Is it Important to Teach Philosophy to Kids?

Teaching philosophy to kids is essential for their intellectual and personal growth. It helps in developing critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, emotional development, and a deeper understanding of the world around them. Philosophy should be integrated into the curriculum as a complementary subject to help children apply their knowledge in practical life situations.

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Essay 1: The Purpose of Education Should Primarily be about Preparing People for their
Place in the Society?
Introduction
Why do parents educate their children, a child is sent to school, attend classes and familiarize
with subjects that are being taught. Why all these? What is the point of passing exams and
getting certificates? Is it to get employed in life as several people do? These are relevant
philosophical questions that are often debated. Historically, the purpose of education has
changed and progressed according to the needs of our society. The primary purpose of education
has varied from training youth in a religious set of guidelines, to organizing them to live in a
democracy, to incorporating immigrants into conventional society, to preparing employees for
the developed 20th-century workplace. As teachers make youths for their futures in a world that
is rapidly changing, what is the purpose?
The primary purpose of education from the beginning has been to bring people to as full
awareness as possible of what it is to be a human being. Other goals have been largely
acknowledged; these include developing the mental power, to serve social needs and
requirements, to contribute or develop the economy, to create a competent workforce, to prepare
learners for job or career, to uphold or promote a particular social or political organization (A
human rights-based approach to education for all, 2007). These purposes provided are deplorably
incomplete in scope, and in several circumstances, they conflict with the comprehensive purpose
explained above; they involve or imply an unclear human subsistence. The wider humanistic

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purpose includes all of them, and goes further than them, for it tries to encompass all the
facets/dimensions of human understanding.
We get the education to be conventional, to be shaped into the society, into our diverse cultures,
to fit into the flow of social and economic activity, to be sucked into that large stream that has
been flowing since the ancient times. Is that education or education has a different purpose?
Education means that a human intelligence not only is able of being perfect in subjects such as
mathematics, history, and geography but also can on no account, under any circumstances, be
drained or drawn into the stream of society (Asia Society 2018). This because that stream we call
living, is corrupt, immoral, violent and greedy. That stream is human’s culture. The question is,
how do we acquire the best type of education to enable the mind of human beings endure all the
temptations, all manipulations, the bestiality of this society and culture. For that reason, we get to
understand that education shapes the perception of human beings and helps them live better in
the society.
Similarly, most people’s view is that the purpose of education is to help young people in
developing skills, the awareness, and the character that will enable them to be responsible,
contributing members of their respective communities; their democratically well-versed society.
Besides, education teaches an individual to think intensively and critically. However, education
that stops with the good organization may prove the greatest threat to the community
(Tomlinson-Clarke & Clarke 2011). For instance, the most dangerous criminal may be the chap
exceptional with reason but not morals; intelligence is not enough. Intelligence and the
disposition is the goal of actual education. In this regard, the role of education has frequently
been to every person, in essence that it provides the young and adults the things they require to
develop in an organized, sequential manner into members of the community.

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Education is the driving force of the economy of every nation, it is the establishment of the
people’s culture, and it is an important preparation for adult life. These objectives are at the heart
of education system and constitute its purpose to any society. Everybody has a responsibility to
educate the young people or the coming generation of knowledgeable citizens, introducing them
to the best and instilling in them the love of knowledge and culture. On the other hand, education
is also about the actual and practical business of making sure that younger generation get the
preparation they require to secure a good job and a fulfilling career, and have the resilience to
overcome challenges in real life.
Education in all sense is one of the primary factors of development. Every country needs a
significant investment in human resources to obtain sustainable economic growth. As explained
earlier, education provides people with indulgent of themselves and the world at large. It
improves the quality of people’s lives and shows the way to wider social benefits to human
beings and their society. Productivity and creativity come through education which also
promotes entrepreneurship and technological developments (Carlile & Jordan 2012, p. 89). Also,
it plays a very important purpose in safeguarding economic and social growth and enhancing
income distribution. When a nation with all the resources required for better economic
development does not perform well, it is essential for such a country to invest in education to
ensure that people have the required knowledge and skills to succeed in a demanding economy.
Student Perspectives on the Purpose of Education
Students get their education in schools; they are educated to become productive in the society
after coming out of school. They become functioning/productive members of the community
who can work, who can also educate other people and become role model. Students gain early on

