Sustainable Tourism Development Strategies

This assignment delves into the complexities of sustainable tourism development. It requires students to examine various strategies employed to promote responsible tourism practices while addressing environmental, social, and economic impacts. The analysis includes evaluating stakeholder perspectives, studying relevant case studies, and proposing effective policies for sustainable tourism development.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
1

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
P 1.1 Deriving benefits from planning tourism development..........................................................3
P 1.2 Discussing the benefits and limitations of public and private sector partnership..................4
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................5
P 2.1 Various levels of planning tourism development and its features..........................................5
P 2.2 Importance of Interactive planning in tourism development.................................................7
P2.3 Evaluation of various methods available to measure impacts on tourists...............................7
P3.1 JUSTIFICATION OF INTRODUCING SUSTAINABLE CONCEPT IN DEVELOPMENT IN
POSTER
FORM..........................................................................................................................................10
P3.2 ANALYSING FACTORS THAT MIGHT HINDER SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN
POSTER FORMAT.......................................................................................................................11
P4.1 Evaluation of methods for resolving conflicts of interests....................................................13
P4.2 Analysing the outcomes of balance supply...........................................................................13
P4.3 Evaluation of ethical and moral issues of enclave tourism...................................................15
P5.1 Comparison of current issues with development in tourism.................................................16
P5.2 Evaluation with recommendations, future development in tourism......................................18
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................19
Reference List:...............................................................................................................................20
2

Introduction
In the starting of 2017, the commencing of celebration to put forth tourism as a primary tool to
make sure that social, international economic and sustainability of environment persists. The
industry of tourism in the Philippines has been considered a powerful engine for a sustained and
strong growth of economy. Excluding the worthwhile contribution of the economy of
Philippines, the tourism of the nation also had a major impact on the development of the society.
This was deep and broad as it is both capital and labour incentive. Vocational and skill
development are promoted which can be exported and the culture of tourism can be promoted via
a cleaner and safer environment that would benefit not only the tourists but also the total
community altogether.
Task 1
P 1.1 Deriving benefits from planning tourism development
Stakeholders enjoy direct or indirect benefits from the plans to develop tourism in the country.
According to Nellemann et al. (2014, p.78), the list of stakeholders, in relation to tourism,
include employees, suppliers, tourists, investors and the local community. In order to achieve the
sustainable benefits, the tourism development board of Philippines should involve the
stakeholders in this process.
Availability of resources: The tourism development planning will help the country to enhance
marketing and tourism support services by providing abundance of assets and resources. The
destinations will avail enrichment in resource adequacy and quality.
Development of economy: With the development of tourism industry in the country, the
employment opportunities will ensure growth and improvement in the standard of living of local
people. Visitors from all over the world help to generate revenue and this will strengthen the
economic infrastructure in the country.
Competitive edge: Developing plans to improve tourism will help the employees to gain control
over the new market and provide services efficiently. In the opinion of Griggs et al.(2013,
p.306), this will also ensure increased resources availability, which will lead to creating a
competitive advantage.
Cultural values: Developing tourism will help the people of the country as well as foreigners to
experience the culture and traditions of Philippines. This will strengthen the cultural bondings
3

and create respect for the cultural values. Responsibility towards the culture will ensure
sustainability in planning for tourism development.
Personal growth: With the development of tourism in the country, the people and the local
community also gets the opportunity to attain personal growth. The growth in economic and
social development ensures improved tourism services (including support services). The
productivity and the performance of the individual is also improves.
Integration of market: The integration of world market with national market is important to
create a competitive edge and to develop the economic conditions. The visitors visiting from
different countries will enhance the revenue generation model of the country. This will help the
country to develop the destination values and raise its economic values.
The stakeholders are directly or indirectly influenced by the decisions taken by Government for
tourism development. The authorities taking the decisions must consider the hopes and
aspirations of the people and the local community.
P 1.2 Discussing the benefits and limitations of public and private sector
partnership
Philippines enjoy beautiful heritage sites and cultural values, which holds the potential to
generate huge revenues and employment opportunities. Manalo (2017, p.45) has commended
that any country can reach to its potential strength with the help of public and private
partnerships. The main benefits and limitations of this partnership can be understood as follows:
Benefits
The Government (having authority and jurisdiction) and the private sector (having huge capital)
can combine their efforts to ensure sustainability in tourism development. The collaboration of
these two sector will help to accomplish integration of the community, growth and development
of economy and solving legal and ethical issues. The public sector can help in identifying scope
for development and enhancing jurisdiction. On the other hand, private sector can provide strong
leadership and develop innovative ideas and techniques to get the desired results. Private sector
holds vast experience of surviving in competitions. The bonding between the private and public
sector can create employment opportunities and boost economic growth and performance. In the
view of Bakker and Messerli (2017, p.386), private sector can help the government in managing
risks associated with tourism, with the help of effective risk management strategies.
4

