Supporting Independent Living

This report examines the role of assistive technologies (AT) in supporting independent living for individuals with disabilities, particularly those with dementia. It explores the benefits and challenges of using AT, including cost, knowledge, and resistance to change. The report also delves into the ethical considerations of using AT, focusing on principles like non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. Finally, it evaluates the usefulness of AT for users and healthcare services, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies.

Supporting Independent
Living In Health And Social
Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1: How technology can be used to support users in living independently..........................3
1.2 Barriers of using assistive technology to support users of health and social care............4
1.3 Benefits of using advanced technology to users...............................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Health and safety considerations while providing health care by using assistive
technologies............................................................................................................................6
2.2 Ethical consideration of using assistive technologies......................................................7
2.3 Impact of technological development on healthcare services, organisation and care
workers...................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Identify Joseph's specific needs........................................................................................8
3.2 Different types of assistive devices which could be use by Joseph for independent living..9
3.3 Evaluate usefulness of technology for users and health care services.............................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Independent living refers to when person live their life independently without taking help
of others and live like a non disable person. (Bacsu and et. al., 2012). It is a type of technology
used by disable person to smoothen their life actions which could not be possible without it. For
this report, two case study has been taken, one is for Mrs Mary Johnson and other is for Mr.
Joseph. Technologies which assist disable person to live their life independently and barriers
which will face by them while using AT will be explained. Different types of safety
considerations will be elaborated with impact of it on individual and organisation will also
determine with the help of functional example. At last evaluation of technology will be done and
how it helps parents and family to support their decision of independent living will be explained.
TASK 1
1.1: How technology can be used to support users in living independently
Independent living refers to when an older people or disable person can live their life
independently and can do every activities to maintain their dignity, self respect (Robison and et.
al., 2013). It includes opportunities given to the person to choose where to live, how to live and
whom to live with. Main aim of this concept is to live their life on their own rules by not being as
a burden for another person. It could be achieved with the assistance of minimal help, safe living
environment, assistive technologies, and appropriate approach for medical services &
entertainment. There are different types of users of health and social care services like disable
person, old age people, individual suffering from various types of disease like dementia, low
mobility due to weak bones etc. Aim of using these type of services is to enhance health and
comfort of individual, improvement in care and quality of services to the user and at last, enable
them to live their life efficiently.
Assistive technology (AT) refers to those products, items, software, equipment which is
used to maintain and enhance functional abilities of disable person. AT also includes mobility
equipment like wheelchairs, walker, modifying beds, canes, crutches etc. For instance; if an
individual has problem of limited mobility of hand then large keyboards and mouse can be used
to assist them while working on computer. In other example, if anyone is blind and wants to read
text on computer then there are software which dictates whole page in that accent which is
understandable by the client (Bloom and et. al., 2012).

According to the case study, Mrs Mary Johnson is turning into a disable person and she
finds hard to remember things and moreover she sometimes face problem while coming back to
home. After proper assessment of Mrs Mary Johnson , their family had agreed to install gas
sensor, cut off valve, lifeline telecare which will be connected to the local community service,
calender clock, picture telephone and pill dispenser. Digital clocks can be used by Mary to keep
reminder of months and date so that she won't feel anxiety. Reminder with automatic dispenser
would be attached with medication act so that Mary won't forget to take pills according to the
prescription of doctor. Lifeline telecare will be used by Mary so that if she is having any kind of
danger while living independently. She can just push the danger button and proper safety would
be provided to her immediately. Gas sensor and cut off valve would be used so that if Mary
forgets to pull of the gas then it will automatically alarm Mary and their family members for the
future danger. Picture telephone will assist Mary to identify the caller with their name and
picture so that she wont have any problem while talking on phone. Besides this, GPS in the
phone will help their family members to track their location all the time and contact her directly
if urgent.
1.2 Barriers of using assistive technology to support users of health and social care
Motto of using assistive equipments is to make the life easier of a disable person which it
does but on the opposite side, it also creates various kind of barriers to them (Tew and et. al.,
2012) . As people suffering from dementia forgets ways through with specific equipment is use
then it will be of no use for anyone because AT is hard and complex to use. For instance, if
marry forgets the use of life line telecare then it wont be of no use for her resulting in danger on
her life. As advanced techniques is used while making assistive technology so if there is
technical breakdown in any of equipment then it would be hard for the person to access it for
maintenance.
 Cost: It is a monetary value which is given by the user in exchange of goods and services
which will satisfy their needs and demands. For instance, if any individual wants to buy
goods for their needs then they must pay for it as then only person becomes the owner of
it. It is an obstacle for many people as if they does not have money for it then it wont be
possible for them to satisfy their needs.

