The Impact of Design-Led Thinking in the Advanced Manufacturing Sector

This study examines the impact of design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing sector, focusing on its role in achieving operational competitiveness and customer satisfaction. The research findings highlight the benefits of adopting design-led thinking in manufacturing industries and the importance of integrating technology and innovation in the manufacturing process.

The impact of design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing sector
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1. Abstract

Manufacturing industries adoption of design-led thinking in advance manufacturing sector makes it
possible to integrate several innovative strategies in the manufacturing process. Advanced
manufacturing process and innovation should integrate technology as a means of coming up with
new products. To come up with the new products, manufacturing industries need to change
operational techniques from conducting a research study to designing or redesigning of the latest
products. The main goal of using design-led thinking in the manufacturing industries would be to
achieve operational competitiveness and meet customer satisfaction as well as maximize profit
generation. The study methodologies used in the study are descriptive and correlational research
design, which were selected due to their ability to offer the best outcome of the subjected study.
The study findings from the survey include; manufacturing industries and countries which adopted
design-led thinking have remained competitive in the market, and such countries are giants in the
production sector. The next research finding was that for any organization to adopt design-led
thinking, organizations should be able to implement it from problem definition to product design or
redesign. It has been observed that the adoption of design-led thinking in advanced manufacturing
results to increased competitiveness and customer satisfaction.
Table of Contents
1. Abstract........................................................................................................................................2

2. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4
3. Literature review.............................................................................................................................5
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................5
Design-based-thinking and innovation...........................................................................................9
Study methods..................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion......................................................................................................................................10
4. Research Design.............................................................................................................................11
Research question..........................................................................................................................11
Related work..................................................................................................................................11
Design.............................................................................................................................................13
5. Design questions.............................................................................................................................14
The research design process..........................................................................................................14
The ten types of plagiarism...........................................................................................................15
Structuring sentences in academic writing..................................................................................16
6. Literature Planner.........................................................................................................................17
7. Bibliography...................................................................................................................................44
2. Introduction
Design-led thinking in manufacturing industry makes it possible to have different innovative
strategies. It has been identified as a model that the manufacturing industry can use to demonstrate

both local and international success factors (Bonvillian 2017, pp. 25). Since its inception into the
industry, design-led thinking has been used in the manufacturing sector to scale organizational
competitiveness, performance and manufacturing process. Being one of the advocated
methodologies in the manufacturing industry, its adoption has been spearheaded by different
manufacturing corporate executives from Australia. The round table discussions brought
organizations which had already adopted design-led innovation in the manufacturing industry, as
well as those, have the required knowledge and skills to facilitate design-led thinking. The idea
behind design-led thinking should be focused on exploring possibilities of building and scaling the
industrial success. There are several samples of organizations which have piloted the
implementation of design-led thinking in the manufacturing sector. The discussion should seek to
amplifier technical capability to increase adoption of design-led thinking to gain operational
competitive advantage (Savastano et al. 2019, pp. 891). There are no doubts that innovations and
new design influence has been categorised as a one of the creative processes with its outcome
being; increased design innovativeness, design strategies which involve design process
management and organizational level designing thinking capabilities. These aspects are quite
important as they demonstrate design capabilities and contributions it can have in both corporate
and country's economic development.
This paper focuses on the significant roles of design-led thinking and influences that
innovation have on the manufacturing industry. The main factor that has facilitated the need to
change the manufacturing strategy has been attributed to industrial decline despite being one of the
critical economic pillars in many countries (Bonvillian 2017, pp. 69). From the analysis of the 2008
global financial crisis, it was notable that the service industry cannot guarantee the country's stable
economic growth. Therefore, the manufacturing industry was rated to be the most stable business
sector that can steer economic growth substantially. In this regard, Australian countries should
understand the importance of manufacturing industry and come up with new strategies which can

guarantee an increase in financial stability. This article combines different manufacturing industries
from the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), Australia and some of the world
developing countries. The analysis would have an emphasis on the use of design-led thinking in the
manufacturing industry to increase operational competitiveness and spearhead states economic
growth (Durach, Kurpjuweit & Wagner 2017, pp. 956). The researches have demonstrated the need
for design and innovation as well as integrating all essential aspects such as design, related design
strategy, technology, product and services. The study would be articulated on parameters of design
and innovation, the relationship between design and innovation and possibilities of implementing
all design areas in the manufacturing industry. It would be presumed that the design strategy would
be used as a tool in the manufacturing sector to demystify design innovation. It would also
encourage manufacturing companies to make use of design innovation to increase innovativeness
and competitiveness (Lee & Leem, 2016, pp. 151). Therefore, the main objective of the paper is to
create an innovative design spectrum by having a holistic representation of design impacts and the
factors that influence design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing sector.
3. Literature review
Introduction
In today’s manufacturing world, different types of technologies have been brought together to
facilitate advanced manufacturing aspects. Advanced manufacturing aspects brings together both
physical and technological means where human being interact with digital devices to enable the
manufacturing of goods (Elsbach & Stigliani 2018, pp. 2274). With innovations dominating the
manufacturing sector, the design of the products should facilitate the transformation of new
products which can result in the accelerated development process. It is evident that manufacturing
processes are evolving to the extent of incorporating technological advancements. The impact of
design-led thinking can be attributed to aspects such as progressive automation of technologies
which are facilitated by the adoption of smart systems (Bocken, Rana & Short 2015, pp. 69). On the