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basic numeracy and literacy skills and are empowered to become active contributors to the
transformation of the communities (Inspiring education, 2010). These are achieved through
learning that also focuses on the values, attitudes, and behaviors which enable them to live
together in a world characterized by diversity and pluralism. We build opinions and have points
of view on things in life. For that reason, it is an indication that education gives knowledge and it
is a process acquiring information concerning the surrounding world.
Conclusion
Finally, human beings become competent and gain the capability of interpreting things, among
other things through education. It does not just concern lessons in textbooks. It is about the
lessons of life. To the students, it provides the basic skills needed to access and drive their
education, develop the softer, non-subjects life skills for success and also impart subject
knowledge that helps them take a place about who they are in the society.

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References
A human rights-based approach to education for all. (2007). New York, NY: UNICEF.
Asia Society. (2018). Understanding the World Through Math. [online] Available at:
https://asiasociety.org/education/understanding-world-through-math [Accessed 16 Apr.
2018].
Tomlinson-Clarke, S. and Clarke, D. (n.d.). Social justice and transformative learning.
Carlile, O. and Jordan, A. (2012). Approaches to creativity. Berkshire: Open University Press.
Inspiring education. (2010). Edmonton: Alberta Education.

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Essay 2: Is it Important to Teach Philosophy to Kids?
Introduction
Subjects like English and arithmetic are regarded imperative, as well as obligatory for kids in
schools. These subjects are esteemed given that they enable kids to figure out how to peruse,
learn, impart reason and take care of issues. Similarly, Ültanir (2012) denotes that theory impacts
youthful personalities to think for themselves as they build up a remarkable way to deal with any
given circumstance/issue. For this situation, it turns out to be certain that theory additionally
expands upon different disciplines like science and arithmetic given that they have an
involvement in problem solving. Consequently, philosophy ought to be incorporated into kids
educational modules to give them a chance to utilize a special approach in different subjects in
their educational programs, as well as in their everyday life.
While philosophy might be essential for kids and their young personalities as they grow, it is
critical to decide how to go about it. All things considered, it ought not to influence whatever is
left of the educational modules (different subjects that kids are adapting) but instead impact them
to utilize reasoning in their way of dealing with alternate subjects making it a corresponding
subject. For example, as indicated by Lipman's Philosophy for Children program, offspring of
around 2 years get the opportunity to find out about making refinements and correlations while
those of years 3 to 4 learn analogical thinking aptitudes and the logic of dialect (Lipmann 2013,
p,46). Here, kids do not surge, yet rather get the chance to propel their learning of theory with
time. For a kid who is 2 to 3 years, they are as yet finding out about numbers, colors and letters
and so on. Lipman's program for this age run supplements their educational programs, and really

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encourages them through it. Here, the advantages of reasoning for these youngsters wind up
apparent. As they keep on developing, they figure out how to recognize and think about, as well
as reason out issues.
From Lipman's point of view, this enables kids to learn better, as well as impacts the sharing of
thoughts and inquiries and discussions amongst educators and understudies, which hardens their
understanding (Lipmann 2013, p.67). Here, the objective is to impact youngsters to utilize
reason. This has the benefit of making them make critical inquiries, which gives ground for
essential discourses and expands upon their comprehension. Reasoning is likewise critical among
astute understudies given that it encourages them effectively apply their knowledge in pragmatic
life circumstances. Here, one might say that it enables them to likewise be insightful, which
eventually guarantees that their knowledge ends up advantageous.
As per Gazzard, rationality for kids is essential in that it likewise adds to their passionate
improvement (Gazzard 2012, p.79). This is given to the point that it would empower their
characteristic premium and happiness regarding getting the hang of, upgrading their advantage
and progressive more profound comprehension of subjects/handle that intrigue them. Also, it
moves them to feel equipped and beneficial, which would emphatically impact their confidence
and feeling of worth.
Even though the Piagetian hypothesis holds that a youthful tyke is unequipped for isolating self
from the world/subjective from the goal, kids do take part in philosophical reasoning
(characterizing, summing up and order and so on) (Haynes 2010, p.56). This being the situation,
it is not out of the question that they begin learning theory early on the off chance that they are to
effectively build up their thinking abilities and develop to wind up autonomous masterminds

