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TCP/IP Protocol: Data Encapsulation, Network Addressing, and Broadcast Communication

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Added on 2024/07/22

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This document explores the intricacies of the TCP/IP protocol, focusing on data encapsulation, network addressing, and broadcast communication. It delves into the layered structure of TCP, illustrating how data units are processed and transmitted through different layers. The document also examines the challenges of network loops and the role of Spanning Tree Protocols in mitigating them. Additionally, it discusses the importance of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in wide area networks (WANs) and its sub-protocols for data exchange. Finally, the document explores the significance of modulation in digital cellular telephony and the concept of digital transmission on a bandpass channel. Through detailed diagrams and explanations, this document provides a comprehensive understanding of key concepts in network communication.

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Question 1
There are two different ways that are used in communication in the TCP/IP protocol. It used
most widely form of local area network technology i.e. with the help of TCP protocols. TCP
protocol uses multiple layers to record the payload and establish the units of data. It shows
that data arrives from one of the senders and obtain with the use of protocols. It is to be
mentioned that each data unit passes through the layers which are maintained in the TCP/IP
model. A diagram which contains the various units of data i.e. it’s data layers, maintain
communication with a peer to peer architecture and obtain the name of PDU and its
components used in the PDU structure. It is required to describe the encapsulation steps of
certain layers.
The amount of data is sent by the physical layer of the network. The data is formed again by
the receiver using the digital amount of data. Using the protocol at the application layer, the
processing of data is obtained by protocol stack and the whole process of achieving this is
called decapsulation. It is required to form the steps at the receiver side and determine the
format by using the combination of encapsulation and decapsulation of the diagrams.

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The above diagram is used to show the multiple layers of the OSI and TCP/IP model, their
protocols and the way of communication with its explanation.
 If there is a failure found in the network and the use of that network is currently available
so that multiple devices are connected with their links. If one node in the network is not
working than other nodes are ready to detect the path to provide communication. This
methodology is mostly used in the iteration systems if these types of systems are not in
use then it will result in flood and an endless loop in the system is working and it makes
results for spiking or a network fails in the system. The host used in the diagram provides
Host A receives LAN1 from Host B of LAN2 and maintain communication in the
network. It is to be illustrated that the network addressing table of MAC in which
switches suffer from the thrashing and want an explanation for dispatching of frames
infinitely.
 It is possible to use the following diagrams and again draw the new structures to show
and explain the broadcast on the network. It makes updates in the addressing of MAC
tables for various switches like swith1, switch2 and also used for positions of the frame in
local area network. (Kai, Yu & Chen, 2007)

Question 2
If there multiple paths in the system between two endpoints in the Layer2 architecture then
loops are created in the system. The broadcasting of the data is set up in the loop and provide
multicasting in the circuit where each switch is work as a broadcasting transmission at each
node and broadcasting of messages is achieved that results in network overflow. If IP
addressing frames are sent to the loop ends, so it can maintain the iterative nature as the
header of layer2 doesn’t contain Transistor-Transistor logic. Spanning Tree Protocols are
used for the continuous problem of iteration in the network.
The weight is written on the edges of the network that represents the path of the frame or
amount of load in the network used for communication in the complete network.
Host B transmits the frame having no Transistor-Transistor Logic value. So when the data is
received by the Hub2 so that first and second switch will be represented by its weight as 1
and 2 as mentioned in the diagram. Now it is possible for both the switches 1 and 2 to
evaluate the MAC address of host B on the node and make all the active nodes overflow.
After evaluating the learning of B, both the switches will send it to Hub1 and this makes
broadcasting to the switches and also to the active ports. Now both the switches will help to
complete the MAC of host B on both the ports. The hubs and switches are used to go through
the same steps and initiate the looping of F2 and it will result not to stable in the switches.
(Zhang & Feng, 2012)