same note, the uptake of cloud-based enabled systems offers operational transparency in both the
manufacturing sector and supply chain management. Design-led thinking in the manufacturing
industry provides the ability to the manufacturing systems to react immediately to specific
conditions and respond accordingly. Change in design-led thinking have proved to be very
important in reducing manufacturing costs and improving the quality and quantity of the expenses.
The complex operating environment in the manufacturing sector is influenced by factors such as;
changes in technology which dictate the nature of producing goods. The government policies in a
given state also affect the design and quality of the products that manufacturing-based
organizations can deliver (Bocken, Rana & Short 2015, pp. 72). The final factor that manufacturing
industries should consider during the design of the products is production expansion and change of
customers preferences. The review focuses on the impacts of design thinking in manufacturing
industries and challenges that innovators are adopting the strategy face. This would be analysed in
terms of the factors that influence and hinder design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing
sector. It makes use of scholarly articles and journals that less than ten years old after publication.
The working of the design thinking in the manufacturing sector
The innovative way of doing and organizing manufacturing processes results in different
improvements. In the 1980s, total quality management combined several aspects in the
manufacturing industry such as quality circles and Kanban circles. As a result, employees were able
to do much better work than usual. The combination of tools and application of improved work
processes were thought to be the success of social technology (Sharma & Sharma 2014, pp. 5-6). In
a study that involved more than fifty projects from different economic sectors, it was observed that
social technology and design thinking had the potential to steer the manufacturing industry.
Successful implementation of design-led thinking in the manufacturing industry should result in
superior products, decrease in production risks, employment buy-in and change in the cost of
operations. Manufacturing industries have been trying to achieve operational efficacies but have

been facing different challenges to make any innovative processes. Through the application of
design-led thinking strategies in the manufacturing sector, some challenges should be addressed. If
organizations need to produce superior products, there is need to have a new methodology of
defining the organizational problem. In cases where an organization wishes to discover potential
operational strategies through the use of design-led thinking, it would be necessary for a researcher
to frame and ask questions interestingly (Elsbach & Stigliani 2018, pp. 2276). The solution in the
production sector could be more reliable if design-led thinking factors user-driven criterions.
Similarly, design-led thinking in manufacturing sector can lower both operational and
manufacturing costs substantially. Though it is not possible to avoid uncertainties in manufacturing
industries, innovators should have possible alternatives but venture on the most suitable one. Once
the most suitable option have been chosen, innovators should make appropriate use of design
thinking to come up with the best product. According to Sharma & Sharma (2014, pp. 3), customer
discovery through design-led thinking has not been used in the manufacturing sector as many of the
known methods have been focused on the jobs that can be done. With the new strategy,
organizations in the manufacturing sector need to highlight what makes substantial meaning to the
customers through the use of design-led thinking. To understand customer needs, organizations
have been venturing on different study researchers through data collection. The best decision could
only be arrived at by having the correct data collected to reflect the exact needs of the people
(Esmaeilian, Behdad & Wang 2016, pp. 81). In this case, it would be essential to assume the data
collectors may have useful data, but analytics and decision makers view the data in their lens with
some biases aspects. Having noted such issues affect the final product, design thinking should take
a different approach to identify customers hidden needs. To understand and meet customer needs,
manufacturers and innovators should consider customers' experience as the output of the final
product. A good example can be highlighted from UK based charity organization which works for
autism syndrome. A design member visited an autism patient and observed the patient engage in

damaging activities such as rubbing a leather made the sofa and rubbing it against the wall. The
first aspect was to document the patients' behaviour and come to a problem definition focused on
preventing destructiveness (Hallgren & Olhager 2009, pp. 978). During the second visit, the
designer had a different viewpoint of the patient's actions. The focus shifted from patient’s
destructive impulse motive of rubbing sofas on the walls. The designer had to mirror the patient's
behaviour to discover the satisfaction which comes with such harmful activities.
Instead of perceiving the sofa being damaged, the aspect changed to any other thing wrapped
in a fabric material which can be fun for the patient to rub against the walls. The goal of the
designer was not to focus on material items being damaged but the satisfaction that the patient got
from any action performed. The wall was turned into an object that can offer more comfort instead
of taking it as a damaged material. Through immersion as a method of data collection and
application of design-led thinking in manufacturing, it was possible for the designer to come up
with an understanding of the patient’s problems (Bhattacharya, Mukhopadhyay & Giri 2014, pp.
49). In this case, concluded that instead of designing products that offer safety to autism patients,
designers should focus on strengths and pleasures. With such understanding, the researcher came
up with the creation of living spaces in specialized gardens to enable autism patients’’ have a
complete life which was more comfortable. Through the application of the immersion as a data
collection method, it was possible to understand the problem. Once the data had been collected,
design-led thinking was applied to come up with a suitable way of providing autism patients with
comfortable lives. The design-led thinking should be framed to steer up the discussions that seek to
inquire about the true nature of the world and feasibilities of coming up with suitable solutions
(Bonnardel & Zenasni 2010, pp. 182). Finally, user experience testing in the manufacturing sector
cannot be guided by prototypes when coming up with the final products in the market. If design-led
thinking in manufacturing should be considered to be a game changer, prototypes are to be
considered as a way of measuring customer experiences on the products under development. In

such cases, the final products can be perceived to be far from being delivered because redesign can
take place before the final product can be released into the market.
Design-based-thinking and innovation
The success of any developed country like the USA can be attributed significantly to
advancement in both research and development. The application of design-led thinking and ability
to take risks have contributed considerably to the creation of much intellectual property than any
other country. Since design-led thinking requires the use of knowledge, it is only through research
that the manufacturing sector can implement value-creating innovation (Behun et al. 2018, pp. 23).
The standard design process offers an ability to understand the required practical product
components but does not provide an alternative to these components. On the same note, it is
essential to comprehend design-led thinking offers an insight on more feasible options to meet
customer needs. The concept of design-led thinking should be perceived as an enabler in innovation
when manufacturing industries try to come up with new products in the market. In the
manufacturing sector, design-led thinking can be viewed as a set of principles such as diversity,
problem redefinition, products prototyping, experimentation and human centred. Through the
application of design-led thinking in the manufacturing sector, it has been possible to incorporate
value and incorporate value in the design processes (Esmaeilian, Behdad & Wang 2016, pp. 83). It
is evident that the proper application of design-led thinking has proved to impact organizational
performance positively. To solve human problems and increase operational completion,
organizations should focus on investing in research and development to understand issues
consciously.
Study methods
The literature review from several studies used different methodologies in data collection,
which were flexible depending on researcher suitability. Some of the methods used are emersion,

