Theories and Models of Teaching and Learning: Understanding Behaviourism in Education and Training

Understand the important concepts of teaching and learning, theories and models of learning, communication, assessment, curriculum development, and reflection and evaluation in education and training. It also covers the principles and models of behaviourism for effective teaching and learning, and explores a lesson plan for evaluating teaching methods and resources.

Principals and Models
in Education and
Training

INTRODUCTION
Teaching is an important process in the individual life because it focuses on learning new skills
and knowledge which helps an individual to grow in the career (Han and et.al., 2018). This
report aims to understand the important concept of teaching and learning. This report will
include the understanding of theories and models of learning. In addition to this, it also covers
some important models of communication, assessment, curriculum development and reflection
and evaluation (Renshaw, and et.al., 2019). The report will also demonstrate a lesson plan for
evaluating teaching methods and resources. Also, there will be discussion about the theories and
models used for communicating with students
MAIN BODY
TASK 2: Facilitative teaching and learning
Lesson plan
Learning Area: Travel and tourism Size 40
Timing: 2 Hours
Topic: Understanding the travel and tourism
Method: lecture cum demonstration
Intended
Learning
Outcomes
Student will be able to learn about the following areas:
 The meaning of travel and tourism
 The approaches used to attract tourists.
 The importance of tourism in GDP of nation
Procedure Engagement of students:
 With the help of power point slides
 The use of student’s engagement activities
Resources Lectures notes and PPT slides.
Questions To know the importance of tourism and effective ways to attract tourists?
Evaluation In order to evaluate the performance of the students feedback at the end of
session will take place
Time 120 minutes
Objectives The students will be able to understand the concept of travel and tourism.
They will also be able to know about the best ways to attract the tourists.
10:00AM Meaning and concept of tourism

11:00AM Ways to attract tourists.
Rationale
There is need of using right resource in order to deliver the lesson plan. Power point
presentation is one of the important resource that helps to teach the students and let the learn key
concepts. There is the various learning preference where learners learn different modes of the
medium. The VARK model helps in knowing about the learning preference of the students. The
various categories of learners are visual learners, auditory learners, read and write learners,
kinesthetic learns. It depends upon the learner how they learn the information. This model is
giving information about visual learning. In this method, the teacher gives the information
through pictures and diagrams (Musgrove Et. Al., 2018) The second category is auditory
learning which includes music, discussion, and lecture. Another method is reading and writing
this method is used by the teacher in the classroom where they give the books and notes. This
method is elaborating the student knowledge by various means so they add the notes which give
the information. The last method is kinaesthetic learning this learning is all about the learner
learning by the feel and touch. The teacher gives the experiment in the class and students learn
through the movement of hands-on activities. The more of visual learners are present in the
classroom and that is the reason use of power point slides to deliver the lesson is being done.
This helps the learners to know about the key points and remember the flow charts being used
(Wong and Li, 2019). Now the schools also focus on the learning need so they add various
resources in the classroom they add models, charts, and projects so the class become attractive.
Every teacher uses innovative technology for the learning process. This provides opportunities
for the students so that they are able to solve all the problems, and discover themselves
effectively. The use of lecture cum demonstration helps to provide best to the students as they
are able to see examples. This enhances their retaining power and they are able to learn in best
suitable manner. The demonstration helps to keep the students engaged in the class (Berlinger
and Zacharias, 2019). The main reason of using this method is to enhance the learning level of
the students. Also, it is a simple and speedy method of teaching the students. The knowledge of
students also gets enhanced with the use of this method. According to humanist and facilitative
school of thought, there is need of knowing about behaviour of students at the time of teaching
them. This is important part of behaviourism theory that helps in their personal growth and self-