Public sector will keep in check the hunger of maximum use of resources by private sector. The
partnership will develop dynamic strategies to win over the market. The combined effort of
public and private sector in the planning process will also improve the quality of information
used in decision-making process.
Limitations
Along with benefits, the partnership faces certain disadvantages too, such as profit motive,
resource distribution and responsibilities allocation. The private sector works with the intention
to generate maximum profit, unlike public sector. Public sector works for the benefit of the
people and the community. The partnership may face difficulties while distributing resources.
This will interrupt the flow of planning for tourism development. Because of the diverse
structure of authorities, the partnership may face hindrances in the decision-making process.
There may be differences of ideas, opinions, work culture and strategies, which may affect the
dynamics of the partnership.
Task 2
P 2.1 Various levels of planning tourism development and its features
The planning for tourism development can be categorized in four levels. These levels support
each other and are interrelated.
International level: This level comprises of visitors from different countries and flow of tour
programming. At this level, a developed destination all over the world inspires to develop
attractive destinations in the country. Philippines aim to develop marketing strategies and
promotional programs to match the international standards.
National level: The main feature of planning tourism development at this level is governing the
implication of legislation and policies. The objectives at this level are achieved with the help of
planning done for short and long-term objectives. Destinations are developed to increase
mobility of the visitors from one place to another.
5

Figure 1: Different levels of planning tourism development
(Source: Borges et al., p.54)
Regional level: At this level, destination attractions are developed with the help of different
policies and innovative techniques. In order to promote tourism services at regional level,
support services such as, transportation facilities and locations are improved. The main features
are accommodation at this level. The national policies and procedures are subdivided into
regional levels.
Sub-regional level: In order to apply the policies and procedures easily and effectively, the
features at this level is diversified. Plans are developed for each situations and sub-regional level
information are used for developing strategies. Roadmaps are prepared for the destinations at this
level to improve surveillance.
The development authorities make strategies for each level of planning to develop tourism.
These four levels support each other and coordination among these levels is necessary to
properly implement the development plan. The overall information collected from these levels
needs to be rearranged and analyzed properly. This will help in the decision-making process in
each level. The appropriate authorities must be delegated roles and responsibilities for each level
to determine the overall impact of planning.
6

P 2.2 Importance of Interactive planning in tourism development
The partnership of public and private sector helps to accomplish the developing of planning in
Philippines tourism. In the development process, following things can be observed with the help
of interactive planning systems and processes:
The local authorities, in order to gather and transfer information to national level, are measuring
the changes in the value and volume of the tourism. After collecting the accurate information
from the local authorities, the national level combines and analyses these information. In the
opinion of Pomeroy et al.(2015, p.212), the collected information is analyzed to identify the level
of effectiveness in development process. The interactive systems and processes make it easy to
the positive and negative impacts, because the data in the development process is shared in all
resources.
The national level authority also analyses the impact of tourists on the people and the
community. This is to see whether the tourism and support services are flowing in positive
direction or not. This will help the authority to improve services and promote the market. The
interactive systems and procedures ensure the development of planning, responsibility and
marketing more accurately. The development team, with their combined effort, can increase the
effectiveness and efficiency of work. The main role of interactive systems in tourism
development is monitoring and providing guidance to the development process.
The competition among tourism participants and the development of community should be
balanced in such a way that sustainability can be maintained in tourism development. The
national and regional level authorities can increase the bonding by sharing abundance of share.
The uninterrupted inflow and outflow of information among the development authorities is
possible, when surveys and evaluation events are organized.
P2.3 Evaluation of various methods available to measure impacts on tourists
Various methods can be utilised to measure the impacts of tourism. According to Timothy (2017,
p.4), this measurement is important to avoid the depreciation of culture of the society of
Philippines, along with a major impact on its economy and environment regarding destinations
and attractions. According to a review on the studies of tourism, it can make a positive influence
on the economic, social and environmental aspects of the destinations. According to Edgell Sr
7