which focused on taking part in the use of design-led thinking to change the manufacturing sector.
In such cases, researchers have to become normal product users as well as interact with final
consumers to have the actual product experience (Baines & Lightfoot 2013, pp. 26). On the same
note, observation proved to be an essential data collection method if design-led thinking would be a
success in the manufacturing industry. Through observation, it was possible for USA based charity
designer to identify the issues that surround patients with autism. Observation remains to be a
primary data collection method in design-led thinking because it involves the use of actual problem,
redefining the problem and coming up with an alternative. The final data collection method
includes interviews with final product consumers to ascertain if it meets customers’ expectations.
Important to note is that design-led thinking should not only focus on the products but information
elicitation and interpretation. With design-led thinking strategy, normal processes should be
advanced to achieve a more convenient way of meeting customer need as well as making
operational competitiveness (Bhattacharya, Mukhopadhyay & Giri 2014, pp. 49).
Conclusion
The literature review is used to create a reflection of the entire design-led thinking strategy in
the manufacturing sector. It is evident that through design-led thinking, the manufacturing industry
can define the problem more precisely to achieve competitiveness and meeting customer
satisfaction. Design-led thinking cannot be achieved without incorporating technology in the
production sector. For the manufacturing industry to be able to redefine the problem consciously, it
is essential to invest in research and development. It is only through research and development that
manufacturing industries would be able to evaluate and understand if there are unmet market gaps.
The design-led thinking in the manufacturing sector should be guided by principles such as human
interaction, idea diversity, and product prototyping and problem redefinition to feature in new
features. Countries like the USA, which embraced design-led thinking in manufacturing industries
from earlier days have had substantial achievements. The achievements have been associated with

design-led thinking because it contributes to increased production, customer satisfaction and
increased operational competitiveness. Despite the use of data collection methodologies such as
observation, immersion and interviews, innovators and designers should embrace the use of design-
led thinking in achieving market competitiveness and customer satisfaction. The overall outcome of
design-led thinking in manufacturing industry could be aspects such as increased profits margin.
4. Research Design
The design involves an evaluation of the methodologies which are included in the study of the
subjected problem. In this case, the issue would be addressed by defining the exact need for
adopting design-led thinking in the manufacturing industry. The design would be outlined by
defining the research question, reviewing related work study and evaluating the applicable design in
the study.
Research question
What are the factors that influence and hider design-led thinking in the advanced
manufacturing sector? The question aims at analysing factors that influence adoption and
incorporation of design-led thinking in the manufacturing industry as a way of developing more
sophisticated products, satisfying customer needs, increasing production and improving the
country's economy. Some of the factors that influence design-led thinking are; technology, skilled
man power, availability of tools and resources and specific client requests. The study of the design-
led thinking is essential because it outlines aspects that the manufacturing sector should focus on
during implementation of design-led thinking (Ford 2014, pp. 40). In today's business world where
technology has become the norm of the business, adoption design-led thought can be very
convenient because it helps manufacturing industries integrate technology in product design.

Related work
Descriptive research design helps the researcher to explain the study cases that have been
used in the subjected study. The model has been attributed purely to theoretical concepts which are
created by gathering data and analysing and presenting the results for decision making. The
descriptive research design helps researchers in the manufacturing sector explain and evaluate the
importance of design-led thinking and its application in steering both organizational and country's
development (Ford 2014, pp. 40). Some of the benefits that researcher can get through the use of
descriptive research design are; it is possible to observe the participants in natural phenomenon
such as the study of consumer reaction on product design through immersion. It also helps in the
identification of future research because it can be used to identify testable study variables. Besides,
there are some disadvantages which are associated with descriptive study design. First, it is not
possible to manipulate variables, making it impossible to carry out statistical analysis. Next,
descriptive study design cannot be used to determine variable correlation. Finally, in some
instances, the object under observation may not exhibit desirable characteristics because it is aware
of some studies being conducted (Urbancova 2013, pp. 86). During the investigation, descriptive
research would be applicable in the identification of future technological variables which can be
studied later to support design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing sector.
Additionally, correlational research designs are used in the study to try and discover whether
any of the study variables are related in any manner. The correlation of the study can be done
through statistical analysis, while study variables are observed (Gerlitz 2015, pp. 184). The
researcher has the responsibility of identifying which variables are closely related and try to
establish the effects of the correlation. Some of the benefits that are associated with the use of
correlational study design are; it exposes the researcher to more data, and its results are applicable
in many situations of life. In this case, different organizational scenarios can be analysed to offer
the insight effects of adopting design thinking in the manufacturing sector. This can be done by

comparing organizations that have adopted and those yet to adopt design thinking. Next, it provides
other scholars with open avenues for further study by outlining existing study gaps. On the same
note, there are some disadvantages which are associated with correlational study design. They
include; it is not possible for correlational design to unveil any conclusive justification on the
existence of variable correlation. It also does not give a revelation of which variables influence
others. The study would be useful in comparing manufacturing organizations which have adopted
design-led thinking and those which yet to adapt.
Design
The study question on the impact of design-led thinking on the advanced manufacturing
sector can be addressed adequately through the use of correlational research design. The subjected
design aims at explaining the correlation between two variables which seems closely related to
establishing the operational relationship. The control experiment groupings involved in the study
are manufacturing organizations which have not adopted design-led thinking in their manufacturing
processes. The experimental grouping would comprise manufacturing industries which have not
taken design-led thinking in an attempt to evaluate and analyse differences in customer satisfaction
and profit margin. To organizations not willing to disclose their financial and operational strategies,
the questions can be framed based on adopting design-led thinking (Urbancova 2013, pp. 89-90).
The accuracy of the study would use various aspects, such as profit realization from sample groups
to highlight the differences that exist between the study groups. The difference in profit generation,
the number of employees and customer satisfaction rating will be some of the best criteria to
determine if the application of design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing sector have any
competitive advantage.
Important to note is that a correlational research design was selected for this study because it
offers the ability to evaluate and analyse the success factors from both control and experimental
organizations. It seemed the best fit for the study because it can make good use of both statistical