 Lack of knowledge and skills: Knowledge refers to information about any specific
topic. For instance, if person does not have knowledge and skill regarding the technology
then it wont be possible for them to use it.
 Resistance to change: It refers to when person does not want to change their habitual
process because it is easy to use and wont create any problem while using it. People
generally resist to every change they face because it will take them out from comfort
zone due to which it becomes hard for them to survive.
One of the essential barriers which person faces while using these advanced techniques is
cost of capital while purchasing it. All these equipments are high in cost and not everyone can
invest in it. Besides this, cost of maintenance is excluded in the purchasing cost of these devices.
For instance, if Mary does not have enough amount of money then it wont be possible for her to
buy it resulting it deteriorates in health conditions. Moreover it degrades the privacy of
individual as it allows doctors, hospital etc. to constantly check all their actions and information
which could be use in a negative way. These types of issues brings constant disappointment in
the life of person troubled from diseases and their family members. For instance, person with
dementia might feel distressed and confused when reminders at door starts ringing as they might
forget to use of this technology or who put this device at their door.
If there is technical breakdown in GPS or picture phone then it might attract lots of
tension to their family as in the recent past, Mary could not be able to reach their home due to
low memory function, besides this if signal frequency goes down due to any reason then it will
obstruct the advantage of it. For instance, first marry have to learn skills related to usage of
phone as then only they can fully utilise the equipment but it requires lots of time and money for
Marry which is a negative sign for her. Digital clocks can only be used at home due to its limited
portability and versatility so more money is required to buy those devices which should be
portable in nature (Care Quality Commission, 2012). Gas sensor or radio smoke detector will be
used to alert Mary and their family but it wont help her to save her from any incidents which
happens due to Gas. Automatic pill dispenser is not mobile in nature due to which Mary can not
use this product while going out. Moreover, if Mary is in the different rooms then she will forget
about the equipment she is using for taking pill.
To remove different types of barriers which are mentioned above, doctors and family
have to bring some modification while implementing AT in Mary's life. For instance, they have

to buy different types of digital clocks, clocks for home and other which is a wristband watch
which must be non-detachable from Mary. It would help her to check the time and date all the
time no matter she is in the house or outside it. To reduce the panicking at the time of prompt
reminder while taking pills, doctors have to paste the document beside it so that Mary won't feel
shocked. Automatic gas valve should be installed in the Mary's house as if she forgets to turn off
the gas connection then it will get automatically switched off after gas sensor alerts the fragrance
of gas. By implementing and using these solutions, it would help Mrs. Johnson and her family to
live their life smoothly and independently.
1.3 Benefits of using advanced technology to users
There are many advantage of using AT as it assist disable person to live their life freely
and independently and enables them to do everything which might not be possible without these
technologies (Washko, Campbell and Tilly, 2012). Moreover, Mary will remain active in their
social groups which preserve their self esteem and motivation for living as goal of using AT is to
attain independence, well being and autonomy.
It will also help their family and friends as their tension for Mary would be reduced to a
certain level. Besides this they can check all the actions which she is doing and alert her if she is
in danger through their phone and GPS inside it.
BENEFIT OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY TO USERS
 Act as a tool for people to remind them about the time of their medicine.
 Assist users to find the items they have lost
 Assist the person by telling them about day and night time
 It has a feature to automatically switch on the light when person gets up
 Help in alerting the caretaker that patient need them
BENEFIT OF AT TO ORGANISATIONS-
 It help the organisation to increase its profitability because of more and more customers
because limited organisations are dealing in these technologies.
 It will improve the brand image of the company when it attracts huge customers.
Assistive technologies are not very common thing , so very limited companies are dealing
in it which is giving benefit to the company.
Main reason of providing AT to Mary is that it would also help her to provide safe
environment and promotes her independence. Moreover, it would also reduce their isolation at