(2016, p.45), various methods can be utilised to measure impacts like Triple Bottom Line,
Activity Monitor of Scarborough Tourism Economy and Assessment of Environmental Impact.
● Economic Measures: As per a review of the studies of tourism of the nation, it has been
demonstrated that development can be associated mainly with prosperity of economy. As
a result, the most used measures in research of tourism in Philippines have always been
the impact on its economy. The potential of tourism economy can be realised that might
take place in the absence of any activity of tourism. Two primary models are available to
estimate the value, volume and impact on tourism. Individuals who have vast knowledge
and experience on the tourism of Philippines have formulated these models.
● Environmental Measures: the aim of this kind of measurement is to assess the costs of
environment, along with several other actions in the legislation of the Assessment of
Environmental Impact for the projects of tourism of the nation. The goal is to
approximate the consequences of the environment of a proposed activity of development,
in order to make sure that potential risks are predicted accurately, and necessary measures
are formulated and implemented to avoid or compensate the damages caused on the
environment. The planning involves the auditing of environmental procedures,
imposition of limitations on natural resources, identification of probable threats posed to
the environment and probable negative repercussions on flora and fauna, people, water,
soil, air, cultural sites and landscapes.
● Social Measures: the impacts on the investments of society and culture, along with
planning of development are the most precarious to count and measure, as they are
generally extremely personal and qualitative. However, the primary methods are there for
collection of information for measurements of social impact, the starting choice in by
collection of primary sources data via interviews, surveys and questionnaire. The other
option is the evaluation of secondary sources in records of government, newspapers,
public documents and documentaries.
Excluding these, the other methods of measurement that can be considered include The Index of
Travel Intensity that would analyse and explain the proportion regarding visitors to population of
the locality.
8

Figure 1: Problems faced by foreign tourists in Philippines
(Source: Poudel et al. 2016, p.466)
The Rate of Tourism Intensity is defined to be the visitor’s number per population of 1000. In
addition to this, per squared kilometre regarding total area of land is another way to calculate the
impacts to developments of the locality and the Index of Human Development finally, which is
utilised by the Development Programme of United Nations to integrate social and financial
divergence to measure the odds of negative impacts.
The work of Pro Poor Tourism in collaboration with Responsible Tourism providing statistics
and practical advices, by describing how tourism can be advantageous to underprivileged
communities, the tourism of Philippines would be to aim to advertise better places for the
communities to reside and better destinations for tourists to visit.
9

10
Sustainable development of tourism considers every
future and present environmental, economic and social
implication on tourism. This is done by identification
of demands of tourists, need of communities and
trends of industry. When this scenario is considered
from various researches conducted in the tourism
sector, it is assumed that approximately 7.0% of
economic growth would be reached by 2017. Nearly
P230 billion have been collected last year from foreign
tourists in Philippines. This implies that a great
potential is there for the nation’s tourism sector in the
future. The destinations in Philippines are being
exposed due to the flourishing of tourism sector.
The sustainability of environment reduces the
harmful implications of tourism of the nation’s
ecosystem. The optimal utilization of resources
such as energy and water would be saving non-
renewable sources for future uses. The
minimization of waste production and improved
waste management are necessary for developing
a suitable environment. According to a case
study, the people of Philippines are becoming
hostile to developmental projects because of
damages.
P3.1 JUSTIFICATION OF INTRODUCING SUSTAINABLE CONCEPT IN
DEVELOPMENT IN POSTER FORM