analysis and variable comparison in a transparent manner. The use of correlational research design
offers some operational advantages which could not be available from other types of research
design. These benefits include; ability to compare two existing variables, which makes it possible to
compare success capabilities and customer satisfaction from the selected study groupings. The need
to compare the success of two sets of organizations was an important factor which could not be
achieved through any other research design (Gerlitz 2015, pp. 191). The importance of this design
is that it can offer the ability to integrate design-led thinking in the study at all levels of the
production process from data collection to design of the product. The only limitation with
correlational research design is the nature of limited information from correspondents.
5. Design questions
The research design process
In the scholarly study, the design research process involves five necessary steps which cannot
be ignored in any research study. These steps are; locating and defining the study problem, which
focuses on revealing the nature and limits of a circumstance or question identified with promoting
procedure or usage (Alghamdi & Li 2013, pp. 6-7). In the process of characterizing the issues, the
analyst should consider the motivation behind the investigation, the significant foundation data,
what data is required, and how it will be utilized in necessary leadership. The next step involves
designing the research project, which is focused on the examination plan or methodology on how
the issue would be taken care of through predefined procedures. An exploration approach involves
a structure or diagram for directing the showcasing research venture. It outlines the techniques
which are essential for getting the required data, and its motivation is to plan an examination that
will test the speculations of intrigue, decide potential responses to the study research questions, and
give the information to organizational management for sound decision making (Kennedy-Clark
2013, pp. 28). In this steps, the research study includes the following; secondary analysis of data,

the definition of the required information, quantitative research design, estimation and scaling of
sample size, designing of study questionnaires and making good use of quantitative data collection
methods. The third step is data collection process seeks to get the data that you need to solve the
problem at hand. Information gathering includes a field power or staff that works either in the field
or at a personal level through an interview over the telephone or through email conversation. The
fourth involves research data interpretation, which focuses on data examination and making viable
conclusions to help in solving the problem. The final steps are preparing a research report on study
findings to the relevant people who might need the data for decision making. According to
Alghamdi & Li (2013, pp. 6-7), the research findings should be presented in the required format so
that organizational management can make use of it in decision making. Besides, research finding
can be presented orally to the top level management for decision making through the use of visual
and audio presentations such as figures, tables and graphs to enhance clarity and create the desired
impact through information.
The ten types of plagiarism
There are different types of plagiarism which outlines the nature of presenting other people
work without acknowledging the authors. The first type of plagiarism is clone similarity, which
involves presenting somebody's work in the same words without rolling out any improvements to
the original content and overlooking reference of the source (Roka 2017, pp. 2). The next type of
plagiarism is a remix, which is produced when an author rewords content from different sources to
think of a substance that fits together flawlessly and failing to acknowledge the author of the
material. Thirdly, the 404 error type of plagiarism involves the use of references to sources that
either does not exist or are mistaken. The name 404 Error is displayed from the blunder message
showing up when somebody endeavours to get to an invalid or inaccessible online information
source such as a journal. The fourth plagiarism type is a retweet, which results from copyright
infringement, which happens when the scholar depends a lot on the original content by the wording

and sentence development. The fifth type of plagiarism is hybrid, which is plagiarism, which occurs
when a writer uses references source from other content but does not cite all the required
information (Roka 2017, pp. 5). This results in fewer referencing materials than expected.
The sixth type of plagiarism is CRTL-C, which occurs as a result of most of the copied
content being equivalent to the original content with insignificant changes made. It is practically
much the same as cloning, yet here the author rolls out a couple of improvements to the first
content. The seventh type of plagiarism is found and replace, which is fascinating because it deals
with appropriating is when just the watchwords and expressions of the first content are replaced
with equivalent words or firmly related words (Masic 2014, pp. 141). The next form of plagiarism,
which is considered to be the modern type of plagiarism where the author utilizes own recently
twisted wording and neglects to give credit or reference to the source appropriately. It is otherwise
called self-unoriginality type of plagiarism. The ninth kind of plagiarism is a mashup, which occurs
when the subjected content is acquired from a variety of various sources and is exhibited without
the proper reference to the source author. The last type of plagiarism is aggregator, which happens
when the author incorporates appropriate referencing, the whole work is generally made out of
references, but the content does not have substantial originality (Anney & Mosha 2015, pp. 2015).
Structuring sentences in academic writing
There different aspects through which sentences are structured in academic writing. Important
to note is that not all sentences structures are accepted in formal scholarly articles. Sentence
structuring may vary with the nature of the paper being written. The structure can either be written
in a passive or active voice. The active voice sentence structure, the subject in the sentence is
believed to act. The active form of sentence structure is used to report what the subject did and the
action performed (Stab & Gurevych 2014, pp. 46). The next type of sentence structure in academic
writing is a passive form which highlights the actioned performed by the subject. Most of the
academic papers are written in active form. This helps to explain the action that the subject

performed rather than what subject is performing an action. However, in some instance, the two
sentence structure can be used depending on what the scholar wants to achieve in passing the
message. Therefore, before writing the paper, the scholar should be able to identify the nature of the
message that needs to be communicated through writing and select the appropriate voice to be used.
6. Literature Planner
Student Name: Student Number:
Topic:
Reference Number: 1
Title of Article: The evolution and future of manufacturing: A review.
Authors: Esmaeilian et al.
Publication: Journal of Manufacturing Systems.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2016 Number of citations: 241
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.97 Rank: 76 Percentile: 74th In-Category: Manufacturing Systems CiteScore Year:
2016
What was the research question?
What are the trends in the adoption of design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing sector?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The production concepts which are applicable in today’s manufacturing processes.
Adoption of design-led thinking in the advanced manufacturing process and integration of all

production processes. The aspects that steer the manufacturing sector are also highlighted as they
contribute significantly towards the development of the new product through the adoption of new
production strategies. An analysis of several aspects which are either tangible or non-tangible is
used to present design criterion which focuses on new product design or redesigning of the existing
product to meet customer needs.
Design:
Design for manufacturing presents an ability to apply manufacturing information
from the early stages of product design. The plan for manufacturing (DFM) focuses on performance
measures which are related to operational costs. The DFM design has been a simplified process in
the semi-conductors design industry. The application of design-led thinking have resulted in new
semiconductor designs as well as redesigning of an already existing product.
What was the finding?
It has been observed that the adoption of new production models results in product
redesigning as well as the change in production processes. To change the production process from
old models to new semiconductor models, organizations had to adapt to new production strategies
through redesigning products.
What were the gaps?
The study does not outline the nature of models to be adopted in each product
design or redesign process, and future research can be conducted without any restrictions. The
study would offer the ability to steer product model into any applicable customer requirements.

