Impact of Government Strategies in Tackling Tuberculosis Among Ethnic Minorities in England

This study evaluates the impact of governmental strategies in reducing tuberculosis cases among ethnic minorities in England. It discusses the steps that need to be taken to decrease tuberculosis cases and the impact of the ongoing pandemic on these policies. Secondary data has been collected and analysed to identify the effectiveness of governmental policies.

Health Project
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ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis has been determined as the infectious diseases that impacts the lungs of an
individual. In England, tuberculosis among ethnic minorities has been spread on a higher note.
Government has taken certain strategies in order to tackle the cases of Tuberculosis among
ethnic minorities in England. The major aim of the project is associated within identifying the
extent up-to which the cases of Tuberculosis has been reduced among ethnic minorities in
England due to the effective strategies of government. Also, the major strategies of government
in this context has been analysed. Secondary data has been collected for analysing the major
outcomes of research topic. Furthermore, google scholar, education resource centre has been
reviewed and best articles has been selected in order to conduct research. In context of database
searching, District health information management system data has been used. The findings of
the research depict that strategies of government have been proven highly effective in regards of
tackling the cases of Tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England. However, pandemic has
impacted the strategies of government in this context. Outcomes of the research concluded that
government has assured their effective contribution in reducing the case of Tuberculosis and
often achieved the positive results.
TABLE OF CONTENT
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ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
Background of the study..............................................................................................................4
Rationale......................................................................................................................................5
Aim and objectives......................................................................................................................5
Research questions.......................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2: METHODOOGY.....................................................................................................6
Introduction..................................................................................................................................6
Study design.................................................................................................................................6
Literature search strategy.............................................................................................................7
Ethical consideration...................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................8
Introduction..................................................................................................................................8
Impact of government strategies in tackling tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England. 8
Steps that need to be taken for decreasing tuberculosis cases among ethnic minorities in
England......................................................................................................................................10
Impact of the ongoing pandemic on the strategies of contemporary government in fighting
against TB..................................................................................................................................11
FINDINGS.....................................................................................................................................12
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS....................................................19
Introduction................................................................................................................................19
Summary of the findings...........................................................................................................19
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................20
Recommendations......................................................................................................................20
Reflection...................................................................................................................................21
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is a serious infectious bacterial disease that affects lungs and this bacterium
cause TB to people when an infected person sneeze or cough (Hayward and et.al., 2018). As it is
known that ethnic group of people of the UK are suffering from this problem due to lack of
access to healthcare, malnutrition, alcohol consumption. It has become important for government
to focus on this problem and protect people from getting affected with this problem. In this
regard, it is found that in the year of 2015 the NHS England and Public health England launched
collaborative Tuberculosis strategy for England 2015-2020 with the main aim of responding
increasing rate of tuberculosis. This governmental policy has focused on improving access to
services and ensure early diagnosis, ensure comprehensive contact tracing and providing
universal access to high quality diagnostics. It has helped number of people and will decrease
this rate. Governmental policies that has been discussed will help out ethnic minorities in
improving overall health and living standard as well.
Background of the study
Tuberculosis is a severe disease that is caused by bacterium called mycobacterium
tuberculosis. This bacteria attacks lung but TB bacteria can attack any park of human’s body
like: kidney, brain and spine. There are 3 main stages of TB such as: exposure, latent and active
disease. Coughing for three or more weeks, chest pain, fever, fatigue, night sweats are some
symptoms of this disease by which healthcare professional can suspect as an individual is
suffering from TB (Lee and et.al., 2018). This problem is affecting ethnic minorities of the UK to
the great extent and in this context, it is found that in the year of 2020, around 80-89% cases of
UK were among ethnic and racial minority groups. There are certain medical conditions that
contribute disparities in TB’s rate. Some medical condition that increase chances of people to get
affected with tuberculosis such as: tobacco HIV infection, cancer and diabetes. There are number
of other factors that also lead Tb disparity among ethnic minority group such as: housing
insecurity and lack of access to medical or healthcare. Malnutrition, tobacco, smoke and alcohol
consumption are some other causes of increasing rise of this case among ethnic minority group.
This present study is going to discuss effectiveness of governmental strategies and policies
that have been developed with the main aim of tackling tuberculosis cases among ethnic group or
minorities of the UK. It will further discuss all important elements of research methodology or
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ways in which data can be collected. Primary and secondary data collection plays a vital role as it
enables researcher in improving decision making and accomplishing the main research aim
(Pearson and et.al., 2019). Further, it will discuss different tools of analysing collecting data and
making decisions accordingly.