11
P3.2 ANALYSING FACTORS THAT MIGHT HINDER
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN POSTER FORMAT
Development of sustainable tourism signifies the social,
economic and environmental issues that would result in
saving costs of organizations in tourism sector. It would
also prove to be advantageous to local communities and
similar other stakeholders along with safeguarding the
habitat. However, the difference in interests of various
stakeholders hinders the developmental plan of
sustainable tourism. The theory of consumerism is
different that sustainable methods and focus is given to
long term driving of profit mentality.
The changes in operational procedures of a company for
sustainability would result in conflicts amongst employees
and hindrance would be created accordingly. On the
contrary, the lack of knowledge amongst the managers
would prove to be significant according to various
researches on market that hampers the initiative processes
taken in the future.

12
LEAFLET FOR TASK 3 (P 3.3)
Stages of planning for sustainability
There are various stages in planning for tourism development that ensures sustainability. These stages can be
summarized as follows:
 Demand and supply: Assessing the demand and supply in tourism development is essential stage of
planning. While performing this assessment, sustainability should be maintained. This will help to
determine the potential for growth in the tourism market.
 Setting the objectives: This stage determines the potential strength of tourism sector in developing
the economy. Based on this strength, objectives are set for tourism development.
 Planning for territories: In this stage, each corner of the tourism is identified and plan is prepared
for each territory. This will help to consider the importance of each assets of the country.
 Improved infrastructure: Infrastructure provides lifeblood to the tourism development. This stage
focuses on improving the infrastructure facilities to support tourism.
 Finance and Resource planning: This stage deals with finance and human resource planning, while
making strategies for developing tourism.

P4.1 Evaluation of methods for resolving conflicts of interests
Conflict of Interest would take place where various stakeholders are there with various
objectives. However, the voluntary organisations and the Government would be promoting the
sustainable development of tourism would require the resolving of Conflict of Interests.
According to the case study, the President of the nation would have an agenda regarding tourism
development of Philippines for a long-term perspective. However, in his ways, there is a kind of
violation in the viewpoint of the environment of ecology that has been noticed from the given
scenario that has resulted in conflict in a stakeholder group like the local residing communities.
In this regard, there are various ways that can be carried out to take care of conflict of interest by
the provided way:
● Negotiation: This is the most fundamental method of resolving a conflict. A distinct
interaction and communication is required to carry out this approach. The parties who are
involved with the process of negotiation are required to come at a fair point would result
in a positive situation for both parties. For instance, the authority in the locality of the
Philippines Government would carry out a meeting with the communities in the locality
for the plans of development. The positive aspect would have an impactful situation that
would create a positive situation but the drawback is arriving at a negotiation point.
● Mediation: This voluntary process results in the formation of an agreement that would be
mutually acceptable. It is a way where both the parties can take part in proceedings for
finding an answer to address the conflict. For instance, the authority of the locality can
make sure those opportunities of providing jobs to the communities of the locality that
can result in resolving misunderstandings. This can also lead to the creation of a
supportive government which would be a positive aspect regarding this approach. At
times, a mediator cannot ensure some particular things because of the unfavourable
circumstances that is considered to be a limit for this approach.
P4.2 Analysing the outcomes of balance supply
In this context of tourism in Philippines, the receipts that are obtained from global visitors have
reduced by approximately 30% the actual value being from Php 22 billion to Php 16 billion. As
per a recent review on the influx of tourists in the country, it was observed that maximum
13