home and maintain its dignity and confidence to its peak. There is benefits of assistive
technology to users as individual can live their life like a disable free person. Besides this burden
on family and friends would be reduced to a certain level.
For social care organisation, they can reduce the incident of dementia in country with the
help of latest and advanced technologies (Paul and et. al., 2015). For instance, doctors can map
and understand the behaviour and symptoms of patients through camera so that rate of patients
would be reduced by launching vaccines and medicines of it. Moreover, quality of care and
services provided to the patients can also be increased to a certain level. At last, it AT is
expensive in nature due to which there profitability could increase to a certain level.
TASK 2
2.1 Health and safety considerations while providing health care by using assistive technologies
Health and safety at work act (1974) states that protecting health, safety and welfare of
any individual is important and proper measures should be taken to accomplished the same. This
act also says that it is prohibited to keep highly flammable gas or substances or any other
explosive materials at home (Campbell and Oliver, 2013). Person if found guilty should be
punished with strict actions immediately.
 Staff training: It is essential for individual working in the company to have proper
knowledge regarding the work they are doing as then only they can perform their task
with highest potential.
 Building capacity: Main aim of using of AT is to make the life easier so that they can
live their life like a normal human being. But sometimes people used it to enhance their
performance. So it must be important for person to use the AT according to their
impairment.
 Level and stage of cognitive impairment: It must be important for for person to check
the impairment which they are facing due to disease and then use the technology
accordingly. For instance, if someone is suffering from cold but they took a high over
dose of medicine before concerning to doctor then it might affect their health in a
negative way.
There are many things that are required to be considered while using assistive technology
according to this act like; Before installing any product in the home of individual suffering from

various diseases, doctors and family members should properly analyse the use of AT and they
should also analyse what will be the worst consequences of it if used in a wrong way. It would
assists them to eliminate all those devices which falls in the category of explosive or dangerous
substances and products. According to case study of Mrs Mary Johnson, all the AT she is using
should be installed after getting permission or assent from her. Moreover, their family member
should be ensured that permission given by Mary should be free in nature. AT will decrease
human contact for Mary which will is a concerning point for their relatives. As she would
prefers to live their life independently.
Apart from this, one of the most important consideration of using AT like automatic pill
dispenser or calender clock is that Mary would sooner loose their skills or memory of
remembering things which would harshly affect her life in the future. For instance, by using AT
for remembering things, Mary would loose their ability of thinking on her own, so if there is
technological breakdown in AT then it would be hard for her to live their life like a normal
person. At last, by using these technology it wont help problem or disease to get removed or
solved its just the way of living with the disability which might provoked their disability to get
worsen.
Moreover, it is important to check the level and stage of impairment as AT should be
recommended according to the condition patient is suffering from. For instance, Mary is having
pain in their legs then it does not means that she should use wheelchair to walk. That's why
proper check-up should be done before recommending AT to patient.
Staff training is important as if employee does not have proper information or knowledge
regarding the problem patients is having then it would be hard for them to recommend AT. For
instance, if Marry is suffering from dementia but the employees provides the AT which is not
helpful for her then expected result wont be attain by them. That's why it should be considered
while concerning with hospitals.
2.2 Ethical consideration of using assistive technologies
Ethics refers to combination of moral, beliefs, value, rules etc. which identifies any action
as right or wrong (Swain and et. al., 2013). Main aim of ethics is to cover different types of
dilemmas like which action is good or bad for example, Mary should only use their technologies
if it is not harming anyone by any means because if it does then it is ethically incorrect. There are
four types of ethical consideration while using AT which is explained below,

 Non maleficence: In simple words it means “do not harm”. So before using any kind of
technology person should ensure that technology is not creating any type of harm for
themselves as well as for others and if it does then person should not use it ethically.
 Beneficence: Individual suffering from any kind of disease should take care that
technology is fulfilling their existence of purpose i.e., to assist the person from dementia.
If it not helping in any sense then person should avoid it and use those technology which
enhance their independently from others.
 Autonomy: It consist of various variables like autonomy, privacy, freedom, choices etc.
While using AT person should have their own privacy i.e., other person or relatives is not
tracking the activities done by the individual as it will make them angry due to invasion
of privacy. Choices means that patients should have a freedom of choosing which AT to
use or not. As if they are not happy with the product then no should force them to use it
because then their freedom of taking decision will be gone which is not ethically correct.
 Justice: It refers to treat every person fairly and ethically. Every one should respect the
rights of the disable person and provides full authority to take their decision accordingly.
Non maleficence which means that while using the technologies individual have to
ensure that it is not harming the person who is using their nearby people. It should be danger free
as then only it would help Mary with their dementia problem.
Beneficence states that AT used by disable person should help her to live their life
smoothly instead of deteriorating (Campbell and Oliver, 2013). AT should benefit the disable
person as if is not helping Mary to live their life smoothly then it is of no use of investing huge
amount of money.
Autonomy means that disable person should be able to live their life independently,
privacy etc. after using AT. Doctors and their family members must ensure that they are not
interrupting privacy of Mary as it would decrease her confidence and dignity to a certain level.
For instance, if camera is been used by doctors to take care of Mary then it would decrease her
privacy which is not ethically correct.
At last, justice which means treating every personality as equal. For example, Mary is
using different types of technologies so their family members have to check all the four factors

