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The structure of the cell. 9 The structure of the cell

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Added on  2020-03-16

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3 Proteins 4 Monosaccharides 5 Nucleic acids 6 Methods that substances use to move in and out of cells 7 Enzymes 8 Introduction 8 Hypothesis. The endoplasmic reticulum appears as a rich network of flattened tubes and sacs bound by a membrane. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, it is found in cells that synthesize proteins. The Golgi apparatus has a series of flattened, stacked membrane bound sacs, tubular extensions and vesicles.

The structure of the cell. 9 The structure of the cell

   Added on 2020-03-16

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The structure of the cellThe structure of the cell.(Name)Centre Wiltshire College.Cell Biology.Barbara Stephens(Date of submission)
The structure of the cell. 9 The structure of the cell_1
1The structure of the cell.Table of contentsCell structure and functions.............................................................................................................2Biomolecules...................................................................................................................................3Proteins.........................................................................................................................................4Lipids...........................................................................................................................................5Nucleic acids................................................................................................................................6Methods that substances use to move in and out of cells................................................................7Enzymes...........................................................................................................................................8Introduction..................................................................................................................................8Hypothesis....................................................................................................................................9Methods........................................................................................................................................9Results..........................................................................................................................................9Discussion..................................................................................................................................10Effects of PH on enzymes......................................................................................................10Enzyme concentration............................................................................................................10Substrate concentrations............................................................................................................11Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
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2The structure of the cell.Cell structure and functions.Figure 1: An image of cell organelles (Bobysheva & Kachshenko 2011).The cell membrane is the outer part of the cell that has lipids, oligosaccharides andproteins. The basic structure of the cell membrane consists of an arrangement of phospholipidsmolecules each consisting of a polar hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. In addition, thereare integral and peripheral proteins (Albert, Johnson& Lewis 2002). The cell membranemaintains the structural integrity of the cell. Moreover, it allows movement of the cell throughformation of cilia and flagella. Finally, it regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell(Cooper 2000).The cytoplasm lies in between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It has a matrix that hasorganelles and inclusions. Cell activities occur in the cytoplasm (Albert, Johnson& Lewis 2002).Furthermore, the cytoplasm keeps organelles in place. The mitochondria has two membranesdivided by an inter membrane space. Folds of the inner membrane make the cristae, whichencloses the matrix space. Furthermore, it consists of ribosomes, t- RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and
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3The structure of the cell.mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria produce chemical energy for the cell in form of ATP(Adenosine Tri-phosphate) (Cooper 2000).The endoplasmic reticulum appears as a rich network of flattened tubes and sacs boundby a membrane. It is the site of carbohydrate, protein and lipid synthesis. The rough endoplasmicreticulum is involved in protein synthesis, it is found in cells that synthesize proteins. Itsynthesizes and segregates proteins for intracellular or extracellular use. The smoothendoplasmic reticulum appears as membranous network in the cell. It is involved in synthesis ofsteroids, detoxification and lipid metabolism (Bobrysheva & Kachshenko 2011).The Golgi apparatus has a series of flattened, stacked membrane bound sacs, tubularextensions and vesicles. The Golgi apparatus stores proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum forsecretion. Furthermore, it secretes lysosomes. Lysosomes are cell organelles involved in turnoverof cellular components and intracellular digestion. They are membrane bound spherical vesiclesthat have a huge variety of hydrolytic enzymes. They are found in cells involved in phagocyticactivity such as macrophages (Bobrysheva & Kachshenko 2011).Ribosomes are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasm. They occursingly (monosomes) or in groups (polysomes). Monosomes and polysomes secrete proteins usedin and out of the cell. The cell also consists of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediatefilaments, these are structural proteins that provide shape and form to the cell. They also play afundamental role in cellular and cytoplasmic movements. Microtubules are circular and theyprovide a platform for cytoplasm components such as basal bodies, centrioles, cilia and flagella.Centrioles are cylindrical in shape and lie at right angles with each other. Moreover, they are
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