Rationale
The main aim of conducting this study and selecting this topic is to prevent people from
serious tuberculosis problem by knowing governmental strategies. Government has developed
number of effective strategies for decreasing tuberculosis problem and cases and most of the
people are not well-aware about these strategies. So for making them aware about effectiveness
of these strategies and protecting them from getting affected with severe disease, this topic has
been selected. Ethnic minorities are at high risk of this severe problem and for improving their
living standard, it is important for them to take advantages of governmental strategies (Alffenaar
and et.al., 2020). By conducting this study, this ethnic minority group can be made aware about
all these policies by which they can prevent themselves against this disease. It will also help
healthcare professionals in delivering qualitative care by analysing, accessing and identifying
elements that influence performance of health. UK people can improve their living standard by
gathering information from this study and it is the reason of selecting this topic.
Aim and objectives
Aim: Aim of conducting this study is “To access the impact of government strategies in tackling
tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England”
Objectives
 To discuss impacts of strategies, developed by government for tackling tuberculosis
among ethnic minorities in England.
 To list out steps that need to be taken for decreasing tuberculosis cases among ethnic
minorities in England.
 To discuss ways in which ongoing pandemic Covid-19 has influenced governmental
strategies for decreasing Tuberculosis cases.
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Research questions
1. What are the impact of government strategies in tackling tuberculosis among ethnic
minorities in England?
2. What steps should be taken to implement and improvise effective strategies in place to
encounter the problem of TB among ethnic minorities?
3. How has an ongoing pandemic affected the contemporary government’s strategies in the
fight against TB?
CHAPTER 2: METHODOOGY
Introduction
Research methodology plays a vital role as it helps out in understanding ways of data collection
and form in which data has been gathered. By reviewing this chapter, readers can identify the
type of data that has been collected by researcher along with reason.
Study design
In regard to study design and data collection, it can be said that there are 2 main types such
as: primary and secondary. As with name itself, it can be said that primary data collection is the
one in which researcher collects first hand data that has never been used before by others.
Whereas, secondary data refers an existing research or literature (Arndt and et.al., 2020). When
researcher use existing research and published data, statistics related to research topic then it is
known as secondary data.
Selection of data collection and the type of research study relies on the nature and scope of
research topic as for this study, researcher wants to identify governmental policies that can
decrease tuberculosis cases and as per the nature of this topic, researcher has conducted
qualitative research with secondary data collection. Past governmental strategies have been
identified in this study for knowing their effectiveness and areas of improvement. Collecting
primary data is time and cost consuming process and due to lack of time of completing this
project as well as the nature of this project, secondary data has collected. This study has been
conducted on the UK and ethnic minorities who have higher chances of getting affected with TB
(Sarkar, Ghosh and Petter, 2020). It is not possible to communicate and interact face to face with
those people who have taken advantages of governmental TB related policies and for this reason,
secondary data with qualitative study design has selected.
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Literature search strategy
Search engine: Google scholar, educational resources information centre is main search engine
that has been used for selecting and researching articles related to governmental policies for TB
reduction (Zientek and et.al., 2018).
Database searched: District health information management system data base has been
searched as it is believed that all medical records are uploaded here. It has helped out researcher
in collecting reliable and accurate information regarding governmental policies that can decrease
TB cases among ethnic minorities.
Key words and Boolean operators: Ethnic minorities TB, tuberculosis in UK, Governmental
policies regarding TB, roles of government are some keywords that have been used while
searching articles. Some Boolean operators include: Governmental policies and actions & and
(Migliori and et.al., 2020).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Selected articles and previous studies have selected that are
published within 5 years and it is one of the main inclusion criteria. Peer reviewed articles have
been included.
Those articles that are older than 5 years and are not related with TB governmental policies have
been excluded.
Process of selecting papers: In regard to secondary data and articles, it can be said that
researcher faces some problems in collecting accurate information. For gathering reliable articles
and information, researcher has researched 20 papers or articles. 10 more articles were retrieved
during research study. After making use of selection and inclusion criteria, only 5 articles were
used and 25 articles were excluded. Excluded articles did not have information regarding
governmental policies and TB.
Ethical consideration
Ethics or moral principles also play a vital role in making research study successful. Moral
principles enable people in identifying difference between the wrong and right things and
activities. This difference can help them out in improving study. There are some ethics that need
to be considered by researcher for completing study with effectiveness (Reijers and et.al., 2018).