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(Lipmann & Sharp 2011, p. 115). For this to wind up a reality, it is basic that logic is coordinated
into their educational programs as a reciprocal subject that will enable them to figure out how to
apply their insight in reality.
Importance of Teaching Philosophy to Kids
Even before kids start their rudimentary learning, they usually have a wide range of inquiries
concerning life and their environment, and along these lines have started to search out for reality.
Given that an instruction is gone for preparing the brain, giving information that enables youthful
personalities to increase seeing, at that point logic can be seen as being of an incentive for
youthful kids in their initial couple of years of rudimentary training.
Frederick Turner (2010) depicts an incentive as something that is of some significance or
something helpful. Esteem, in this manner, moves toward becoming something that is vital and
helpful for individuals. Given that theory drives kids to reason out their inquiries in the scan for
answers, at that point, it turns into a profitable device for their learning procedure. In his work,
Ültanir (2012) distinguished inventiveness and basic reasoning as of essential objectives of
training. The basic reasoning is for sure a noteworthy part of logic enabled that it includes to
reason out an issue even before strategies for science can be utilized to demonstrate conclusions.
The Education Act of 2002 recognized reasoning abilities as being basic to long-lasting learning
and getting ready understudies for difficulties and encounters sometime down the road.
Ültanir (2012) felt that one of the objectives of training was to enable understudies to be in a
situation to do new things and not just rehash what alternate ages had done. Then again, Plato
noticed that the unexamined life does not merit living, which essentially implied that it is
incautious to simply acknowledge all that one is educated without addressing it. One of the best

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qualities of rationality is the way that it enables understudies to basically assess the information
they get and decide if it ought to be acknowledged. Here, the theory will enable youthful kids to
make the applicable inquiries and also utilize their rationale to censure given perspectives and
fundamentally break down the perspectives of others. Accordingly, it ends up being a profitable
device through which they can manufacture the comprehension of their general surroundings as
opposed to just tolerating all that they are educated.
Conclusion
For youthful kids, specifically, the estimation of logic is that it will ingrain a culture of basic
reasoning as they create and progress in their instruction. It is in this manner just through
reasoning that they can accomplish genuine learning even as they seek after what premiums
them. Perfect training includes exhibiting thoughts/circumstances that enable kids themselves to
investigate. This enables the kids to contemplate what they are occupied with, and with the
assistance of guardians and educator, build up their own particular perspectives, thoughts, and
methodologies. Something else, a greater part of understudies would basically be remembering
what they are instructed with no basic assessment. Accordingly, they would have a troublesome
making any positive commitment in social open deliberations in different Areas of life sometime
down the road. In this manner, it is false that logic has no an incentive to youthful youngsters.

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References
Gazzard, A., 2012. Do you need to know philosophy to teach philosophy to children? A
comparison of two approaches. Analytic Teaching and Philosophical Praxis, 33(1).
Haynes, J., 2010. Children as philosophers: Learning through enquiry and dialogue in the
primary classroom. Routledge.
Lipman, M. and Sharp, A.M., 2014. Some educational presuppositions of philosophy for
children. Oxford review of Education, 4(1), pp.85-90.
Lipman, M., 2013. Promoting better classroom thinking. Educational Psychology, 13(3-4),
pp.291-304.
Turner, F., 2010. The meaning of value: An economics for the future. New Literary
History, 21(3), pp.747-762.
Ültanir, E., 2012. An Epistemologic Glance at the Constructivist Approach: Constructivist
Learning in Dewey, Piaget, and Montessori.