which are mentioned above and if it does not fit in these factors then she must stop using it (Tew
and et. al., 2012).
Benefits of using guidelines is that negative effect of AT would be reduced to a level
which wont affect or bother the family members of Mary. For instance, if gas sensor is working
according to its pre set guidelines then it would help her to live her life happily but on the other
side if Mary or her family members does not follow the rules and regulations given on the packet
then chances of burning house will become high. While using of AT all the pros and cons should
be convey to the person so that no confusion will be create in the mind of customers at the time
of using it.
2.3 Impact of technological development on healthcare services, organisation and care workers
The only thing which is constant is technology is change as the time changes new
technology also arrived to solve the problem which users, social care etc. is having (Slade and et.
al., 2014). For example, in past disable people feels difficult to walk on stairs so to minimize it,
ramp were made. Again disable persons finds hard to walk on ramp so they made crutches or
wheelchair whose work is to maintain the mobility of people so that they can live their life
happily. One of the rising technology which is emerging in the field of health and social care is
talking refrigerator which prompt the reminder to the person that food has been eaten or not.
Alarm will be set on the refrigerator according to the schedule of the individual and whenever it
beeps then person should eat what already is in the fridge.
Impact of AT on user: While using automatic pill dispenser it would help individual to
live their life independently so that their motivation and dignity would remain high but on the
other side, it would decrease power of memory as human brain is a sensitive organ which
requires regular practices or else the mind process would become slow causing ineffectiveness.
For organisation, positive impact would be the profitability level of hospitals will
enhance because AT technology is costly in nature which depicts high margin to the seller or
hospitals also. But on the other side, there is high chances of technology breakdown which
affects their profitability and goodwill of hospital in a negative way.
For care worker AT would enhance the quality of services provided to their patients as
most of the work is done by the technology only. But AT also create negative impact on social
care worker as they become lethargic towards their clinical practice due to which care worker
professional development would reduce to a certain level.

TASK 3
3.1 Identify Joseph's specific needs
Dementia is a disease which decrease ability of individual to remember daily activities or
in other terms loss of memory slowly and steadily (Greenhalgh and et. al., 2015). Main reason
behind dementia is change in physical structure of brain. Joseph is an individual suffering from
onset dementia which means that it is still in the stage of curability. Problem which Mr. Joseph is
facing is loss of memory, could not able to find out the day and time after seeing the clocks
which means that he has lost his ability to read the clock.
There are different needs of dementia troubled patients like communication. Person feels
lonely and de-motivated after suffering from their deadly disorder so family or friends should
take care that smooth communication is done among them. Moreover proper nutrition, hygiene,
sleeping habits should be maintained by doctors and family members so that dementia won't
affect the body in a negative way.
According to the case study, there are different needs which Mr. Joseph requires like
yoga. Doing Yoga on regular basis would help Joseph to maintain peace and harmony in his
mind as he has recently lost his wife due to which more pressure is handled by him so that
pressure would be released. Besides this, he should take proper medicine because Joseph is
suffering from onset dementia which is curable in nature. As onset dementia is hard to detect,
proper check-up should be done by their family members so that actual and accurate stage of
problem would be find out (Johnstone, 2012). Regular exercise is one of the essential needs of
Joseph as it would help him to make their body movable in nature because in many cases
dementia leads to immobility of person. Moreover, healthy food should be provided to Joseph as
one of the reason behind dementia is deficiency of vitamin or abnormalities in thyroid.
3.2 Different types of assistive devices which could be use by Joseph for independent living
It is important for every disable person to live their life like a normal human being and to
accomplished it assistive technology is used (Glasby, 2017). As Joseph is suffering from onset
dementia, various technologies which could be use by him is
 Reminders equipment which is fixed in different places at home. For instance, it will be
placed on the door so that whenever he enters or leave house then record message will
prompt and remind the person to close the door. Main benefit of using this equipment is