Some ethics that has been considered by researcher in this study include: Transparency. It is
important for researcher to protect personal and professional data of participants and do not
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disclose them with other. As for this study, researcher has collected secondary data and
information that has been published on public governmental website, researcher does not need to
take consent for use. But for this study, researcher has taken permission from UK health service
for gathering information and letting them know them reason of collecting data. This study met
all ethical considerations and standards and it can improve image of researcher and can help
them out in conducting studies in the future with effectiveness (Resnik, 2018). Integrity and
respect also plays a vital role and it is important for researcher to respect values and views of
participants. As it is secondary research so, for this reason, researcher needs to provide accurate
information to readers so that they can make themselves beneficial and can protect themselves
against TB.
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
In regard to literature review, it can be said that it refers an existing research or published
information. Researchers conduct research studies and then they made them available to all by
publishing them on social media platform and other database (Oztemel and Gursev, 2020).
Published articles can be accessed by researchers as per their requirement and needs. In other
words, it can be said that literature review is a piece of academic writing that demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of academic literature on specific topic that is placed in context.
There is a critical evaluation in literature review that helps out researcher in making decision and
accomplishing goal related to research topic. This literature is going to evaluate regarding
effectiveness of governmental policies that have been developed for decreasing TB cases.
Further, it will discuss impact of current pandemic on governmental TB related policies and
ways in which it has helped out ethnic minorities in protecting them against TB.
Impact of government strategies in tackling tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England
Before discussing impact as well as effects of governmental strategies in tackling
tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England, it is important to understand current situation
of England. In this regard. Kon and Ormerod, (2015) stated that incidence of TB in England is
higher than most other Western European countries. The main focus on developed governmental
policies is on small number of high incidence areas such as: people who are suffering from
multidrug resistance disease. There is requirement of a strong approach to TB control in England
with the main aim of building on asset that NHS and Public health England have in place so that
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they can provide qualitative care to people, suffering from TB. Majority of cases and highest
rates of diseases are centred around well-recognised hot spots of TB in London, Manchester,
Luton and Birmingham. It is also stated that if government and other institutes became fail in
preventing and diagnosing TB then there will be great risk as current situation can worse. There
are number of examples of successful TB control internationally. US, Netherlands and Germany
have seen sustained reduction in TB cases so, on the basis of this, it can be said that
governmental policies have positive impact on TB cases. Some examples of governmental
policies and activities include: clear lines of governance and accountability, local implementation
of actions, adequate resourcing and close as well as proper monitoring of individual. Main focus
of all these strategies and actions on improving access to services and make sure early diagnosis,
providing universal access to high quality diagnostic and improving BCG vaccination uptake.
So, on the basis of this, it can be said that government of the UK is striving hard in developing
effective strategies and policies for decreasing TB cases.
According to Hayward and et.al., (2018) these strategies provided with the improvement
in the access to the services and it ensured the benefit of early diagnostics. This has benefited in
ensuring the effective public consultation that the public is aware that there are strategies that can
help in having effective treatment. This has helpful in having the better and effective treatment
and provided with the success. The strategies have the impact on the ethnic minorities by having
them to understand the importance of fighting and having the better treatment in the relation to
the Tuberculosis. The people are aware and trying their best so that they can successfully have
the better and effective treatment. This made them to be aware and follow all the safety
measurements which are necessary to be followed so that the risk of Tuberculosis can be reduced
and people can have better health so that they are not required to be worried about the disease.
The ethnic minorities of England are able to have the proper information about the Tuberculosis
and the ways they can prevent it so that they are not required to be worried about the expenses
that can occur for the treatment. This is has happened because the government has implemented
the strategy of strengthening the co-ordination for all the aspects of the TB control by
establishing the various TB control boards.
This helped in tackling the TB as it requires the action that has been taken in the co-
ordination by the various partners and members. This has been done so that there can be the
establishment of clear responsibility and accountability arrangements.
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Steps that need to be taken for decreasing tuberculosis cases among ethnic minorities in England.
According to Kim and Kim, (2018) there are various steps that can be taken for
decreasing the cases of Tuberculosis among the ethnic minorities in England. The steps are
effective as it can help in getting success so that the government is able to have the effective
benefit of decreasing the cases of Tuberculosis among the ethnic minorities in the England. The
first step is to strengthen the co-ordination in all the aspects of the TB control that can be done
by establishing the TB control boards. The board will be responsible for planning and monitoring
all the aspects that comes under the TB control board. The board will be including the
representations that has been provided or can be collected from the PHE, NHS England and the
various local authorities directors that are operating for the public health and social care. The
board can also develop a TB control plan that should be based on the national strategies and the
local services so that the health of the people can be given priority and the risk of the spread of
TB cases among the ethnic minorities in the England can be decreased. The next step can be
taken that there should be the development of clear and the evidence based model services for
the public health action that is required to control the TB. This model will be able to outline the
series of the specification that can explain that what are the guidelines that has been provided by
NICE in the regards to the CCGs and the NHS England will commission.