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Course Work
Theories Learned, their Merits and Demerits
 Behaviorism
Advantages of Behaviorism- Behaviorism relies upon prominent practices, is not much
perplexing in evaluating and amassing information and data at the instance of planning analysis.
Ever since study and examination are reasonable gadgets for providing illustrations and flawless
bits of affirmation around a specific ponder, initial analysts and sponsor of behaviorism took
pride in starting the investigations of recognizable methods instead of those which cannot be
surveyed and assessed (for instance prominence and checked erotic wants as the foundations for
psychodynamic theory).
Productive restorative systems, for instance, focused social intercession, coordinate examination;
symbolic parsimonies and distinct test arranging are totally developed in behaviorism. These
techniques are from time to time to an extraordinary degree gainful in altering maladaptive or
risky performs in the dual youths and seniors. Plentiful has been alleged concerning the
approximations of fortresses like rewards, corrections, Premack standard and others as for
engaging learning (Staats & Eifert 2017, p.550).
Challenges of Behaviorism- Different intellectuals battle that behaviorism is a simplistic method
of dealing with overseeing accepting hominid lead and that social theory don't address an option
and inner influences, for instance, viewpoints, considerations, and estimations. It only deliberates
on things that are recognizable and computable, well, truly, there exists differing masked
fragments of a man which is phenomenally entered in his or her individualities and gaining
limits.

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Behaviorism fails to address diverse kinds of modifying; predominantly finding that occurs
deprived of the use of assistance and educate. As can be incited from the theory demonstrated a
phenomenal bit of the hominid lead and erudition limits were credited to the effects of outer
segments which cover in as retaliators. As tried by diverse shields like Albert Bandura, not all
things can be enlightened by outside impact as decided. Everything deliberated; there is a broad
assortment of habits.
Characters can change their lead when fresh information is shown, paying less regard to whether
a historical direct arrangement had been established using help. It simply states that gaining little
identity to what lead a person known in the ancient over an arrangement of a post, he can at a
show can adjust and furthermore adjust it once new circumstances bring out fresh information.
Behaviorism, everything considered, offered us a lot of effect in the turf of getting ready and
cerebrum look at. Differing hypotheses were purposively made in light of the way that
benefactors found immensity. It is directly essential for us, to leave the compartment, merge and
organize the effects of these different theories (Staats & Eifert 2017: p.550).
 Constructivism
Constructivist learning speculation has its place in the educational setting, notwithstanding, may
not be appropriate as a select practice. We've separated a bit of the focal points and impediments
of constructivist learning speculation and furthermore a couple of considerations on the most
capable technique to organize its benchmarks into the learning condition. Constructivist learning
speculation works in perspective of the decision that understudies make data in light of prior
learning. Constructivism speculation communicates that there is no adapting free of the knower,
simply the data that they make for themselves in light of the information that they secure from

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their general environment. As opposed to having a restricted answer, constructivism
demonstrates that the understudy influences the suitable reaction as they to see it.
Strengths
Constructivism puts more highlight on substantial data, something that has for a long while been
dismissed by various regular instructors. In the seasons of old, understudies were depended upon
to sit through addresses, take notes and take tests. While some of that still occurs in classrooms, a
regularly expanding number of instructors are finding that understudies ought to be totally
connected with the learning method, using most of their resources, not just their eyes and ears.
Understudies aren't just disconnected individuals in the classroom; they ought to be adequately
connected with "the end-all strategy" of their general environment (Fosnot 2013).
The constructivist demonstrating procedure has been used as a piece of a custom educational
modules setting for a long time. It is exceptionally practical for those understudies who have
extraordinary necessities like material dealing with an issue or those on the Mentally unbalanced
range. Some of these understudies have awesome identities, however essentially can't turn into a
through standard procedures. Rather than only doling out information, an educator is all the more
a guide for a learning wander and adequately appreciates the learning strategy with the
understudies and furthermore encouraging them to challenge contemplations.
Challenges of Constructivism- The best shortcoming is its nonappearance of the structure. A
couple of understudies require exceptionally composed circumstances remembering the true
objective to have the ability to surpass desires. Constructivism requires the teacher to discard
regulated instructive modules for help or a more redid course of amass in perspective of what the
understudy unquestionably knows. This could lead a couple of understudies to fall behind of
others.