that person wont forget any activities which they must do to overcome their diseases or
which might harm their health.
 Sensor should be fit near the door so that if Joseph leaves the house then it will alert their
daughter Lisa so they have to continuously check GPS tracker to track the location of
Joseph. Sensor will help their family to keep an eye on every activity done by the
individual so that every fatal actions would be eliminated. .
 GPS device should be connected with their all cloths so that their relatives can anytime
check the live location of Joseph. GPS device assist their family to keep record of the
location which person is visiting and alert them if any wrongful circumstances is going to
happen.
 Home camera must be installed so that their relatives will also check his live activities
while sitting at their home and if any dangerous activity is detected then it would be
easier for them to alert Joseph. Main aim of using the home camera is to keep the track of
an individual.
 Clocks and calender will help Joseph to identify date and time so that his disorientation
would be removed. As there are chances where individual can feel panicked after seeing
the dates as they does not remember that what time or day is it. It will ensure that Joseph
has knowledge about the date and time and feel that he is living a normal life.
 Gas and water sensor should be installed within home so that if gas stove is left opened
then it will get automatically switched off.
3.3 Evaluate usefulness of technology for users and health care services
Assistive technologies
Assistive technology is a piece, equipment or product which assist disable person to
improve their functional activities. (Prince and et. al., 2015). These technologies help people in
doing different activities on daily basis. Assistive technology help people to perform task that
they enable to accomplish or had face difficulties in accomplishing. The techniques are: Clock
and Calenders: There are numerous tools as well as devices are available to help dementia people
maintain the record related to days and dates. The device is automatic calender clock in which
days are automatically change by which keep on track as well as they don't lose track which day
it is. Some devices only show dates and days but some also show whether its morning or

evening. GPS tracking: In this people are track through GPS, as its help people to navigate them
if they are wandered off without any knowledge.
The various tools in GPS through which people are allocated like MindMe which is
equipped with an alert button as well as shoe with smart sole through an app locations can be
pinpointed. Through this dementia people can be located easily if they wander off somewhere.
Autocratic prompts and reminders: This device is based motion of sensors, the sensor is placed at
the door its voice prompts to remind person to lock the door, place near switch board to remind
person to switch off the lights (Beresford, 2013). Another reminder doesn't detect movements but
remind at certain time. Locator device and solutions: This device or tool help to people who
forgets items or misplace regularly used items like wallets and keys. Small electronic tag is
attached to each of items so that it can detect by dementia people. Its very difficult to used as
person can also forget where they kept that device. This device is not useful to Joseph because he
is already suffering from dementia so its very difficult for him to remember the remote of locator
item device.
Recommended progress: The problem in Joseph is increasing rapidly, as these tools are
usually very helpful for them to remind all the things as well as items they kept and forget.
Dementia is a problem which is keep on increasing in him but it is recommended that people
should always make a track of him by which he shouldn't lost anywhere. The days and dates are
also reminded by them when they use automatic day and date changes tool as well as they get to
know about whether its morning or evening. Sensors also keep them safe at home by which he
always remember to close the door or switch off the lights. Main aim of technology is to assist
individual to live their life independently and it did not promote that it reduces the level of
problem individual is facing (Singh and et. al., 2016). Assistive technology would help Joseph to
clear the obstacles which he is facing like problem of memory loss but it wont remove the
problem within individual. After dementia approaches to deteriorates stage then it would
increase dependence level to their family member. So it can said that technology does not
promote independence at the last stage of dementia. From this it would be concluded that people
should different technologies to maintain the track and allocate people where they are and they
can find out through devices like GPS etc. as they also used automatic sensors device to to es
safe at home as well. On the other hand, there are AT which is not useful for Joseph like
wheelchairs as he is not having any problem related to mobility.

Advantages and disadvantages of usefulness of assistive technology
Advantages Disadvantages
Main benefit of using the AT is that individual
would be able to live their life independently
and happily. It remains their motivation and
dignity high for a longer period of time.
Most of the AT is expensive in nature due to
which everyone can not afford it. It wont be
possible for every individual to buy AT
according to their diseases as some of
equipments cost fortune.
Individual or patients life becomes more easier
as they would be able to live their life on their
own rules and does not have to depend on
other person to take care of them.
Using of AT requires knowledge and skills
accordingly which makes its complex to use.
Moreover, it also takes time to set according to
the conditions of the patients.

CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the above report that the technologies plays an important role
in the health and social care services. It provides supports the patients in conducting their
activities. It also helps them in managing their daily routine works through which they can not
face any issues in performing their daily routine functions. There are some barriers of using
technologies such as it increases the dependency of them on the advanced technologies through
which the health issues are increased for the patients. Technologies are also provide profits and
losses to its users. For this, social care has responsibility to use proper instructions so that the
negative influence of the technologies can be reduced. Physicians of the hospitals have to follow
all the rules which has been given to them for protecting the health care of patients. Every patient
have different kinds of needs and demands their livelihood can be spent in effective manner so
that doctors have obligations to identify these kind of demands and fulfils it. The doctors have to
gather proper knowledge about the technological products from experts and guide the patients
accordingly with the help of it the negative influence of this products can be reduced in proper
manner.

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