Reference Number: 2
Title of Article: Advanced manufacturing: a new policy challenge.
Authors: Bonvillian, W. B.
Publication: Annals of Science and Technology Policy.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017 Number of citations: 7
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.59 Rank: 56 Percentile: 57th In-Category: Science and Technology CiteScore Year:
2016
What was the research question?
What caused the decline of manufacturing in the United States of American (USA)
and its social, economic costs implications in the year 2016?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The review focused on the political systems, which caused significant disruption in
the USA due to the elite class voting bloc. The voting scenario was triggered by longtime
manufacturing decline, which started as early as the year 2000. It was observed that employment in
the manufacturing sector fell by almost one-third, with estimates of 64,000 manufacturing factories
closing operations. On the same note, the USA economic development suffered a sharp drop. The
critical aspect to note is the formulation of policies which were famously known as advanced

manufacturing. The procedures were meant to address the nature of USA manufacturing sector and
its feasibility to compete successfully with other world giant manufacturing countries.
Design:
The model in the study focuses on the design of new manufacturing policies, which
were meant to address the challenges facing the USA manufacturing sector. The model is believed
to cause efficiencies and increase manufacturing efficiencies to the already existing manufacturing
industries. The new models were focused on technological adoption, which could result in new
design models. The models could be as a result of designing new products or redesigning existing
products. It is believed that the new models if implemented, could have a vital role in
reconstructing manufacturing sector.
What was the finding?
Technology plays a vital role in restructuring the advanced manufacturing sector in
the USA. It was observed that without innovation, it is not possible to actualize design-led thinking
in manufacturing industries. It can also be highlighted that manufacturing cannot be termed
competitive without being protected by state regulations and policies.
What were the gaps?
Protection of small and medium-sized organizations was treated similar
irrespective of their sizes.
The policies passed by Congress did specify the technological measures that the manufacturing
sector can adopt to remain vibrant in the market. The other gap is the nature of protection the new
policy model address economic challenges faced by USA manufacturing sector.
Reference Number: 3
Title of Article: Contextual Impacts on Industrial Processes Brought by the Digital
Transformation of Manufacturing: A Systematic Review.

Authors: Savastano, M. et al.
Publication: Sustainability.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2019 Number of citations: 8
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 3.59 Rank: 66 Percentile: 81th In-Category: Sustainability CiteScore Year: 2017
What was the research question?
What are the impacts of paradigm shifts witnessed in industrial processes as brought about by
digital transformation in the manufacturing sector through the use of smart technology?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The study focuses on the aspects which surround digital transformation in the advanced
manufacturing industry. The paradigm shift was brought about by manufacturing industry adopting
both internet and digital technologies to steer business processes. In a current business competitive
environment, adoption of technologies remains a critical success factor that can increase
organizational productivity substantially. The changes witnessed in the industry are quite complex
to steer the industrial revolution through technological advancements and evolution of production
processes. Technology enabled production can be driven by the adoption of the internet of Things
(IoT) and mobile computing strategies in the industry.
Design:
The design model adopted puts more emphasis on the adoption of modern technology as a
way of steering the advanced manufacturing sector. The technological adoption has been the centre
of discussion because it is believed to offer a competitive advantage in the industry. The processes
involved the development of cloud-based solutions which would facilitate the organization in
adopting technology in business operations.

What was the finding?
Technological adoption in manufacturing processes makes it possible for organizations to
increase in production rate. An organization that adopted technology recorded a paradigm shift in
the manufacturing process as well as the satisfaction of the customer. Innovation seems to be a key
factor in streamlining business processes as well as increasing production in the manufacturing
sector.
What were the gaps?
The research does not pinpoint on the processes that manufacturing industries should
follow when adopting technology in their daily operations. Additionally, the article does not
explicitly address the nature of the technology that the manufacturing sector should focus on.
Reference Number: 4
Title of Article: The impact of additive manufacturing on supply chains.
Authors: Durach, C.F et al.
Publication: International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2017 Number of citations: 23
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What was the research question?
What are the impacts of additive manufacturing on supply chain flow?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The review focused on the impact of additive manufacturing in the manufacturing sector
and the solutions it offers if well implemented. The use of 3D printing can be transformed directly
into the final product by bypassing some of the traditional steps. It is highlighted that

manufacturing industries can make use of 3D to create a visual product, which is a direct replica of
the actual product. This makes it possible to incorporate 3D printing in the manufacturing sector
while modelling outcomes to meet customer needs. Many organizations have integrated 3Din their
supply chain intending to shape the entire process for tracking and evaluation purpose.
Design:
The analysis evaluates simulation modelling through the use of 3D to analyse
possibilities of success or failure. Process modelling is an essential aspect in the manufacturing
industry, such as the healthcare sector. The design modelling offers an opportunity to have virtual
product testing before it can be taken for actual implementation. Testing of healthcare products
requires real-time simulation to predict possibilities of change during manufacturing as well as
distribution.
What was the finding?
It was observed that additive manufacturing have a great impact on supply chain
management if well incorporate into business processes. It also offers an opportunity to test the
visual product before actual design can be done.
What were the gaps?
There is no standard procedure outlined to guide the healthcare industry on the use of
additive manufacturing in achieving quality products.
Reference Number: 5
Title of Article: An empirical analysis of issues and trends in manufacturing productivity through a
30-year literature review.
Authors: Lee, C.H. and Leem, C.S.,
Publication: South African Journal of Industrial Engineering

Type: Journal
Year Published: 2016 Number of citations: 6
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What was the research question?
What are the issues and production trends in manufacturing industries?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The ratio of production output concerning input manufacturing industries pumps into
production processes such as human and manufacturing processes and production in terms of
products and services offered. The study focused on general trends in production as witnessed in
the manufacturing sector and an analysis of the factor that steers future production processes. To
increase production rate and customer satisfaction, it was vital for manufacturing firms to improve
on the quality of the products and its production technology. Instead of concentrating on
technological advancement that can steer production processes, firms have been focusing on
international competition factors such as increased demand with low cost of production and trade
barriers. Later on, it was noted that production improved by providing employees with the
necessary skills required in communication and production of final products.
Design:
The production model brought together a comparison of inputs provided by the firm in the
production of its final products and the output regarding both human and non-human resources
required in manufacturing processes. The model was created by combining several aspects such as
cost and labour, human resources and production processes as well as time and cost involved in the
entire production processes.
What was the finding?