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It is like manner ousts exploring in the standard course and rather puts increasingly a motivating
force individually propel, which may provoke understudies falling behind however without
regulated assessing and appraisals educators may not understand that the understudy is doing
combating. Since there is no evaluation in the regular sense, the understudy may not make
learning as the speculation confirms, but instead essentially be imitating what diverse
understudies are doing (Fosnot & Perry 2016:p.29).
Another bother is that it can truly lead understudies to be perplexed and frustrated in light of the
way that they won't have the capacity to shape associations and processes between the data they
starting at now have and the data they are learning for themselves.
Constructivism can have its place in the learning system, yet as an out and out learning structure,
it has a couple of imperfections. Understudies may benefit with some constructivism norms
composed into the classroom setting; in any case, most understudies require more structure and
appraisal to succeed.
 Cognitive Approach
The mental approach has a key favored point of view of useful and important applications,
however a key shortcoming of not having the ability to watch the accepted purposes behind the
lead. The coherent thought of the approach is one meriting analyzing as it can be both a quality
and weakness, like its reductionist nature.
Advantages
The mental approach has various rational applications. For example, Noble Cohen et al's
examination indicated how the speculation of the mind was an inadequacy of a psychological
unevenness and gave another test to Hypothesis of the cerebrum. The test could then be used
again to help choose whether some individual has outrageous contemplation, while the data those

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people with a psychological irregularity or Asperger's issue require speculation of the mind can
empower us to better understand what a psychological unevenness involves and how to oblige
this into school or work conditions. Concentrates, for instance, Loftus and Palmer's trial into
driving request have similarly uncommonly influenced quantifiable cerebrum research and
passerby announcement. Thusly, this is a to a great degree supportive approach with various
responsibilities regarding mind research and society when all is said in done (Clark 2016 : p.
466).
The scholarly method extremely depends on tests as its major study system. Examinations think
about conditions and final products to be settled (which braces the advantage of being having
down to earth applications), yet more fundamentally consider high control over disappointing
elements. This infers looks at embracing the subjective technique are to some degree coherent
and have extraordinary inside authenticity as pointless components are controlled.
Drawbacks
The principal damage to the scholarly tactic is that it insinuates mental schemes which we can't
particularly look at. It relies energetically on recognition. Faultfinders of Loftus and Palmer's
driving request tests demonstrated the authenticity of the reconstructive memory hypothesis, as
we can't verify that memory has changed as the researchers couldn't watch memories, yet simply
the suitable reactions are given - which may have been the result of intrigue properties, or even
confused reasoning of speed. In this manner, the mental approach may require being consistent
on the introduction that it is subjective in what is taken from disclosures. Expecting that
revelations are the result of imperceptible techniques is seriously subjective and could incite an
unavoidable result and inward authenticity being raised as issues.

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Another weakness of the mental approach is that it slights distinctive segments towards lead that
have been seemed to impact direct. For example, Palmer and Hollin's examination concerning
moral reasoning and essential initiative practices in hooligans acknowledged that the complexity
between why the controls hoard weren't convicts and the exploratory social event was an
immediate aftereffect of subjective fundamental administration contrasts. Regardless, remarkable
examinations, for instance, Brunner et al and Juby and Farrington have displayed that science
and adolescence, independently, can unveil why people swing to bad behavior. Along these
lines, this approach is to some degree reductionist as it elucidates lead as essentially the delayed
consequence of 5 subjective strategies (thought, thought, memory, perception, and vernacular)
and insults diverse parts. (Dweck & Leggett 2012: p.256)
 Humanism
Advantages
Like every theory, a few people watch the humanistic technique to make sense of how to be great
molded though others view it for the dissimilar steady imperfections. A section of the
physiognomies of this hypothesis joins the idea on all the optimistic thought of humankind and
the stunning decision identified with revolution. In no way like Freud's hypothesis (2017:697)
and the consistent approach, has which base on determinism or our nonattendance of control
over us, Maslow and others seen the individual are capable.
A minute positive piece of humanistic theory is the straightforwardness in which a basic bit of its
points of view fits well with various systems. Distinctive specialists have understood a
humanistic undercurrent in their work with clients. While they may fight humanistic theory does
not go adequately far, they see the upside of the inside segments in helping people change
(Stevick 2011, p.19).