actualisation of the students. There is need of effective communication in order to teach the
students. Communication is the best way to connect people it is a two-way process.
Communication required sender and receiver. When the sender communicates the message to
and the receiver gives feedback this is effective communication. When the communication is
proper then it is reflected in the form of feedback. The students are able to provide their feedback
from the topics they have learned in effective manner. The use of proper communication helps to
create better learning environment and teach the students in appropriate manner.
TASK 3
Describing and analysing models and principals of behaviourism as a teaching and learning
method/style.
The theories, principles, and models are the most important factor in learning. This factor
is influence learning when the teacher uses it in the teaching. This factor is helping the teacher to
understand the student's behaviour. When the student is an infant they learn their sensory organs
when they learn is going to the toddler stage they learn by their environment where their parent
talks (Al-Shammari, Faulkner and Forlin, 2019). They connect the words. When they come to
the initial stage they explore the various information now they connect with the teacher. Now the
child school age they are going to school. At this stage, they develop social relationships with
outsiders. This stage is helping the teacher to understand the student's psychology.
Behaviourism theory is given by Pavlov, this theory is all about the condition and stimulus. This
is the stimulus and response theory. Pavlov creates experiments on the dog. They give the food
to the dog when the dog sees the food they drop its saliva. It is the response when the food is
given there is the basic response (Bommasani and et.al., 2021). But now Pavlov gives them food
with a bell that time dog does not drop the saliva because it is the conditioning. Now Pavlov first
rang the bell and gives food now the dog is aware of the bell they understand the bell and they
drop the saliva and the conditioning. This theory is giving information about stimulus and
response. When the teacher gives the stimulus then the student gives the response. When
teachers apply these theories in their teaching they deeply understand the student behaviour.
They also know when the student goes to the pedagogy level the teacher gives only rote learning.
When a student goes andragogy stage teacher develops an understanding and this stage gives

conflict and questions to the student. When students go heutagogy stage the teacher roles are
neglected. This stage helps the teacher and gives information about teaching and student.
various authors have made these principles. These author creates the various experiments and
then they give the theories so this theory is help in understanding the student behaviour. The
teacher gives the punishment and also reinforcement to the student. Positive reinforcements
change the student's behaviour and their knowledge.
As per the behaviourism theory given by John B Watson, it has analysed that, every
person gives response to the stimulus and activities which is happening in their surroundings.
Their behaviour gets changed and they learn within the environment (Meyer, and Norman,
2020). The students have great influence of their surrounding as they develop their behaviour
through what they see and felt. In own learning style and methods which is used during giving
lecture, PowerPoint presentations and role play. The theory of behaviourism applies to all the
level of learning for a student. The main aspects of behaviourism theory are discussed below:
Positive reinforcement: It is the main concept of behavioural learning theory in which
teacher provides an area like rewards prizes and appreciation for scoring good marks in exams.
As soon as teachers stop giving positive motivation, the student will not work hard towards
learning to get good grades. Reinforcement will help student in growing positively and
effectively. In own area of specialism, I provide positive reinforcement through giving rewards
and appreciation. Also, I promote equality and diversity in classroom in which all the students
get equal opportunity which is a great positive area. It creates competition for them to achieve
grades and beat others. In order to promote sportive reinforcement, it is much necessary to
analyse the student behaviour through using teaching practices like feedbacks, interactive
sessions and one on one coaching. This reflects that, my own teaching method will influence the
learning areas which assure that
Repetition: It is also a key concept for influencing behaviour of a student or child. The
teachers often repeat the rewards and reinforcement that they are going to provide them. This
will keep the students on the right track and informed about the results which they are going to
get after achieving good grades. So positive reinforcement and repetition will move
simultaneously that will help in creating better learning environment. I often provide repetition
during the class lectures in order to keep students aware about the right path and success to be
achieved.

