Strategy
Smoking bans and restrictions are constituted policies that entirely ban or regulate the
consumption of tobacco products in various countries and places such as public and private areas
(Lunze & Luigi, 2013). The smoking policies are highly recommended since they tend to reduce
the exposure of hence decreasing the consumption, for example, increasing the prices of tobacco
(Henry, 2013). The United States has raised the excise taxes for more than 100 times to control
the use of the and create pure public health. For example, the in August 2011 United States and
other districts of Columbia imposed an excise tax on cigarettes that hiked from &0.17 per pack
to $ 4.35 per pack (Salloum, Asfar & Maziak, 2016). Economic principles indicate that as the
real price of a good increase, then consumption of the product tends to fall and the cigarette is
not an exception as noted in the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Many of the
researchers show that there is a high probability of quitting smokes among adults concerning the
increase in prices.

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2.3 Mass Media Campaign Strategy
It is evidential that a large number of the males are accessible to social media platforms
that are the primary tools for product marketing. Some of the men initiate the smoking habit
through observing the advertisements that are very enticing; therefore, it is upon these same
social media to help in combating the rate of smoking prevalence. The message contents created
through formative research and dissemination tends to warn on the health dangers make the
individual gain self-awareness and rethink of the decisions of continue smoking ( Boynton et
al.,2016). For example in the united state televisions aired antismoking messages in 1967 after
the Federal Communications Commission ruled that fairness doctrine to apply to cigarettes too.
The exposure of the informative words was associated with reduced level smoking in adults and
is still applicable in some countries through the anti-smoking ads on televisions ceased after
Congress banned advertising on the media.
Uses of school-based campaigns to create awareness have also been effective in reducing
the rate of tobacco consumption in various countries. These awareness campaigns help the male
adults between ages 25-29 to resist peer pressure and know both the long and short-term effects
such as cardiovascular disease and bad breaths. Such campaigns have been applied in various
countries such as California when messages such as “think, don’t smoke” were designed to
portray tobacco industries as deceptive and manipulative to both youths and adults (Mussener et
al., 2016). The example in California, the use of Community Intervention Trial for Smoking
Cessation (COMMIT) that was created to reduce the prevalence of smoking among adults and
increase quitting among adult smokers and was effective.

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2.4 Community Intervention Strategy
The high rate of smoking prevalence in males of 25-29 years are mostly based on the
social influence, and therefore the development of community intervention to reach all the
members of the age group to spread the non-smoking habit (Franck et al.,2016). Such
interventions aim at a group of people that share the same geographical or common interests that
support non-smoking behaviors and include practices such as smoke-free public places, clean
Indoors Air laws, and age-of-purchase laws. Several studies show that restrictive rules in private
and public areas were effective strategies for reducing smoking among the youths and young
adults.
3.0 Conclusion
It is evidential that smoking is more prevalent among males than females and increases
with the increase of age, having the highest level at the age of 25-29, the dropping among the old
adults. This makes the interventions designed to combat smoking to e entirely focused on the
young male adults, as they are the most prevalent. Such interventions include the use of
international, national and government policies such as excise duty on tobacco products. From
the previous researchers, increase in the tobacco product’s prices tends to reduce the rate of
initiation of the smoking amount the young adult as well as reducing the purchasing power that
eventually helps in managing smoking prevalence.
Others include community programs, clinical interventions and mass media campaign,
that all aim at creating health hazards awareness of smoking and improving the addicts to quit
the habit. Use of mass media in educating the entire public have a positive effect on the rate of

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cigarette consumption as many young adults become enlightened on the health hazards of
tobacco products. Finally, a well-coordinated community program is capable of reducing
smoking rate among the male of between 25-29. However, no single strategy is capable of
elevating the young adults from the smoking habit, and therefore, a blend of these strategies will
be more effective.

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