The next step can be to assess the local services against the service specifications and
developing the plans that can help in securing the improvements. The TB control board and the
local TB networks should be ensuring that there should be proper review of provisions and the
commissioning of the services within the geographic area in which the TB control board is
operating or established. The control board should ensure that there are proper arrangements of
the commissioning so that it can secure both the clinical and public health aspects of the services.
The TB control board should be able to ensure that there is the appropriate skills that is required
to be found in the staff so that they can work with the effectiveness and provide the positive
results that can help in reducing the cases of TB among the ethnic minorities in England. In the
context to this Cho, (2018) described that there should be establishment of the proper
arrangements that will be able to cover the costs of the additional services so that it can fix the
current gaps that can be found in the TB control arrangements. This will be able to provide the
effectiveness in the success rate as there will be proper availability of all the necessary tools and
arrangements that is required so that the costs can be covered that can occur. Another step that
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can be taken is that the national support for the local TB control arrangements should be
strengthened so that there can be effectiveness in the work and performance on the handling of
the TB cases. This should be done so that there is the effective management of the cases and the
cases of TB among the ethnic minorities in England can be decreased.
Impact of the ongoing pandemic on the strategies of contemporary government in fighting
against TB
According to Dhawan, Angural and Parmar, (2020) the deaths by TB has been increased
in the ongoing pandemic that has impacted negatively on the strategies that has been created by
the contemporary government for fighting the TB. The pandemic has resulted into the increased
cases of the TB and created a concern for the people that has been already dealing with TB. The
strategies of contemporary government was unable to perform effectively as the covid-19 disease
attacked the lungs of the humans which created problem for the patients that were dealing with
TB. The strategies were not that effective as the pandemic made the government to impose the
lock down in the country which has resulted into the lack of proper treatment for the patients
with TB. The patients were not been able to reach to the TB control board or get any help from
them. This has resulted into the increased number of deaths that has taken place during the
pandemic. This was because the respiratory system of the patients that were dealing with the TB
was not very healthy and strong. This increased the spread of covid-19 among the people with
the TB which has resulted into the deaths of the patients. The strategies were not very effective
during the pandemic time and failed to show the effective benefit to the patients that were
dealing with TB.
In the context to this Aspatwar and et.al., (2022) said that there are various causes that
increased the deaths of the people that were dealing with the TB. It has been said that the people
that were the patients of TB were dealing with the problem of having weak lungs that does not
have enough immunity that was required for fighting the covid-19. This created a threat of death
for the people that were dealing with the TB as they were in the need of special treatment and
special focus on the health and the techniques that can help them in reducing the threat of getting
infected by the covid-19 disease. This made the negative impact on the strategies that has been
created by the government for fighting the TB as the strategies was not very effective for the
patients with TB during the times of the pandemic. The government was not able to make the
strategies to perform effectively on the patients of TB as the covid-19 pandemic increased the
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risk of death or spread among the people with weak respiratory system. This weakness increased
the spread of covid-19 and infected the patients that deals with the respiratory diseases as they
were easily getting affected by the covid-19. This has impacted the strategies of the
contemporary government in negative way as the strategies were not able to provide the patients
of TB with the necessary treatment that was required to be given to the people that were dealing
with the disease of Tuberculosis.
FINDINGS
In the study conducted by Hayward and et.al., (2018) It has been found that, In England
government has taken various strategies in context of tackling tuberculosis among the ethnic
minorities. It has been reviewed that, a framework has been implemented by government in
which the major motive was associated with the Collaborative working of healthcare teams.
Creation of the 7 multi-agency TB control board has been done under which the keen focus has
been made over ethnic minority. As the people of ethnic minorities does not have enough fund in
order to get health benefits and the range of Tuberculosis has been highly increased over this
group. Therefore, within creating 7 multi-agency TB control boards nurses has been allocated to
the major healthcare departments where free services in relation of tuberculosis has been given to
ethnic minority in England.
Also, it has been analysed in the study that, the development of the TB workforce was
concerned with enhancing the practices of nurses who are delivering care services for
Tuberculosis. The major aim behind this is associated with improving the care services to the
ethnic minorities in context of Tuberculosis. Also, the Annual national TB nurse conference has
been organized for the local nurse leadership where the innovation and practices in relation of
treating Tuberculosis has been shared. This has provided effective guidance to the nurses in
relation of the services that should be given to the people of ethnic minorities. The major
strength of this article is aligned with the effective description of the strategies that has been used
by the government for Tuberculosis in England for Ethnic minority. Thus, it can be said that, this
study is comprised of strong points that are delivering effective information and relevant data in
context of the research topic.