Motivation: The next best key factor to influence the behaviour of a student is to
motivate them. It involves all the positive and negative reinforcement which teachers promote
during teaching (Sh, and et.al., 2020). It keeps the students’ efforts engaged in getting good
marks and achieve success. When there will be no motivation, the students will feel that, all the
learning concepts and materials are not useful. Their behaviour and attitude gets change as soon
as the students do not find anything which will inspire them. In own practice of teaching in
tourism management, I motivate students through understanding their needs and wants, use
effective resources which will be helpful for different learners. Therefore, I ensure that each and
every student should be feel valued and listened which will help in solving their queries and
issues.
They create laboratories and various other important halls for the development of student
learning. Now the administration also focuses on the learning need so they add various things in
the classroom they add models, charts, and projects so the class become attractive also the
student make the charts which add by the administration to the bulletin board. This type of
learning is remaining a long time and students learn various things. Every teacher and
administration creates and innovates the learning process they allow going for the organizational
visit which helps the learner to learn the practical information (Mukhalalati and Taylor, 2019).
Teacher gives the information in lecture method but this organization visit or classroom actives
create a different type of leanings.
Critically review theories of behaviourism in relation to own practice, ideologies, beliefs and
intentions for teaching and learning delivery.
There are various theories of behaviourism which helps in delivering own teaching practice.
An individual’s behaviour is based on ideologies belief and intentions which gets sup up into the
action and response. In order to teach students and make them learned, it is crucial to review on
own practice and performance of the students ( Grant, 2018). Different individuals have different
style of learning due to which, it is necessary to enhance the potential of the learners. This shows
that, various types of behaviour theory can be identified in a leaner. Their beliefs and attitude can
differ in the learning environment which require important actions.
Behaviourism analyse the psychology of students so that they can teach them according to
the requirements and preferences of students. This includes different theories which can be used
during the teaching of tourism (Stoel-Gammon, 2018). These theories assist in making teaching

method more interactive and involving for students. During the classes of tourism, I have used
different theories of behaviourism which are as follows:
Classical conditioning: This learning theory suggest that individuals can involve
themselves in unconscious learning without any intention. The behaviour of students
automatically responds to the situation which assist in developing their capabilities (Hoel, and
Mason, 2018). I use to provide them examples related to tourism which are related by students to
their past learning for better knowledge. The past experienced are linked by the students to the
examples so that they can learn something new which assist in better career development in their
respective field.
Operant conditioning: According to this theory teacher may use practices like
punishment or reinforcement in order to strengthen the behaviour of students. I use to give
rewards on the positive outcomes of the students so that it assists in better motivation. Students
of tourism field have to indulge themselves in critical learning which assist in achieving good
marks (Baggio, 2020). This theory includes both punishment and reward which can influence the
mind of students for studying in appropriate manner. The fear of punishment makes students to
analyse the topics in appropriate manner which increase their engagement level towards the
studies.
Observational Learning: It includes the fact that students can learn different topics
related to their course with the help of observing others. Due to the increasing observation level
in students they can retain the grabbed information in appropriate manner (Borsboom, and et.al.,
2021). I use to depict the relevant examples in front of the students so that they can analyse the
positive factors. I always focus on providing positive pictures so that students learn and behave
according to that. It is important to involve good ideas during the teaching so that students can
change their behaviour according to the required factors. This type of learning can also be
referred as social learning theory which suggest that students can observe traits from their society
in order to enhance their knowledge.
It has critically reflected that, there is requirement of the key practices which needs to be
addressed by teacher. For my own practice, it is important to look for the development of self-
practices for using teaching theories. It will show that, I need to take care about the preferences
and learning style of the individual to attract and inspire them towards the subject areas (Hayes,
and Hofmann, eds., 2018). For example, some learners might learn through visual or audio

methods of teaching, so their learning will be influenced with it. It is necessary to put focus on
the key learning aspects which will be able to find the great cause of the learning objectives. It is
critically evaluated that these theories assist in providing better methods of teaching to the
students of tourism. All these theories help in analysing the behaviour of students so that teacher
can provide knowledge and abilities according to their preferences. It is important to maintain
better interaction with students so that teachers can eliminate the gap of communication between
them. Behaviourism is the important element which facilitate better and advanced learning so
that students can get higher opportunities. Classical conditioning suggest that students can
connect their feelings with their past knowledge and operant conditioning and observational
learning collectively assist in providing effective skills.
TASK 4: Reflective journal
EXPERIENCE:
SIGNIFIANT EVEN
OR INCIDENT
I have interest in teaching and this helps me to teach the
students in appropriate manner. There are several incidents
that takes place and can be good and bad. I have an
approach of learning from the incidents so that I do not
repeat the mistake again in future. There was an incident
which took place in the classroom that helped me to
improve my teaching methods. When I teach the subject in
the classroom then I got to know that students are not
taking an interest and they are busy with different things. It
was shocking and surprising for me because I have depth
knowledge of my subject so why students are not taking
interest in the subject. In the starting I was so worried as I
was unable to create discipline in the classroom and the
students were also not engaged. This situation took place
in the starting of new sessions and was the reason of my
concern. I used to teach the students with the help of
lecture method. I used to prepare the topic before a day so
that I am able to provide them detailed description of the
subject. This made me demotivated and I was unable to