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Finally, most have seen the upside of humanism perseveres into different clarifications behind
living. If you take a win class, you are evidently going to discuss Maslow's levels of specialist. If
you think about money related or business, you will equivalently center on moving upward in
our lives remembering a complete objective to be more aware of our character and where we fit
in with the world (Elias & Merriam 2015, p, 198). Close stays unsurprising with various
clarifications behind living, including making, criminology, and history, among others, as the
stray bits of humanistic thought strike a proposal in all of what is seen as human.
Disadvantages
With the colossal, ceaselessly comes the shocking, and this hypothesis is the same. The best
commitment of humanistic thought appears to pivot its nonappearance of strong treatment
approaches went for specific issues. With the basic thought driving the theory being decision, it
is difficult to both develop a treatment technique and think the abundance of this framework.
Likewise, there are the overall publics who perceive humanistic theory comes up short in its
ability to help those with a more true character or mental achievement pathology. While it may
show positive slants for a minor issue, using the approach of Roger have to treat schizophrenia
would transmit an impression of being silly (Grafton & Jardine 2016, p.176).
Finally, the humanistic theory makes a few hypotheses about human impulse that are not
altogether apparent all things considered. Are people on a very basic level incomprehensible or
are there a few people who are not set up for this? Would we have the capacity to alluringly fight
that everyone takes a dark level from Maslow lit up, or are these levels, and even what they stay
for, be controlled by the individual? For what reason do a few people seem to settle on opposing
choices paying little heed to when productive blueprints are looking them in the face? These
request torment humanistic thought and the trouble in looking into the theory does not give any

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adaptability (Geller 2015, p.190). In spite of these issues, the humanistic theory has been
converted into various isolating points of view on psychotherapy and human change. The diverse
fight now that a humanistic sign in treatment gives an OK foundation to change. While it may
not be adequate, it may, regardless, be central for a key character change to happen (Plummer
2011, p. 180).
Linking the Theory and my Knowledge on Psychology towards my Values, Attitudes and
Perspective
Assistance in my Learning
Even before anyone starts their rudimentary learning, Stevick (2011) denotes that they usually
have a wide range of inquiries concerning life and their environment, and along these lines have
started to search out for reality. Given that an instruction is gone for preparing the brain, giving
information that enables youthful personalities to increase seeing, at that point logic can be seen
as being of an incentive for youthful kids in their initial couple of years of rudimentary training.
One of the objectives of training was to enable understudies to be in a situation to do new things
and not just rehash what alternate ages had done. Then again, Plato noticed that the unexamined
life does not merit living, which essentially implied that it is incautious to simply acknowledge
all that one is educated without addressing it. One of the best qualities of rationality is the way
that it enables understudies to basically assess the information they get and decide if it ought to
be acknowledged.
Perfect training includes exhibiting thoughts/circumstances that enable individuals themselves to
investigate. This enables the individuals to contemplate what they are occupied with, and with
the assistance of guardians and educator, build up their own particular perspectives, thoughts,

