Study of Boot Procedures in Operating Systems

The objective of this study is to mention the booting procedures in operating systems as well as to explain in detail the different states of a process. After mentioning about the boot procedures and the differences among each operating system, the report goes on to discuss the process states with the help of a seven-state process model and a sample program.

Running head: STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Study of Boot Procedures in Operating Systems
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Executive Summary
The objective of this study is to mention the booting procedures in operating systems as well
as to explain in detail the different states of a process. After mentioning about the boot
procedures and the differences among each operating system, the report goes on to discuss
the process states with the help of a seven-state process model and a sample program.

2STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Discussion..................................................................................................................................3
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................6
References..................................................................................................................................7

3STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Introduction
This study discusses how the boot procedures vary among different operating systems
mainly Windows, Mac and Linux and describes the different process states. For an in depth
discussion on process states the report presents the seven-state process model diagram and
also talks about the journey of a process with the help of a sample program.
Discussion
In PC the boot procedures vary from operating system to operating system. The
different phases of the boot process of windows 7 are BIOS initialization, OS loader, OS
initialization, the Post boot phase and the Ready boot pre fetcher. For Mac the phases are
Boot ROM Initialization, Executing Boot Loader, Kernel Initialization and Rooting and
finally System Initialization. The boot process of Linux occur in six different stages which
are BIOS (Basic Input Output System), MBR (Master Boot Record), GRUB (Grand Unified
Bootloader), Kernel, Init and Runlevel (Mudiraj, 2013).
The seven state process model for operating systems is given below.
Figure 1: Seven-state process model

4STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
(Source: Created by Author)
As per the diagram it can be found that the seven process states in operating systems
are: New, Ready, Ready Suspended, Blocked, Blocked Suspended, Running and Exit.
New: In this state, the process is yet to be created and the program is stored in the secondary
memory from where the OS picks the program to create the process (Rumble, Kejriwal, and
Ousterhout, 2014).
Ready: When a process is created it is ready to execute and is loaded in main memory. In
main memory the process waits in the queue for CPU time to complete execution.
Running: Here, after being marked by the CPU for execution, the instructions of the process
are executed by any of the cores of the CPU.
Blocked: The process enters the waiting or blocked state every time it requests input from the
user or tries to access the critical region with lock already in place. The process waits in the
main memory until the activity or required I/O operations are complete.
Exit: Following the complete execution, the process gets killed along with the respective
Process Control Block (PCB) (Samal and Mishra, 2013).
Ready Suspended: If the scheduler swaps the process out from main memory while running
in ready state and stores it, the process is said to exist in Ready Suspended state (Goel and
Garg, 2013). It will again move to Ready state when it is again loaded to main memory.
Blocked Suspended: Whenever a process performing its I/O operations is moved into
secondary memory owing to shortage of main memory, the process is in Blocked Suspended
state. After it completes the I/O operations it can move to Ready Suspended state.
Below the process states of a simple C program asking for users name as input and
displaying the same is shown:

5STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int i;
printf(“Enter your name \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&i);
printf(“Your name is %d”,i);
getch();
}
The above program when created enters the New state and is loaded to main memory
where it moves to Run state and displays the output
Enter your name
After this the process waits for user input and is moved to Blocked state.
After user provides his name and hits enter the I/O operation is complete and the process is
moved to Run state again where next set of instructions are executed. Here the following
output is displayed.
[Username as entered]
With no further instructions remaining the process is moved to Exit state where it is killed.

6STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
Conclusion
To conclude the report mentions how boot procedures vary among operating systems
namely, Windows 7, Mac and Linux. It further discusses in detail the seven-state business
process model with the help of a concise diagram showing the journey of a process. An
example is given also to provide better demonstration.

7STUDY OF BOOT PROCEDURES IN OPERATING SYSTEMS
References
Goel, N., & Garg, R. B. (2013). A comparative study of cpu scheduling algorithms. arXiv
preprint arXiv:1307.4165.
Mudiraj. (2013). Windows, Linux and Mac Operating system Booting Process: a
Comparative Study [Ebook] (2nd ed.). Aurangabad: IJRCCT.
Rumble, S. M., Kejriwal, A., & Ousterhout, J. K. (2014, February). Log-structured memory
for DRAM-based storage. In FAST (Vol. 14, pp. 1-16).
Samal, P., & Mishra, P. (2013). Analysis of variants in Round Robin Algorithms for load
balancing in Cloud Computing. International Journal of computer science and
Information Technologies, 4(3), 416-419.