Technology adoption in the manufacturing processes reduces the number of employees
required in the manufacturing sector substantially. Next, technology incorporation in production
process increases the production rate as well as output in a much lower cost and less time.
What were the gaps?
There is no correlation between technology and production process as more emphasis has
been on the effects of technology on the cost of production and time required to produce given
value.
The nature of technology suitable in each organization has been left to specific firms to decide
depending on the firm's preference.
Reference Number: 6
Title of Article: Servitization of the manufacturing firm: Exploring the operations practices and
technologies that deliver advanced services.
Authors: Baines, T. and W. Lightfoot, H.
Publication: International Journal of Operations & Production Management.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2013 Number of citations: 249
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.59 Rank: 56 Percentile: 57th In-Category: Operations & Production Management
CiteScore Year: 2013
What was the research question?
What are the factors that influence servitization in the manufacturing industry and exploration
of technologies that help firms to deliver advanced products and services?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?

There have been doubts about the compatibility of the service and manufacturing
industry, but technology has made it possible for the manufacturing sector to take advantage of the
market gap in the industry. Instead of manufacturing firms focusing on the production of specific
products only, adopting servitization helps organizations to expand and deliver services that are
related to the products they manufacture. It is only through the application of design-led thinking
that manufacturing firms have been able to incorporate technology in the production sector to
provide services that consumers may require. The discussion of organizational practices that can
hinder the delivery of advanced services in the manufacturing industry has been analysed.
Design:
The standard model recommended, in this case, is the product-service business model which
helps manufacturing firms to deliver services related to their products. The model focus is to
increase customer satisfaction by proving support on the firm's products. Through support service,
the manufacturer can interact with consumers and understand their needs much better.
What was the finding?
Product-service business has been steadily gaining acceptance in the business world due to
the nature of service manufacturing firms can offer to its customers. Through technology adoption
in the entire business processes, firms can maximize profit generation by combining manufacturing
with services.
What were the gaps?
The process of integrating the two business has not been provided to guide manufacturing
firms with best practices that should be considered. The importance of operating a product-service

business model has not been addressed, making it challenging for firms to decide on expected
benefits.
Reference Number: 7
Title of Article: Additive manufacturing technology: potential implications for US manufacturing
competitiveness.
Authors: Ford, S.L.
Publication: J. Int'l Com. & Econ.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2014 Number of citations: 136
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 3.21 Rank: 63 Percentile: 83th In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: 2013
What was the research question?
What is the application of additive manufacturing in the manufacturing sector in the USA and
other developed countries to increase production rate?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The effects of additive manufacturing in the manufacturing sector and the competitive
advantages it offers in the subjected business. The evolution of 3D printing in the business has been
evaluated to understand its application in today's business. Though 3D was initially perceived as a
methodology of developing porotypes in the manufacturing sector, it has been adopted in real-time
manufacturing processes. The process of adopting additive manufacturing has been outlined and its
operational requirements to provide the basis of integrating it into business processes. The analysis
of additive manufacturing in the USA and significant industrial revolution associated with 3D
modelling in the business has been substantially addressed. It has been applied in robotics,

aerospace engineering and medicine industries to have a feel of the visual product before it can be
produced as the final product.
Design:
Additive manufacturing takes the nature of business process modelling before
manufacturing industries can turn the idea into the final product. The business idea has to be
modelled through the use of CAD software and presented to management and quality assurance
department for approval.
What was the finding?
3D printing in the manufacturing sector remains an important technology that can help
firms in developing products that meet customer needs. It also brings the entire business process
into a visual product that consumers and test and have a feel as well as suggest changes if required.
What were the gaps?
The author did not address the requirements and challenges that manufacturing firm's face as
a result of adopting 3D printing in the business process.
Reference Number: 8
Title of Article: Competitive advantage achievement through innovation and knowledge.
Authors: Urbancova, H.
Publication: Journal of Competitiveness.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2013 Number of citations: 243
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.01 Rank: 53 Percentile: 56th In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: 2013
What was the research question?

How to use technology as a competitive advantage tool in achieving business goals through
innovation and knowledge?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The organizations' goal and achievements through the use of innovation and knowledge to
remain competitive in the industry. The application of technology in business development and
manufacturing process to improve product quality and satisfy customer needs have been evaluated.
The necessity of using today's business opportunity to create future innovative business strategies
outlines the cause of business failure. On the same note, the importance of creating innovative
products through the use of technology has been highlighted as the basis of any successful firm.
This has been attributed to an increase in customer satisfaction as well as the quality of the product.
Design:
The approach adopted is a competitive-based strategy which explains measures that
manufacturing firms should adopt to improve product quality and meet customer requirements. The
model has been structured in such a way that any manufacturing firm adopting it should clearly
define business requirements.
What was the finding?
Technological innovation is a success factor that manufacturing firms need to adapt to
remain competitive in business. Failing to adopt technology in manufacturing sector indicates
clearly firm would lag behind its competitors in the market.
What were the gaps?
There is no clear roadmap on technological adoption process that manufacturing firms
should follow. Next, there are no technical requirements outlined to guide manufacturing industries
during technology implementation into their business processes.
Reference Number: 9