Question 3
As the diagram specifies the time slots to send data to the Bob, it will help in designing of the
frame but it doesn’t have the MAC address of the Bob.
S-MAC: L6, D-MAC: FFFF: FFFF: FFFF, Transmitter IP: N6, Objective IP: N2,
Transmitter MAC: L6, Objective MAC: 0000:0000:0000
If the sub-protocols of internet layer i.e. Address Resolution Protocol is obtained by the R1,
the address of L2 header used to maintain the objective address and opened it. It has
maintained its own addressing and make a response for MAC address. When response it gets
at its location, the overall process of the frames is finished S-MAC: L6, D-MAC: L2, S-IP:
N6, D-IP: N5 will be sent to R1. As the R1 acknowledge the frame, D-MAC makes a check
on the data and open it then again recheck the Internet protocols and make accessibility in the
routing table or not. If the accessibility is confirmed then it will be acknowledged to the R2
and if not then it will be released. Now, R2 will perform the AND operation and solve the
address resolution protocols. The new data packet is created as:
S-MAC: L3, D-MAC: L4, S-IP: N6, D-IP: N5.
The segment should check the routing table and able to send the packets to R2 and this helps
to open the second header L2 and it should try the diagnose the third header L3 and then
evaluate the destination point of the internet protocol which is linked with R2. If it maintains
the connection initially that defines Address resolution protocol is fixed for MAC addresses.

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S-MAC: L3, D-MAC: L5, S-IP: N1, D-IP: N5
The frame is now collected at the bob address and it allows controlling the destination of
MAC address by its own or not. If the address is maintained for its own then the header
second L2 and it must identify the destination of IP addresses. It should help in transmitting
the data by encapsulating it make responses for it.
S-MAC: L6, D-MAC: S-IP: N6, D-IP: N5
When the data is transmitted between Bob and Alice, then he will maintain the AND
processes with the relation between subnet and D-IP and examine the location to which data
is moved in the same network or not. It helps in resolving with using multiple gateways.
("Network Protocols", n.d.)

Question 4
1. Explain the importance of PPP with respect to wide area networks (WANs)?
The Point to Point protocol comes under the family of networking protocols that are used to
provide a standardized form to communicate using multiple protocols by point to point links.
The point to point protocol has three main points that provide a way to encapsulate multiple
datagrams, creates a link control protocol, test the data link connection and a bond of network
control protocols that are used for multiple layer protocols. It uses many real-time protocols
of network layer like Internet Protocol Control, AppleTalk Control Protocol, Novell IPX
control and many others. It also provides many ways in which Point to Point protocol has
many keys of benefits. A huge amount of information is circulated in a minimum amount of
time and maintains fast speed to establish a secure connection. The information which is
communicated in a wide area network is providing a secure access to users in a limited.
2. Explain how PPP enables users to exchange data in WAN by using sub-protocols such as
LCP, PAP, CHAP, NCP, IPCP.
With the help of multiple protocols information is exchanged in a wide area network using a
network. It provides transport services using Integrated Service Digital Network, ATM and
frame delays. It provides four components to be connected with the system and they are
integrated service digital network, V.24, EIA/TIA-232-C, V.35. The method which is used by
Data encapsulation provides datagrams for multiple protocols. Some protocols which are
encapsulated with the help of the same link and transported alternatively using diverse
protocols of internet layer. Here are some protocols which are used in the Point to Point
protocol for exchanging the information in WAN networks are:
LCP protocol: By using networking fundamentals, Link control protocol helps to make a
part of the point to point protocol in all combinations. In both the sending and receiving
devices using PPP protocol packets of Link, control helps in evaluating the transmission of
the communication. The LCP protocol has
 It helps to detect the identity of the connected devices and check the rejection and chose
to accept or reject the device.
 Evaluate the exact packet size for transmission that is accepted for communication.
 It is used to search for the errors in the system configuration.
 It must work for the parameters that are fit in the requirements.

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NCP protocol: It is used to provide the middle layers in the protocol and it is early
implemented using ARPANET. It is defined as the first operational packet switching
network. It helps users to access computers and many devices at certain locations, provide
transmission in files between systems. It enables many application services like email and
other file transfers.
PAP Protocol: This protocol is based on the Password Authentication Protocol which is used
validate users by Point to Point protocol. All networks in the system support Point to Point
protocol. PAP is a very simple user authenticated protocol that is not able to encrypt the data
and send other details to the valid server. The amount of data is exchanged between the
server and the users.
CHAP Protocol: It is known as Challenge Handshake Authenticate Protocol. It gives a more
secure form of procedure to connect with the system than Password Authenticate Protocol.
When the connection is established in the network then the server gives a message to the
acceptor and responds with a value that has multiple functions. It examines the acceptance by
comparing its own measures of the values in hash.
IPCP Protocol: Internet Protocol Control Protocol is a type of Network Control Protocol that
helps in establishing and configures the IP addresses used in connecting or disconnecting
with the IP protocol modules on both the ends. This protocol helps in using the data filled in
the codes exchange mechanism as Link Control Protocol. IPCP is not accepted by PPP
protocols because it don’t reach to its networks. ("The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", n.d.)