take the lessons with dedication. All this was problematic
for me and then I analyzed that the I should take help of
my senior teachers, peers in order to solve the situation.
Some of the teachers sat in my class at the time of taking
lesson.
DESCRIBE: WHO,
WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE
This incident took place in the starting of the session in the
classroom. All the students were involved as the
environment of class was not good and no one was
disciplined. Afterwards, other senior teachers were also
part of class so that they are able to understand my mistake
and help me to improve my performance.
ANALYSE: WHY,
HOW (IMPACT ON
TEACHING AND
LEARNING)
It was one of the best learning experience that helped me
to understand my mistake and engage the students in
classroom. This incident provides an impact on my
teaching and learning methods because, from my peers and
seniors got to know the areas that were missing (Boutelier
and Et. Al., 2021). First of all, I do not understand the
behavior of students. The behaviorism theory helps to
know about the individual behavior of students and the
best way to teach them (Ryan and Et. Al., 2019). I have
analyzed that all the learners are different from one
another and VARK model help to know about the
individual learners and their learning styles. There are
different types of learners such as visual learners are able
to learns what they visualize and prefer flow charts and
diagrams. The auditory learners have good hearing
capability. They are able to learn with the help of audio
and video lectures. The read and write learners are the one
who are able to learn by their own self. They take time to
read and have habit of making notes for themselves. It is
necessary for a teacher to know about the best learning

styles of the students. The last is kinesthetic learners who
learn from the experience. The students do not require
theoretical knowledge and learn by practical application. I
have learnt that I must analyze the learning capability of
the students and then deliver the lesson. The students in
my class are visual learners and that is the reason the use
presentation slides in order to prepare the lessons for
them (Zhang and Et. Al., 2020). This helped me to engage
the students in the classroom with the help of right
resource used to teach them.
I also understood that the time has changes and now the
use of lecture cum demonstration is necessary to make
the students learn effectively. The demonstrations are
attractive for the students and they do not get bored in the
class room. This helps me to deliver the lessons in
effective manner and get the learners involved in the
classroom.
It is evaluated that the interactive model of communication
is ahead then other methods. In this model, the sender
sends the message through various channels and the
receiver receives it. When they receive the message they
give feedback also. It means the receiver understands the
message this is the interactive model. This will help me to
take feedback from the students after the class so that I am
able to understand my mistakes. This helps to create
disciplined classroom and keep the students engaged.
REVISE: CHANGES
AND/OR
IMPROVEMENTS
REQUIRED
I need to enhance my communications skills as it will help
me to deliver the lessons in best appropriate manner.
Along with that ICT skills assists me to deliver the lessons
by using latest technology. For this I will take online

classes so that I am able to use technology in appropriate
manner. The use of latest technology is necessary to
engage the students in the classroom (Mirza and Khurshid,
2020). After analyzing the situation, I found that I was not
used to learning styles in the classroom and that's why I
decided to use different models such VARK and
behaviorism theories related to the understanding of
different learning styles. It will help me to make inclusive
teaching. I will also start student engagement activities in
the class. The quizzes will be taken from the students so
that their performance in checked. There is need of
improving my numeracy skills as they are required to
assess the performance of the students (Fernández-
Batanero and Et. Al., 2020). There is key role of knowing
about own weaknesses so that the actions to enhance them
can be taken. Inclusive teaching plays a critical role in
providing best learning environment to the students and
teaching them according to their preference. I will use
these learnings in my future as well. Having a engaged
classroom is necessary for all the teachers and this
motivates them to teach in appropriate manner.
TASK 5
Reflecting on the activity and the justification for and successfulness of the teaching theories and
methods that were used to communicate
Teaching involves communication and interaction between teachers and students so that
they can exchange their thoughts and views. It is important to interact with students on regular
basis so that their doubts and problems can be easily resolved (Floyd, 2018). Teachers have to
provide various solutions to students which make them capable for achieving better grades in