Title of Article: Design for product and service innovation in industry 4.0 and emerging smart
society.
Authors: Gerlitz, L.
Publication: Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2015 Number of citations: 15
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore:N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What was the research question?
How to integrate smart technology in manufacturing processes through digitization and
intertwining of internet and physical production?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Technology adoption in the production process by manufacturing industries in ensuring
quality and customer satisfaction remains high. The design or redesign, firm’s capability and
innovativeness as an enabler in the business environment can be supported by smart technology to
drive business goals. The impact of technology in design and product value creation has been made
to evaluate how the manufacturing sector can use design as a way of gaining competitive advantage
in the industry. By integrating smart technology in business operations, it has been possible to
increase product value. Increase in product value in manufacturing sector without impacting the
cost of production is an indication of increased customer satisfaction.
Design:

The design and integration development has been adopted to explain the process through
which the manufacturing sector should go through to implement smart technology successfully. It
embraces product design which organization can use smart technology to reduce its cost of
production while increasing its quality and meeting customer needs. The design model looks
forward to creating a distinct product and positioning the organization by creating a high-value
product.
What was the finding?
Smart technology can be used in the manufacturing sector to create a differentiated
product and position the subjected company uniquely in the market. Product differentiation in a
competitive business environment requires an appropriate smart technology application to come up
with quality product design.
What were the gaps?
No limitations have been highlighted that manufacturing firms' can be cautious off during
smart technology integration into their business processes lack of innovative strategies which are
geared towards designing a new product or redesigning the existing one.
Reference Number: 10
Title of Article: The impact of technology on creativity in design: an enhancement.
Authors: Bonnardel, N., & Zenasni, F
Publication: Creativity and innovation management.
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2010
Number of citations: 82
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:

CiteScore: 4.11 Rank: 69 Percentile: 70th In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: 2009
What was the research question?
What are the impacts of incorporating technology on creativity and design?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
In the business world, technology has been categorized as the interface between products
created by designers and the designers themselves. Due to a change in technological advancements,
it is essential for designers to learn and adapt to new technologies. The designer cognitive process
has been addressed in a bid to come up with products that can help product designers increase their
creativity. Increase in creativity would help in designing up products which meet consumers need
with low cost of production. Similarly, the need to support any emerging creativity in product
design seems to be an essential aspect that should be addressed substantially. The last, in this case,
focused on supporting the newly created products to make sure required advancements are
considered in future updates and delivery.
Design:
The model adopted in this case, advocates for designer-cantered and cognitive processes
in the development of the new product. The design is based on Computer-Aided design (CAD) and
have a thorough assessment to understand the designer's cognitive assessment. The development of
any new manufacturing technology should be dependent on the individual cognitive process.
What was the finding?
Most of the development process does not consider an individual cognitive process.
Considering cognitive processes in development enhances product interaction and functionality
because products would be tailored to meet individual needs.
What were the gaps?

The author addresses individual need rather than market demand. Considering the
challenges that developers face in tailoring products, no standard approach has been given to cover
general market needs.
Reference Number: 11
Title of Article: Lean and agile manufacturing: external and internal drivers and performance
outcomes.
Authors: Hallgren, M., & Olhager, J
Publication: International Journal of Operations & Production Management
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2009
Number of citations: 365
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 3.44 Rank: 59 Percentile: 77th In-Category: Operations & Production Management
CiteScore Year: 2008
What was the research question?
What are the factors that affect and drive the choice of both lean and agile operational
capabilities and the impact they have on organizational performance?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Initiatives that can be applied by manufacturing industry managers to improve operational
and production capabilities. The emphasis has been on the use of either lean or agile process as the
key drivers in the manufacturing industry to achieve organizational goals. The evaluation of both
internal and external factors affecting lean and agile and how they affect the manufacturing
industry. It also addresses the effects of lean and agile and any operational differences between the

two. The analysis of the relationship between industrial competitiveness and the application of lean
or agile manufacturing process outlines the importance of both lean and agile in the manufacturing
sector.
Design:
Both lean and agile are considered to be a second-order factor in manufacturing and can
only be measured through distinct modelling practices. The industrial competitive intensity and
strategy have been modelled as either internal or external drivers with cost and time delivery
implications in manufacturing.
What was the finding?
There are considerable differences between agile and lean in terms of drivers and outcome.
The outcome performance is related to both cost and flexibility in such a way that lean is directly
related to cost and agile correlates with product mix development.
What were the gaps?
There is no evaluation of technological measures that the manufacturing industry can
integrate with either agile or lean to improve the quality of the final product.
Reference Number: 12
Title of Article: Supply chain management in Indian automotive industry: Complexities,
challenges and way ahead.
Authors: Bhattacharya et al.
Publication: International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2014
Number of citations: 5
Primary or Secondary: Secondary

Publication Rating:
CiteScore: N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What was the research question?
What are the complexities and future trends in the Indian automotive industry supply
chain management?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The development of the automobile manufacturing industry in Indian forms the basis of
discussion considering its contribution to economic growth. The examination of development
complexities and prospect in the industry highlight the need to look for several alternatives to keep
the sector vibrant. Aspects such as innovation and visibility, working collaboration and network
supply as well as evolving leadership style as factors that affect supply chain management have
been analysed into detail. The quality of the products in the industry has also been under scrutiny to
analyse if there are factors that might be affecting the supply chain. The last criterion highlighted is
on organizational strategies to overcome challenges that are associated with the cripple Indian
automobile supply chain.
Design:
Development complexities, visibility and collaboration among several entities explains
the model adopted in the automotive supply chain. The study of the industrial market to understand
operating competitive factors help in understanding the nature of the market. Operational
competency remains to be the critical factor in supporting effective implementation of the supply
chain in the Indian Automobile industry.
What was the finding?