As compared to Hayward and et.al., (2018) the study by Scott and von Unger, (2021) also
found similar aspects. In this study the strategies of government in relation of controlling
Tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England. From the study it has been reviewed that,
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Training has been organized for the nurses in relation of the services. Also, the effective ways of
intervention have been described to the nurses so their practices can become highly effective.
Along with this NHSE&I funded and new migrant latent TB infection (LTBI) treatment and the
testing programme has been organized by the government.
The major strong points of both the studies are associated with showing exact clearance in
relation of the study topic. However, the first article Hayward and et.al., (2018) has shown more
clearance in relation of the study topic and in second article by Scott and von Unger, (2021)
Strategies has been described. However, the implications of the strategies have not been
described in well-defined manner. Thus, the major limitation of the second article is associated
with less-description in context of the strategies implication. Hence, the comparison over both
articles concludes that, first article has shown high clearance in context of topic.
As per the views of Ngwatu and et.al., (2018) the impacts of the strategies have been proven
highly effective in terms of assuring effective impact over tacking the situation of Tuberculosis
among ethnic minorities in England. The study shown that, strategies of government has assured
benefits to the early diagnostics. As the workforce of nurses has been trained and the ways in
which the services can be assured has been guided to them. Thus, this has influence the quality
of services that has been given for ensuring effective treatment. The major impact has been made
over ethnic minorities as all strategies has been developed for them. Also, the effective guidance
in relation of tacking Tuberculosis has made people aware about the major aspects that has to be
followed by them in regards of handing the situation of Tuberculosis. Thus, the strategies of
government have helped in improving the services along with creation of the awareness. Major
safety measures have been followed by the people that has protected them from the extreme
threat of Tuberculosis. The ethnic minorities of the England got proper information in relation of
the services that can be experience by them for getting treatment for Tuberculosis. As the rate of
Tuberculosis was extremely high in ethnic minority in England. Therefore, certain strategies for
tackling the situation of Tuberculosis was highly needed so the situation can be controlled.
Thus, the strategies have helped in assuring benefits to ethnic minorities in England. The
major strength of this study is entitled with the proper benefits of the strategies to ethnic
minorities in England. Also, the description has been done in detailed manner that is assuring
clear points of benefits in context of the research topic. The major limitation of this study is
aligned with not mentioning the ratio or range up-to which the impact has been gained by the
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members of Ethnic minority. In the contrast to the findings of Loutet and et.al., (2018) it has
been analysed that, government needs to make more focus over tackling the situation of
Tuberculosis in Ethnic minorities as many of the people are unaware that the treatment has been
assured to them for free of cost. Therefore, the government must make more strategies in relation
of this. Furthermore, the major aspect which requires keen focus is associated with the partiality
among the ethnic minorities and majority group in England. Same has been faced in terms of
healthcare services. The ethnic minorities in England are facing the discrimination in term of
healthcare services. Often, the government has made numerous strategies in relation to
Tuberculosis. However, lack of awareness in context of the strategies is creating the situation in
which people are not aware about the exact benefits that can be experience by them for
experiencing effective treatment.
The major strengths of this study are that, it is describing exact situation that has been faced
by the ethnic minorities in England. As stated by World Health Organization, (2019) ethnic
minorities have faced high amount of discrimination in context of healthcare services and due to
this they are not able to enjoy the free services that has been entitled by the government. In
similar manner, same has been happened with the ethnic minorities in England in regards of
Tuberculosis.
In the study conducted by Zenner, (2020) It has been evaluated that, Pandemic has impacted
the government strategies in relation of decreasing the case of Tuberculosis. COVID has been
considered as one of the biggest health issue that has grab the attention of everyone towards it. In
context of another health issues the attention of the government has been reduced as the
pandemic was creating biggest threat for the people in the country. Therefore, same has been
happened in context of Tuberculosis cases. As the government has implemented various
strategies for solving Tuberculosis cases. However, the impact of all these strategies has been
reduced during COVID. The major reason behind this is associated with the increasing cases o
COVID in Tuberculosis patient under ethnic minorities. Large number of people who were
facing Tuberculosis has faced the COVID as well. Often, those people who was already having
Tuberculosis was getting impacted by COVID in high manner.
Therefore, the focus of the government has been implemented over solving the issues of
COVID rather than Tuberculosis. Major focus has been made over allocating resources for
COVID patient rather than Tuberculosis patient. Also, the lock-down has been introduced by
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government in England in order to assure the safety of the people. However, in such situation
ethnic minorities in England was unable to get services from Tuberculosis board. Often, the
situation of the patient become highly worse. The people who were facing the Tuberculosis was
associated with weak respiratory system. Therefore, those people were getting impacted by
pandemic in fast manner. The situation has become so worse that it has often result in the
numerous death of the people from ethnic minority in England. However, COVID has provided
lesson that can be applied in context of Tuberculosis as well and that is focusing over the
measures that lead to prevent the situation.
