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The Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes

   

Added on  2021-04-20

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THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN TYPE 2 DIABETESAMONG INDIAN ADULTS LIVING IN RURAL REGIONS OF INDIAby (Name)CourseTutorInstitutionLocationDate

The Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Among Indian AdultsLiving in Rural Regions of IndiaResearch Question Does the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) affect the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), and peripheral vascular disease) among adults of Indian descent in rural India? BackgroundDiabetes is endemic in India [CITATION Anj11 \m Int13 \l 1033 ]. According to a 2017 report by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), India ranks second (behind China) on the list of the top ten countries with the highest number of living with diabetes. On the actual prevalence, approximately 65 million persons live with T2D and this number is bound to double within two decades [ CITATION IDF17 \l 1033 ]. In urban India, the reported prevalence of diabetes is the highest worldwide and it is only comparable to that of nations of West Asia and Pacific[ CITATION Ram10 \l 1033 ]. However, minimal data is available for rural India where more than 70% of the population lives. Reference can only be drawn to a 2005 study by Yusuf, et al., (2005) who claimed that t rural India may soon experience the same trends as those of urban India. It is an established fact that cardiovascular diseases are the chief causes of morbidity and mortality in T2D. about sixty to eighty percent of persons who present with diabetes succumb to cardiovascular events. The increased risk is attributed to the high prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors, as well as those for diabetes. Hypertension, smoking and lipid abnormalities for the former and diabetic dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia for the latter.[ CITATION Fon06 \l 1033 ]

Controlling cardiovascular risk factors among diabetics can delay or prevent cardiovascular disease. A number of studies do report on the effectiveness of therapies that are directed at controlling blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the prevention of macrovascular events in diabetes [ CITATION Ban111 \l 1033 \m deV121]. According toSridhar, and fellows (2010), there is a significant prevalence of metabolic cardiovascular risk factors among clinic-based Indian patients presenting with diabetes. There are minimal studies which have established the incidence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among inhabitantsof rural India. A further review of literature yields nil results with regard to the number of studiesthat have evaluated whether Indians presenting with diabetes have the awareness, and also seek treatment for, or control of high blood pressure (hypertension) and high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) which stand as the two most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease among this population. As such, this study seeks to determine the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in population-based patients in rural India presenting with diabetes. Further, the study seeks to investigate the people’s awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia - the most important risk factors for cardiovascular events. Study DesignThis study will adopt a multi-site exploratory study design to identify the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among adults who live in rural India and present with diabetes. The rationale for choosing this design is that multisite studies do provide large, diverse samples with sufficient statistical power to detect association between the variables under study, the findings are also more generalizable compared to studies conducted in a single site, and as a result, can provide a true picture of the real situation on the ground. Further, an exploratory

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