tourists are from Japan, Korea and the USA. The expenditure amount is approximately Php 103
million, Php 42 million and 43 million for the nations respectively. There has been a growth in
the number of tourists from 490000 in 2015 to 503000 at the end of August in 2016. The visitors
would be mainly from Asian countries that would comprise of approximately 70% of tourists in
the nation. As per Briassoulis and Van der Straaten (2013, p.42), approximately, 10% of the
GDP of the nation is collected from the country’s industry of tourism and nearly 5 million jobs
are provided to Filipinos as a result. There is a huge potential of tourism growth in Philippines
because approximately it is covered with over 7000 islands. The uniqueness is present in the
form of enriched biodiversity that comprises of islands, mountains and rainforests. The country’s
economy is built around a place named Metro Manila, which is placed at number 11 all around
the world for the most potential place for shopping. The tourists who are arriving from the US
were used to purchase and shop from Manila. This has resulted in the increase in demand of
tourism in the Philippines.
Figure 2: Tourism GDP Share in Philippines
(Source: psa.gov.ph, 2017).
In order to comply with the demands of tourism in the nation, it is required that the supply is in
adequate numbers to cater to the needs of the tourists and in order to propel the growth of the
economy of the nation. As per the Strategy of National Tourism in Philippines, the critical
factors are recognised associated with the environment of tourism. Higher emphasis is provided
in the issues of the environment, development of infrastructure and welfare projects for the
community in order to boost the sector of tourism. According to Torres-Delgado and Saarinen
(2014, p.32), a driving strategy of investment is implemented for the accommodation of
facilities, development of infrastructure and adequate airlifting in locations like Boracay and
14

Cebu. DENR and DOT also emphasised on the strategy of development of products to satisfy the
demands presented by the tourists. The cruise of Cambuhat River, watching tours of Dolphin in
Pamilakan Island, scuba diving for establishing this business overseas, organisation of activities
such as Iloilo and Akian which are carried out to attract a significant number of visitors towards
the nation. According to Waligo et al. (2013, p.344), this is a positive sign on behalf of the
Government of Philippines in order to resonate with the increase in demands of tourism in the
nation. Alongside this, the insurance of sustainable tourism would also be required for securing
the increase in tourism along with the maintenance of balance in ecology of the country.
P4.3 Evaluation of ethical and moral issues of enclave tourism
As per Lee (2013, p.38), the tourism of Enclave is an activity that is carried out over a small area
of geography in order to comply with the satisfaction of tourists with the whole intentions they
are burdening over a location. This is a kind of event that is generally carried out by the
Government of Philippines to address the demands of the tourists who possess limited resources
or small plan for spending more time. The coastal regions of Philippines are generally considered
for the tourism of Enclave by being equipped with sufficient accommodation and facilities to
travel. There is an incredible level of competition amongst the providers of services over these
locations because of the presence of an extremely high market of saturation. According to
Ruhanen (2013, p.83), the nominal price for the delivery of service generally results in losses for
the organisations in business or providers of service in those regions.
The ethical and moral conundrums that are associated with the Tourism of Enclave are provided
below:
● The regional communities in the Philippines would not be provided with any benefits
because of the limitations in accessing the organisations of business that used to top the
locality for the agenda of maximisation of profits. The sanctioning of licences are
unethically carried out by the local authorities for expanding the buildings in the region.
The cultural grounds of the nation are affected because of the culture that is becoming
transitional and is arriving in the nation from Western countries. Referring to da Cruz
Albuquerque (2014, p.2), the unethical and illegal activities such as child labour and
prostitution have increased in the past couple of years in the region, as the demands of
tourism have been excessive lately. The damages caused to the environment because of
15