Also, study of the selected article has revealed that, ethnic minorities in England has lack of
access towards healthcare as they are not much aware about the services and the ways through
which services can be experience by them. At the time of COVID also, people from Ethnic
minorities in England has faced the major issues in regards of Tuberculosis along with the
COVID. The COVID has impacted TB patients in drastic manner and crated the serious situation
for them and the strategies of Government in relation of Tuberculosis become less effective. The
major focus has been assured over handling the situation of pandemic.
The major strengths of the article are concerned with analysing the actual reason that has
impacted the strategies of government in relation of tacking the cases of tuberculosis in ethnic
minorities in England. Also, how COVID impacted the TB patient has been described in well-
defined manner. The major limitation of this article is that, it is not stating about the name of the
major strategies that has been impacted due to the rising threat of COVID
DISCUSSION
The major outcomes of the research are aligned with the impact of the strategies that has
been taken by the government for tackling the cases of Tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in
England. Also, the strategies have been evaluated. The government has taken effective measures
in context of reducing the cases. As there are large number of people from the ethnic minorities
in England that are facing Tuberculosis. The major reason behind increasing rate of Tuberculosis
in people is aligned with lack of access towards healthcare, high alcohol consumption and
malnutrition. Thus, these are the major reasons that are contributing in the increasing cases of
Tuberculosis of Ethnic minorities in England. The biggest issue is associated with the lack of
access towards healthcare services. However, government has assured effective services or
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ethnic minorities but due to lack of awareness and lack of access these people are unable to
experience effective care services. Thus, this are acting as a barrier in reducing the threat of
Tuberculosis in Ethnic Minorities. Government of England has been proven highly effective in
term of taking major decision in relation of focusing over the situation of Tuberculosis in ethnic
minorities. Often the awareness has been created among the ethnic minorities in relation of
getting effective services in regards of Tuberculosis. Since 2005 TB has become one of the major
public health issue that is impacting lives of people in ethnic minorities often, this has created
large number of issues for the people of ethnic minorities as TB spreads over fast note.
Therefore, it has spread among numerous people of Ethnic minorities in England. The cases of
TB in England are higher than the other European countries (Mathur and et.al., 2020).In case,
government strategies do not assure effective impact over controlling the cases of TB in England
then, the situation can become highly worse. As TB spread on a higher note. The major findings
have shown that government policies have been proven highly effective ion terms of assuring
effective impact over tacking the cases of TB in ethnic minorities.
However, the major step that has been taken by government is associated with creating
awareness about the Tuberculosis. The awareness has been generated among the people and this
helped in knowing about the ways in which the people can take precautions in context of
Tuberculosis. Along with this, the government has made sure that, everyone is equally
opportunities in terms of accessing healthcare services. Major focus has been assured towards the
ethnic minorities in England. As mainly the Tb was spreading among them and they were not
aware about the services that can be experience by them. Furthermore, in ethnic minorities the
alcohol consumption is higher that often contributes in increasing the cases of Tuberculosis.
Therefore, government has made strategies in relation of this as well. Strict penalties have been
imposed over the consumption of alcohol so the spread of TB can be tackle. Thus within
developing effective strategies in regards of handling TB cases awareness has been also created
by the government. Therefore, the strategies of the government have been proven highly
effective in terms of tackling the cases of Tuberculosis in Ethnic minorities.
There are large number of steps has been taken by the government in England in context of
controlling Tuberculosis cases among the Ethnic minorities in England. The strategies have
assured their positive impact in tackling the cases of tuberculosis in ethnic minorities in England.
The major step was associated with the creation of the 7 multi-agency TB control boards. This
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was one of the main step that has been taken by the government. In this regards government has
focused over making plans in relation of controlling the cases of TB. Large number of meetings
has been done in this context in order to select best option for tacking the cases. The major focus
has been assured over improving healthcare practice sin context of assuring efficient acre service
for the patient who are facing Tuberculosis (Collin and et.al., 2018). Nursing workforce has been
prepared and the training has been given to the nurses within guiding them the best intervention
of tuberculosis. Also, the nurses have been allocated to the healthcare organizations especially
for looking upon the cases of Tuberculosis. Another step that has been taken was concerned with
the development of the clear and evidence based model services for making public health action.
This model enabled in outlining the series of the major elements that explains the major
guidelines that has been given by NICE in context of CCGS and NHS England related to TB.