Indian automobile industry supply chain has been affected by inefficiencies associated
with failure to adopt essential technology. Implementation of proper technique and management of
new supply chain design have contributed positively to the growth of the industry.
What were the gaps?
No recommendations have been provided to address the challenge of inappropriate
technology and quality issues arising from product design.
Reference Number: 13
Title of Article: Artificial intelligence in advance manufacturing technology-a review paper on the
current application.
Authors: Sharma, P., & Sharma, M.
Publication: Int J Eng Manag Sci
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2014
Number of citations: 5
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.43 Rank: 66 Percentile: 87th In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: 2013
What was the research question?
What are the applications of artificial intelligence in advanced manufacturing technology?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Considering the nature of the competition in today's business world such as
manufacturing industry, adoption of artificial intelligence technology makes it possible for
enterprises to remain competitive. With artificial technology, it is possible to automate some
processes to make business flow faster and reliable. The main focus has been on artificial

intelligence techniques in the business sector as well as its appropriate areas in the manufacturing
industry. It has been advocated that the use of artificial intelligence in manufacturing sector can
solve most of the challenges which have been hindering the growth of the sector. Adoption of
artificial intelligence in some industry has economy has had a positive impact on improving the
customer experience as well as the quality of the final product.
Design:
The machine-based design in the manufacturing industry seeks to do away with much
of the processes which are done by a human being. Implementation of artificial intelligence in the
manufacturing sector brings together different technological capabilities with the aim of increasing
business efficiency.
What was the finding?
Artificial intelligence adoption in manufacturing sector makes it possible to automate
most of the business processes, which in turn enhances business efficiency. Without artificial
intelligence in the manufacturing industry, it would be impossible to increase productivity.
What were the gaps?
The author did not address the nature of artificial intelligence required in the
manufacturing industry. No challenges have been addressed to highlight possible issues that
organizations planning to make use of artificial intelligence might face.
Reference Number: 14
Title of Article: Value mapping for sustainable business thinking.
Authors: Bocken, N. M. P., Rana, P., & Short, S. W.
Publication: Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2015
Number of citations: 128

Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.44 Rank: 56 Percentile: 67th In-Category: Industrial and Production
Engineering CiteScore Year: 2015
What was the research question?
What are the strategies for value mapping in sustainable business mapping in manufacturing sector?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
There have been pressure from business market to increase business sustainability and
improve on production processes. To achieve sustainable business operations, manufacturers are
required to adopt several approaches that can help in integrating product value creation. The value
creation in product can either be social, economic or political. To achieve sustainable business
processes, some tools have been highlighted to help industries in achieving sustainable model
innovation. The model presented are specific to each business and the connection between business
and its model are unique. The value of business mapping and its associated process have been
evaluated to shed light to several business processes that require such tools to gain competitive
advantage.
Design:
Value-mapping and sustainable business development have been advanced to present
appropriate tools in developing suitable business operations. The design tries to present business
sustainability with organizational model.
What was the finding?

Each business have unique business processes which attract specific business mapping
strategies. The next finding consider use of skills and knowledge to generate business sustainable
operations which can attract future business development.
What were the gaps?
There is no connection of technology and mapping business strategies which is a
critical aspect which cannot be ignored in today’s business world. Also, the process of business
mapping and integrating required management skills has not been discussed.
Reference Number: 15
Title of Article: Design thinking and organizational culture: A review and framework for future
research.
Authors: Elsbach, K. D., & Stigliani, I.
Publication: Journal of management
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2018
Number of citations: 24
Primary or secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore:N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category:N/A CiteScore
Year:N/A
What was the research question?
How business process design can foster required innovation and generate operational
competitive advantage over a given period of time?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?

The review was mainly based on analysing design thinking in business setting and come
up an understanding of design thinking tools and its related culture in a specific business setting. It
was meant to analyse the relationship between design thinking culture and design thinking tools. To
understand the entire business concepts, business norms and core values should be considered when
designing business processes. It is important to note that need finding tools are quite important as
they contribute significantly in developing user centric business culture. On the same note, some of
the organizational cultures that impede or support use of specific design thinking tools have been
highlighted. Finally, an analysis of both physical artefacts and emotional experiences helps to
answer the question why and how have turned to be very effective in business processes.
Design:
Problem solving and tools that helps businesses to come up with process that guarantee
operational success. The model combine both organizational culture and business operations to
determine effectiveness of business processes.
What was the finding?
Design thinking serve as a tool in modelling business operations which are integrated
with its core values to determine business success factors. Similarly, specific organizations have
different design thinking business processes which are applicable only to that organization.
What were the gaps?
Does not address competitive business environment when addressing the relationship
between business design thinking and existing norms and values.
Reference Number: 16
Title of Article: The impact of the manufacturing industry on the economic cycle of European
Union countries.
Authors: Behun, M. et al.

Publication: Journal of Competitiveness
Type: Journal
Year Published: 2018
Number of citations: 24
Primary or secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore:N/A Rank: Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What was the research question?
What are the impacts of the manufacturing sector in the European Union economic cycle?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
The effects of having stable economic industry in European Union countries has been
associated with higher growth rate in GDP. If a country has stable manufacturing sector, it is
presumed to be economically stable with minimal unemployment rate. With rapid industrial
revolution in Europe, it is highly anticipated that some radical changes would be witnessed in EU
countries. Most of the EU countries have invested heavily on technology with aim of supporting
their manufacturing sector to remain vibrant. Being a key contributor in economic growth, product
designing has been adopted to make sure production rate remains high though out.
Design:
The technology-led manufacturing process has been adopted by the industries to make
sure production does not decline. To keep rejuvenated, manufacturing industries invest heavily on
research and development. This makes it possible to adopt technology in production process which
in turn increase production rate.
What was the finding?

Technology-led production in manufacturing industry help organizations to adopt
competitive operating strategies. Embracing technology makes it possible for organization to be
flexible to severe economic changes that might affect organizations negatively.
What were the gaps?
The article is biased on European countries which are mainly developed and does not
give any focus on developing countries such as Asian countries.

Figure 1: Mind map Google.com. (2019). Image: The Student's Guide to Mind Mapping - Focus. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.com/
Impacts of design-led
thinking in
manufacturing sector
Digital transformation in the manufacturing sector
Declining manufacturing sector in USA
Trends in design led thinking in manufacturing sector
Advanced manufacturing in new policies
Digital transformation impacts in manufacturing
Additive manufacturing in supply chain
Servitization of manufacturing firms
Competitive advantage through innovation
Smart technology in product design
Technological impact on creativity and design
Technological impact on creativity and design
Factors affecting Lean and agile manufacturing
Indian supply chain in automotive industry
Artificial intelligence in advanced manufacturing

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