Question 5
1. Explain why modulation of a digital signal is required for transmission in digital
cellular telephony?
For improving the communication quality between two endpoints the technique of Digital
Modulation is used. The signal consists of 0’s and 1’s. It provides more capability to the
information systems, data security and provides availability to the systems with high
communication. It provides high frequency on the analog signals and us modulation of the bit
stream of digital mode. The digital signals are sent in the digital circuit around the digital
medium. The specifications of the channel are maintained to communicate with the signal
that has not definite bandwidth that actually not found. The transmissions of digital signals
don’t solve the rectangular bandwidth type. So if signals are transmitted then it is required to
modulate the signal in digital form to correct its bit rate. The alterations in the type and voice
with the modulation of excellent voice. It uses some benefits for modulating the digital signal
for the data transmission in the digital signals. These are:
 It should decrease the height of the antenna.
 It should increase the range of communication.
 The system has a mixed form of signals.
 It should maintain the possibility of multiplexing.
2. Briefly explain the digital transmission on a bandpass channel?
The meaning of Broadband transmission of the signal specifies that it can send digital
signals on the channel and change digital signals to analog signals i.e. it can require
modulation. The transmission of broadband signal uses bandpass channel. In the network,
a bandpass channel is defined as it is a type of channel which doesn’t start from zero. The
actual point of bandpass transmission is to send digital signals on the channel without
converting the digital signal to analog signals. It has a requirement to use a bandpass
channel. A channel which is more available than the lowpass channel. If the channel is
used in bandpass then digital signals don’t send directly it must be converted to an analog
signal before transmission. In the process of transmission in Baseband pulse, a group of
data is symbolized in the form of digital pulse modulation signal which is transmitted on
low pass channels. (Guimarães, 2009)

Question 6
The amount of data that is used for a total of nine collisions that are detected in the form of a
circle with the marking digits on it.
Switches: It is identified as a computer device which works on the network that is used to
attach the devices together with the help of data packets switched to send and receive the
data. It has network components that connect more than two devices together. It is called a
network bridge with multiple ports helps to process and connect packets at the data link layer.
Hub: It is called as a single point of devices in the network. It can connect various points to
the Local Area Network. It should maintain many ports when single data packets are come at
one node and keep a copy the packets to other nodes. It is a central node through which all
the other nodes can communicate with each other.

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Bridges: It is defined as a network of the computer that maintains inter-related connections
with the network and uses some type of protocol. It works at the OSI model in the data link
layer and provides communication between two separate forms of network. It can filter the
data and generate a frame for MAC address networks.
Router: It is developed to build network connection to send data packets in the computer
systems. It helps to maintain control over the traffic that points to the network. It doesn’t
maintain the collisions in the router and helps to build one broadcast network. (Topor et al.,
2009)
References:

 Kai, C., Yu, N., & Chen, Y. (2007). An enhancement scheme of TCP protocol in mobile
Ad hoc networks: MME-TCP. Journal Of Electronics (China), 24(1), 1-9. doi:
10.1007/s11767-005-0105-y
 Zhang, Y., & Feng, X. (2012). Ad Hoc LAN Protocol-Based Defense Wormhole Attack
Method. Recent Advances In Computer Science And Information Engineering, 195-201.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-25766-7_25
 Network Protocols. Communications And Networking, 79-104. doi: 10.1007/978-1-
84628-645-2_6
 The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Ipv6 In Practice, 199-207. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-
48001-3_15
 Guimarães, D. (2009). Passband Digital Transmission. Digital Transmission, 411-583.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01359-1_6
 De Silva, A. P., Gunaratne, H. N., Gunnlaugsson, T., Huxley, A. J., McCoy, C. P.,
Rademacher, J. T., & Rice, T. E. (1997). Signaling recognition events with fluorescent
sensors and switches. Chemical reviews, 97(5), 1515-1566.
 Topor, R., Salem, K., Gupta, A., Goda, K., Gehrke, J., & Palmer, N. et al. (2009).
Switch. Encyclopedia Of Database Systems, 2896-2896. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-39940-
9_3728

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TCP/IP Protocol: Data Encapsulation, Network Addressing, and Broadcast Communication

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