PHILOSOPHY 21
and methodologies. Something else, a greater part of understudies would basically be
remembering what they are instructed with no basic assessment. Accordingly, they would have a
troublesome making any positive commitment in social open deliberations in different Areas of
life sometime down the road. In this manner, it is false that logic has no an incentive to
personalities.
Effects on my Values
Knowledge on psychology has positively influenced my values as a person. This is for the reason
that it has influenced my understanding of phenomena that would be had to understand for a
common person without the knowledge of psychology. This in turn affects how I behave in
whichever circumstance I find myself in. Prior to learning psychology, my values were
determined by the way people treated me and the moods that I was in.
Effects on my Attitudes
According to a study by Stevick (2011) on psychology, attitude refers to a psychosomatic
concept, a psychological and emotive entity which inheres in, or personifies an
individual. Attitudes are varied and are gotten through past experiences. It refers to a person’s set
idea or a feeling or even the perceived. Attitude can be shaped by an individual’s encounters
either in the past or even the current state and associations
As a result of learning psychology, I have learnt that an attitude is a state of mind which can be a
constructive or pessimistic assessment of individuals, objects, occasions, exercises, and thoughts.
It could be solid, unique or pretty much anything in your condition, yet there is a level-headed
discussion about exact definitions. In spite of the fact that it is in some cases regular to
characterize a disposition as impact toward a protest, influence (i.e., discrete feelings or general

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excitement) is by and large comprehended as an evaluative structure used to frame state of mind
question. State of mind may impact the thoughtfulness regarding disposition questions, the
utilization of classes for encoding data and the translation, judgment, and review of demeanor
significant data. These impacts have a tendency to be all the more intense for solid mentalities
which are available and in light of expanding steady learning structure. Dispositions can control
encoding data, consideration, and practices, regardless of whether the individual is seeking
irrelevant objectives. By learning psychology, I have learnt to control my attitudes towards
individuals, their choices, their behaviors and all that they do. I have also been able to learn how
to understand the reason behind my attitudes and the secrets behind controlling them.
Effect on my Perspective
Psychology and perspectives go hand in hand (Stevick 2011, p. 90). Perspective in
psychology refers to the angle at which we view things. It me be the angle through which you
look at other individuals, how you relate with them, how you reason with them and other basic
relations with the surrounding individuals. The study of psychology has influenced how I
basically relate with people. Through the course, I can be able to be in a common think tank with
all individuals and understand their arguments and the reason as to why they are arguing in that
manner and why they have chosen that line of argument.

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References
Clark, D.M., 2016. A cognitive approach to panic. Behaviour research and therapy, 24(4),
pp.461-470.
Cogan, R., Cochran, B.S., Velarde, L.C., Calkins, H.B., Chenault, N.E., Cody, D.L., Kelley,
M.D., Kubicek, S.J., Loving, A.R., Noriega, J.P. and Phelan, K.A., 2017. Sexual fantasies,
sexual functioning, and hysteria among women: A test of Freud's (1905)
hypothesis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24(4), p.697.
Dweck, C.S. and Leggett, E.L., 2012. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and
personality. Psychological review, 95(2), p.256.
Elias, J.L. and Merriam, S.B., 2015. Philosophical foundations of adult education. Krieger
Publishing Co., PO Box 9542, Melbourne, FL 32902..
Fosnot, C.T. and Perry, R.S., 2016. Constructivism: A psychological theory of
learning. Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice, 2, pp.8-33.
Fosnot, C.T., 2013. Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice. Teachers College Press.
Geller, E.S., 2015. Actively caring for the environment: An integration of behaviorism and
humanism. Environment and Behavior, 27(2), pp.184-195.
Grafton, A. and Jardine, L., 2016. From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal
Arts In Fifteenth and Sixteenth Cent, p.176.
Plummer, K., 2011. Documents of life 2: An invitation to a critical humanism (Vol. 2). Sage
p.180.
Staats, A.W. and Eifert, G.H., 2017. The paradigmatic behaviorism theory of emotions: Basis for
unification. Clinical Psychology Review, 10(5), pp.539-566.

PHILOSOPHY 24
Stevick, E.W., 2011. Humanism in language teaching: A critical perspective. Oxford University
Press, USA, p.19.