The local TB networks has been increased with the help of TB board and the observation
has been done over the number of TB patients from ethnic minorities. On the basis of that, the
programmes have been launched in which free check of TB patient has been done. Also, the free
treatment has been provided to the TB patients from Ethnic minorities as one of the major reason
behind increasing rate of Tuberculosis is ethnic minorities is associated with the lack access
towards healthcare. Therefore, the major focus has been made over increasing the awareness that
can provide information to the people in relation of experiencing effective services for
Tuberculosis. TB control boards has been established on the basis of the geographical areas so
most of the areas of England can be covered easily. Also, nursing workforce has been allocated
on the basis of the establishment of TB boards (Matlin and et.al., 2018). Therefore, these
strategies have helped in providing effective support in order to analyse the cases of TB.
Furthermore, effective treatment in relation of Tuberculosis has been provided to the people of
Ethnic minorities. Thus, the government has played their role in efficient manner in order to
tackle the situation of TB. Also, along with implementation of strategies awareness has been
created so the services can be easily accessible by the people of ethnic minorities. Also, these
strategies have been proven highly effective in context of tacking the cases of TB.
The situation has been almost solved with the strategies of the government. However,
Ongoing pandemic has impacted the strategies in drastic manner. The pandemic has been proven
biggest issue for the world in context of impacting the health of people. Thus, pandemic drive the
attention of government towards as it has created drastic situation for the people living in the
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England. Large number of people got impacted due to COVID and often they lose their lives as
well. Also, pandemic has impacted those patient who are already facing the Tuberculosis as the
respiratory system the patient who are facing TB easily gets impacted by the COVID. Thus, the
situation was worse at that time. All the resources need to be allocated to the hospitals for
tacking the situation of COVID (Chikovore and et.al., 2020). Those patient who was facing the
TB was concerned with low immunity and therefore, the impact of the COVID over those people
was highly drastic. People from the Ethnic minorities in England has faced large numbers of
problems at the time of COVID as well. Large number of people was already facing the TB and
due to lock-down it was hard to access health services by them. Thus, in this situation the cases
of TB increased in a higher note. Also, the patient of TB got impacted due to the COVID as well.
The situation was highly drastic that even large number of the people has lost their lives. The
people who was having TB does not have the capacity of tackling COVID.
The attention of the government was completely over tackling the situation of COVID as the
cases was highly increasing and impacting the people in drastic manner. Strategies that has been
taken in consideration for tacking Tuberculosis cases has become low at that time. The TB
boards that has been developed in order to reducing the cases of TB has been shifted towards
tackling the cases of COVID. Often, nurse workforce that was allocated for assuring treatment to
TB patient in ethnic minorities has been shifted towards providing treatment and care services to
the patient who get impacted by the COVID. Thus, pandemic has impacted the strategies of
government in context of Tuberculosis (Wingfield and et.al., 2021). Thus, pandemic has grab the
attention of higher authorities towards them as it was the biggest public health issue. Therefore,
whole focus of government has been made over that, however, it has impacted the people who
were facing Tuberculosis. Furthermore, hospitals were occupied for COVID patients and nurses
was allocated to those patients. Patient of the tuberculosis does not have any option in such
situation and their situation become worse. However, pandemic has provided a lesson to the
Tuberculosis patient as well and that was taking care and effective measures so the infection
cannot be spread. Tuberculosis has been determined as the infection that spreads from one
person to another person and same has been happened in the case of COVID. Thus, the pandemic
has been proven drastic for the Tuberculosis patient and especially for ethnic minorities in
England.
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CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS
Introduction
In context of conclusion and recommendation it can be said that it provides the brief
summary of al over findings and discussions. The recommendations are associated with the
suggestions that can be given after analysing the major outcomes. Thus, in this section the brief
summary of the major findings will be highlighted. Also, the major recommendations in relation
of the outcomes will be made. The recommendations are associated with implementation of the
effective strategies that can enable government in order to tackle the cases of Tuberculosis
among ethnic minorities in England. Lastly, this section will perform the reflection in context of
the methodologies that has been selected for conducting this research.
Summary of the findings
The research findings conclude that, among ethnic minorities in England the cases of
Tuberculosis have been increased on a higher note due to lack of knowledge in accessing the
health care services and malnutrition. Thus, the TB was spreading among the people on a high
note. However, the government has made large number of strategies in order to tackle the cases
of TB. Also, the major aspects that has been performed by government was associated within
creation of awareness among the people in relation of Tuberculosis. The awareness in regards of
taking precaution has been provided by the government. Nursing workforce team has been
developed. The nurses were given the training in terms of providing specific intervention to the
patient of Tuberculosis. Also, the TB boards has been prepared that enable government to make
plans along with the establishment of the plans. Thus, the strategies of government assured
effective contribution in controlling the cases of TB among ethnic minorities in England.