immense deforestation for promoter works have created severe damages to the
environment of economy in Philippines.
P5.1 Comparison of current issues with development in tourism
Thailand is considered to be a developing nation and the tourism of the country has significantly
contributed for economic development. Approximately 10% of the Gross economic contribution
comes from the sector of tourism. The Authority of Tourism in Thailand recognises the potential
and growth of sector of tourism and a development plan for sustainable tourism is implemented
under the theme named “Amazing Thailand”. From the researches that have been carried out in
various markets, it has been observed that Thailand ranked amongst the top nations when tourist
destinations and natural resources are considered. However, the nation has a significantly low
score in the aspects of sustainability of environment along with security and safety. On the
contrary, Philippines is regarded to be an emerging destination of tourism which is steadily rising
in the globe of international tourism. The growth of economy of the nation is steadily moving
upwards and by the end of the year of 2017, it is predicted to reach a value of 8.0%.the
minimisation of poverty and the growth of opportunities in jobs are positive implication for the
nation of Philippines. Approximately, 12% of the entire GDP of the nation comes from the sector
of tourism to be more precise. This clearly depicts the tourism potential in the region (Ellis and
Sheridan, 2014, p.471).
The prevalent problem that are responsible for decreasing the attractiveness of tourism in both
the nations can be observed from the provided table:
Impacts Thailand Philippines
Environmental With the improvement of
tourism taking place in the
country, the nation is now
confronting severe issues that
are being posed to its
environment. Referring to
Saufi et al. (2014, p.102), as
far as Thailand is considered,
the increased pollution level,
The damages that are being
caused to the environment
have just commenced to the
destination of emergence in
Philippines. The level of
increase in erosion of soil and
deforestation has resulted in a
negative influence in the
coastal areas and coastal reefs
16

soil erosion and deforestation
are becoming the major
problems these days. The
bleaching that took place in
coral reefs resulted in severe
damaging of habitats and the
ecosystem was made
vulnerable as a result.
Extreme reduction of heat is
another issue and the value
would significantly increase
by 2050 Deforestation that
took place for developmental
projects increased the erosion
of soil.
of Philippines. The forest
coverage has decreased from
50% to 23% that is a danger
sign to the Philippines
Government.
Socio-Cultural As per Sigala (2014, p.81),
the growth that is taking place
in the tourism of the country
has resulted in the creation of
negative results on its cultural
and social norms. The
companies that are operating
in the segment of hospitality
and tourism would try to go
head-to-head with the cultures
of the foreigners visiting the
nation. In order to meet their
demands, the damaging of
local culture would take place
in exchange.
With the incorporation of
various cultures for tourism,
some issues are there that can
be observed from the
perspective of society and
culture. The number of
incidents of child labour has
increased for meeting the
demands of the tourists.
17

Economic The impact on the economy is
based on several incidents. A
recent bombing that took
place in Bangkok has resulted
in the downfall of the sector
of tourism in the country. As
per Eusébio et al. (2014,
p.153), a strong potential is
there for the nation that has
garnered US$ 46 billion from
the foreign tourists.
The problems that are
associated with the area of
economy can be the
implications of excessive
investment to set up the
industry of tourism in
Philippines. The surplus
investment could be allocated
to the sector of emergency
where assistance is required
for actual development.
P5.2 Evaluation with recommendations, future development in tourism
A plan of sustainable development of tourism is the sole measure of reduction of negative
implications over tourism in nations such as Philippines and Thailand. The negative implications
would be the difference in interests of stakeholders who are related to the industry of tourism.
Along with this, meeting every requirement is extremely problematic and this is the most
difficult barrier to implement the plan of sustainable development. The optimum utilisation of
resources by improving the benefits of long-term socio economy to the stakeholders would be
necessary for being considered while formulating the plan of sustainable development for these
nations. The stability regarding opportunities of income along with securing environment are
necessary for their inclusion in the plan of Sustainable Development. The three most significant
aspects that are mandated to be emphasised include:
Environment: Sustainable utilisation of resources by reduction of wastage of energy and water
are needed to be considered for improving awareness. The objective should be to minimise the
negative influences on the ecosystem.
Social: Empowering the employees, local groups in the process of decision making needs to be
supported for establishing a friendly environment of tourism in the nations. Equality amongst
genders, prohibition of child labour, protection of its women are the steps that are needed to be
implemented.
18