their studies. Being a teacher of tourism, I have used different theories and models during
transferring of knowledge to students. This assist in transferring skills, abilities and knowledge in
appropriate manner which fulfil the criteria of teaching. The required knowledge during teaching
of tourism involves various factors which can be teach with the help of relevant and related
theories. Communication is the best way to connect people it is a two-way process.
Communication required sender and receivers . When the sender said something and the receiver
listens and the receiver gives feedback this is effective communication. For understanding
communication, there are various principles or models here. This model helps in effective
communication which is necessary for every people. When the communication is proper then it
reflects in the form of feedback.
The Linear model: In my own teaching area for travel and tourism, I prefer to use
important model teaching theories and models of communication. The Linear model is how the
sender sends the message to the receiver through the channels. This is how the sender sends a
message. This model emphasizes the sender or channels of the medium. In this model, there is no
emphasis on the receiver feedback. It is the one way where the sender sends only messages by
various channels (Seymour-Walsh, and et.al., 2020). There are various examples of the liner
communication lecture, audio, video, books, and articles. So, I have used all these ways of
communication to ensure that, the learners will not suffer with barrier and miss communication.
The interactive model: the another model is The interactive model is ahead of one step of
the linear model. In this model, the sender sends the message through various channels and the
receiver receives it. When they receive the message they give feedback also. It means the
receiver understands the message this is the interactive model. In my own teaching in travel and
tourism, I make sure that, the students will interact with each other to involve cooperation and
coordination. For that instance, I use methods of teaching like role play and group sessions.
Transaction model: This model reflects an increase in the number of people sender
communicates at the same time a large number of people it is possible by the technology (Grant,
2018). This model helps to gather a large number audience at the same time it is possible by the
mass media. In this method, there is a successful transmission of the message and the sender
connects with various peoples. Strong communication skills manage the classroom very
effectively it shows teacher management. When I speak well in the classroom, the student gets
inspired and attract towards it (Abdullah, 2020). They connect the student with the subject.

Verbal communication involves the use of words and various expressions than connect a student
in the class.
From own practice in travel and tourism, it is necessary to have Effective teaching which
can be achieved by clear speech, appropriate voice, volume, and proper gestures. This time is a
very essential part for my own development in subject areas. A reflective teacher becomes when
they add these qualities (Damyanov and Tsankov, 2018). The teacher creates an environment
where the student can connect with the teacher. I conduct visual and audio class which engages
the student in the classroom. Teacher very effectively expresses their thought in the classroom.
Discussion and presentation debates are ways where I can connect with the student in the
classroom this task is to showcase student communication abilities. I also provide various
opportunities in the class for the student. A Teacher’s communication is effective as it gives a
positive response to the student.
Feedback for learners
Student name XYZ
Assessment type Diagnostic assessment
Topic To learn the role of travel and tourism in
modern business
Activities Feedback
Concepts of travel and tourism. Clearly stated.
Importance of travel industry in modern market Missing relevant information in terms of
stating industry needs.
Highlight the role of travel industry for modern
business
Good start but lacks clarity in giving business
related examples.
Scope of travel and tourism in future Good understanding of the concept
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the discussion of this report that it is necessary for the teacher
to use different models and theories. It is related to the important concepts and elements of the

teaching. This report discussed important theories and models related to learning as well as
communication and assessment. This report also includes the theories related to assessment,
curriculum development and reflection and evaluation. It is analysed that there are many ways to
apply these theories in order to assess learning. The teacher needs to make sure that they should
put these theories in the development process very effectively so that they will be able to
increase the effectiveness of teaching.

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