Furthermore, the people become aware about the precautions that needs to be taken for
decreasing the risk of Tuberculosis in them (Maciel Gonçalves Júnior and Dalcolmo, 2020). The
pandemic has impacted the strategies of the government in drastic manner. As the pandemic has
taken the attention of government towards them. Therefore, the strategies of government that has
been taken in consideration for the Tuberculosis patient got impacted. Furthermore, major threat
has been created to the patient of TB as COVID has impacted the patient of the TB in drastic
manner. Large number of patient has lost their lives as there immune was not effective enough in
dealing with the COVID. Thus, pandemic has impacted the strategies of government.
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Conclusion
The research concluded that, strategies of government has been proven highly effective in
terms of tackling the cases of Tuberculosis among ethnic minorities in England. The observation
of government in analysing the extent up-to which the infection is spreading has helped them to
plan strategies. Thus, the strategies have assured the positive results and the major benefit has
been experience by the people of ethnic minorities as they have got the opportunities of
experiencing effective treatment. Thus, the rate of Tuberculosis has been reduced among the
ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the research highlighted the major strategies of the government
in context of tacking the cases of tuberculosis. The major strategies were associated with making
plans with the help of TB boards and developing the forces of nurses. The nurses were trained
and specific interventions has been discussed among them that can help in solving the issues of
Tuberculosis among the people.
Moreover, the research has shed light over the most important parameter that is aligned
with the impact of COVID over the Tuberculosis strategies of government. Thus, it has been
found that COVID has impacted the strategies in negative manner. People were unable to access
the services at that time and this has increased the risk of Tuberculosis along with COVID in
them. Thus, the strategies of the government become ineffective as the TB boards were shifted in
order to make planning for COVID. Also, hospitals who were earlier focusing over the
Tuberculosis cases was occupied for delivering care services to COVID patient (Gray, B.J and
et.al., 2020). Thus, pandemic has impacted the rate of Tuberculosis along with impacting the
strategies of government.
Recommendations
The major recommendation in terms of tackling the case of Tuberculosis is entitled with
organizing the vaccination programme for TB patient. Bacille calmette Guerin has been
considered as the vaccine for Tuberculosis. this vaccination should be provided to the people at
free of cost so the threat of Tuberculosis can be reduced in them. The vaccination programme
helps in solving the threats in relation of spread of Tuberculosis (Kim and Kim, 2018).
Furthermore, government must implement the strategy that assures timely check-up of the people
as it helps in analysing the risk of Tuberculosis in people. With the help of the extent of threat
can be easily analyse and on the basis of this action can be taken.
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Large number of people from ethnic minorities are unaware about the healthcare services and
this is one of the major reason that leads to increase the health issues. Therefore, awareness
needs to be created by government so the people can get the information about the healthcare
services that can be access by them. This enable people to experience the health care services in
effective manner and this also assure positive impact over their health. People from ethnic
minorities have faced higher discrimination un context of healthcare services. Therefore, special
focus needs to be provided on them (Berrocal-Almanza and et.al., 2019). Strict rules and
regulations needs to adopted that support equal care and treatment to all people. Alcohol
consumption needs to be reduced as it contributes in the Tuberculosis among people. Healthcare
campaign needs to be organize in context of Tuberculosis that helps in capturing large number of
people. Also, with the help of this cases can be reduced.
Reflection
I have experienced numerous challenges during this project. However, all of these
challenges have helped me to increase my strengths. The major barriers that has been faced by
me is associated with the selection of methodologies. I was confused whether to select primary
or secondary method. I have analysed that, it is hard to take information from the TB patient
therefore, existing sources where information has been published needs to be evaluated. I have
used secondary data collection method during this project. It was hard to select appropriate
sources that can provide higher accuracy in relation of the selected topic. The major hurdle
arrived in the selection of the articles. I have reviewed numerous articled with the help of Google
scholar. However, it was a challenging task to select most appropriate article. Therefore, the
relevancy and effectiveness of the sources has been evaluated. This enabled me to select most
appropriate sources and this further enable me to analyse the effective outcomes. There are
further challenges in the research that is entitled with biasness of the sources. As the data that has
been gathered in secondary sources has higher chances of biasness as compare to primary data
(Kellehear, 2020). Therefore, numerous sources have been evaluated and comparison among the
source have been made. This enabled me to select the accurate source that has full-filled the
needs to research. Thus, there are different issues has been by me while working over this
project. All of these barrier has provided me opportunity show my strengths. This enabled me to
develop effective understanding in context of selecting methodologies.
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