Economic: The prosperity of economy of a nation is directly related with the rate of employment,
earning capabilities and competency development. It is needed by the Government to formulate a
plan for utilisation of effectively utilising foreign currencies in those nations for developing the
livelihood.
Conclusion
This report focuses on the benefits the stakeholders will derive from tourism development
planning. This report also considers the necessity to maintain sustainability in the strategies of
development process. The merits and demerits of public and private sector partnership in the
development of tourism are also discussed in this report. After analyzing the key features of
tourism development, it can be concluded that there are various levels of planning in tourism
development. These levels are interrelated with each other. Based on the Evaluation of the role
of interactive systems, it can be observed that the development authority’s (national and regional
level), must share the gathered data. This will help the authorities to measure the productivity
and effectiveness of the development process. This report also considers the methods used to
identify the impact of visitors. It can also be concluded that various methods should be adopted
to resolve disputes to maintain fluency in planning of tourism development. In order to maintain
the growth of tourism in future, recommendations and evaluations has also been discussed.
19

Reference List:
Bakker, M. and Messerli, H.R., 2017. Inclusive growth versus pro-poor growth: Implications for
tourism development. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(4), pp.384-391.
Borges, M., Eusébio, C. and Carvalho, N., 2014. Governance for sustainable tourism: A review
and directions for future research. European Journal of Tourism Research, 7, pp.45-56.
Briassoulis, H. and Van der Straaten, J. eds., (2013). Tourism and the environment: regional,
economic, cultural and policy issues (Vol. 6). Springer Science & Business Media.
da Cruz Albuquerque, H.C., Cardoso Pedrosa Martins, F.M. and Tomás Galiza Cardoso, L.M.,
(2014). Geographical information systems, tourism (pp. 1-3). Springer International Publishing.
Edgell Sr, D.L., (2016). Managing sustainable tourism: A legacy for the future. Abingdon;
Routledge.
Ellis, S. and Sheridan, L., (2014). A critical reflection on the role of stakeholders in sustainable
tourism development in least-developed countries. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(4),
pp.467-471.
Eusébio, C., Kastenholz, E. and Breda, Z., (2014). TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL DESTINATIONS: A STAKEHOLDERS’VIEW. Revista
Portuguesa de Estudos Regionais, (36), pp. 152-175.
Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M.C., Shyamsundar, P.,
Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N. and Noble, I., 2013. Policy: Sustainable development goals for
people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), pp.305-307.
Lee, T.H., (2013). Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism
development. Tourism management, 34, pp.37-46.
Manalo, J.J., 2017. Development through sustainable tourism and effective policy
implementation: Practices of Puerto Princesa City, Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research, 5(1).
Nellemann, C., Henriksen, R., Raxter, P., Ash, N. and Mrema, E., 2014. The environmental
crime crisis: threats to sustainable development from illegal exploitation and trade in wildlife and
forest resources. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Page, S.J., 2014. Tourism management. Routledge.
20

Pomeroy, R., Phang, K.H.W., Ramdass, K., Saad, J.M., Lokani, P., Mayo-Anda, G., Lorenzo, E.,
Manero, G., Maguad, Z., Pido, M.D. and Goby, G., 2015. Moving towards an ecosystem
approach to fisheries management in the Coral Triangle region. Marine Policy, 51, pp.211-219.
Poudel, S., Nyaupane, G.P. and Budruk, M., (2016). Stakeholders’ perspectives of sustainable
tourism development: A new approach to measuring outcomes. Journal of Travel
Research, 55(4), pp.465-480.
psa.gov.ph (2017). Contribution of Tourism to the Economy. Available at:
http://www.psa.gov.ph/content/contribution-tourism-economy-86-percent-2016 [Accessed on:
20th November, 2017]
Ruhanen, L., (2013). Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism
development?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), pp.80-98.
Saufi, A., O'Brien, D. and Wilkins, H., (2014). Inhibitors to host community participation in
sustainable tourism development in developing countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5),
pp.801-820.
Sigala, M., (2014). Customer involvement in sustainable supply chain management: A research
framework and implications in tourism. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 55(1), pp.76-88.
Timothy, D.J. ed., (2017). Managing heritage and cultural tourism resources: Critical essays,
Volume one. Abingdon; Routledge.
Torres-Delgado, A. and Saarinen, J., (2014). Using indicators to assess sustainable tourism
development: a review. Tourism Geographies, 16(1), pp.31-47.
Waligo, V.M., Clarke, J. and Hawkins, R., (2013). Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-
stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism management, 36, pp.342-353.
21